EP1063411A2 - Exhaust gas recirculation duct for a combustion engine - Google Patents
Exhaust gas recirculation duct for a combustion engine Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1063411A2 EP1063411A2 EP00102592A EP00102592A EP1063411A2 EP 1063411 A2 EP1063411 A2 EP 1063411A2 EP 00102592 A EP00102592 A EP 00102592A EP 00102592 A EP00102592 A EP 00102592A EP 1063411 A2 EP1063411 A2 EP 1063411A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- exhaust gas
- gas recirculation
- recirculation line
- cylinder head
- exhaust
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/52—Systems for actuating EGR valves
- F02M26/59—Systems for actuating EGR valves using positive pressure actuators; Check valves therefor
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
- F02M26/22—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with coolers in the recirculation passage
- F02M26/29—Constructional details of the coolers, e.g. pipes, plates, ribs, insulation or materials
- F02M26/30—Connections of coolers to other devices, e.g. to valves, heaters, compressors or filters; Coolers characterised by their location on the engine
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
- F02M26/22—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with coolers in the recirculation passage
- F02M26/29—Constructional details of the coolers, e.g. pipes, plates, ribs, insulation or materials
- F02M26/32—Liquid-cooled heat exchangers
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
- F02M26/41—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories characterised by the arrangement of the recirculation passage in relation to the engine, e.g. to cylinder heads, liners, spark plugs or manifolds; characterised by the arrangement of the recirculation passage in relation to specially adapted combustion chambers
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
- F02M26/40—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with timing means in the recirculation passage, e.g. cyclically operating valves or regenerators; with arrangements involving pressure pulsations
Definitions
- the invention relates to an exhaust gas recirculation line for internal combustion engines according to the preamble of claim 1.
- the invention has for its object to save the additional construction effort and to protect neighboring components from the radiation of heat.
- FIG. 1 shows a top view of a cylinder head 1 with an exhaust gas recirculation system.
- the exhaust gas recirculation system essentially consists of an exhaust pipe 2, a Check valve 3, an exhaust gas cooler 4 and a charge air line, not shown here educated.
- the exhaust gas to be returned passes through coming from the exhaust pipe 2 initially a butterfly valve 5, then flows through the exhaust gas recirculation line 6 and passes through the check valve 3 when pressure peaks occur, and the exhaust gas cooler 4 into the charge air pipe.
- the exhaust gas from the exhaust pipe 2 to the exhaust gas cooler 4 is now through a Exhaust gas recirculation line 6, which is in one of the end faces of the cylinder head 1 is integrated that it is guided through the cooling water chamber 7.
- a line is saved, which is on the front of the Cylinder head 1 would take up additional space: The line would be in their Radiate considerable heat to the environment when installing in a vehicle Risk of fire and should be isolated.
- Another advantage of the invention Arrangement is that by installation in the cooling water chamber 7 a noticeable pre-cooling of the exhaust gas is achieved, so that the actual exhaust gas cooler 4 can be dimensioned smaller.
- the cooling effect of the exhaust gas recirculation line 6 can be increased further by that it has exhaust-side cooling fins, which the exhaust gas recirculation line 6 in the longitudinal direction pull through and the together with the cylinder head 1 in casting technique can be performed.
- the check valve 3 is a flap valve formed, which opens when 6 exhaust pressure peaks via the exhaust gas recirculation line meet a tongue 8 in the direction indicated by the arrow.
- the check valve 3 can advantageously be a structural unit with a seal 10 form which is arranged between the cylinder head 1 (Fig. 1) and the exhaust gas cooler 4 is.
- the deflection of the tongue 8 can be limited by a stop 9 in turn forms part of the seal 10.
- the exhaust gas flows after passing the tongue 8 in the exhaust gas cooler 4 and after cooling in the charge air line.
- FIG. 3 A section III-III through the front end of the cylinder head 1 is shown in FIG. 3.
- the exhaust gas recirculation line 6 is embodied in two channels here.
- the two exhaust gas recirculation lines 6a, 6b penetrate the cooling water chamber 7.
- the exhaust gas is already here pre-cooled. A heat radiation to the environment is completely impossible, isolation is therefore not necessary.
- a butterfly valve 5 (Fig. 1) is provided, which by the actuator 5a can be actuated.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Exhaust-Gas Circulating Devices (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf eine Abgasrückführleitung für Brennkraftmaschinen
gemäß dem Gattungsbegriff des Patentanspruches 1.The invention relates to an exhaust gas recirculation line for internal combustion engines
according to the preamble of
Um Teile des Abgases von der Abgasleitung in die Ladeluftleitung zurückzuführen ist es üblich, eine Abgasrückführleitung vorzusehen, welche die Abgasleitung quer zur Längsachse der Brennkraftmaschine vor einem der stirnseitigen Zylinderköpfe mit der Ladeluftleitung verbindet. Eine derartige Lösung hat den Nachteil, daß an einer der Stirnseiten der Brennkraftmaschine zusätzlicher Bauraum beansprucht ist. Ferner muß die Abgasrückführleitung zur Vermeidung von Überhitzung benachbarter Bauteile isoliert oder abgeschirmt werden. Dies erfordert einen erheblichen baulichen und kostenmäßigen Aufwand.To return parts of the exhaust gas from the exhaust pipe to the charge air pipe it is common to provide an exhaust gas recirculation line which crosses the exhaust line Longitudinal axis of the internal combustion engine in front of one of the front cylinder heads with the Charge air line connects. Such a solution has the disadvantage that one of the End faces of the internal combustion engine additional space is required. Furthermore, must isolates the exhaust gas recirculation line to prevent overheating of neighboring components or shielded. This requires considerable construction and cost Expenditure.
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, den baulichen Mehraufwand einzusparen und benachbarte Bauteile vor der Abstrahlung von Wärme zu schützen.The invention has for its object to save the additional construction effort and to protect neighboring components from the radiation of heat.
Erfindungsgemäß wird diese Aufgabe durch die kennzeichnenden Merkmale des Patentanspruches
1 gelöst.According to the invention, this object is achieved by the characterizing features of the
Durch die Integration der Abgasrückführleitung in den Zylinderkopf wird baulicher Mehraufwand eingespart, Wärmeabstrahlung gänzlich unterbunden und zugleich eine Vorkühlung des rückzuführenden Abgases erreicht.The integration of the exhaust gas recirculation line in the cylinder head makes it more structural Additional effort saved, heat radiation completely prevented and at the same time one Pre-cooling of the exhaust gas to be recycled reached.
Eine vorteilhafte Weiterbildung der Erfindung ist Anspruch 2 zu entnehmen.An advantageous development of the invention can be found in
Durch die Integration der Absperrklappe in die Abgasrückführleitung wird eine raumsparende Anordnung erzielt.By integrating the butterfly valve in the exhaust gas recirculation line, a space-saving arrangement achieved.
Weitere vorteilhafte Ausbildungen der Abgasrückführleitung können den Ansprüchen 3 bis 6 entnommen werden.Further advantageous designs of the exhaust gas recirculation line can meet the claims 3 to 6 are removed.
Ein Ausführungsbeispiel der erfindungsgemäßen Abgasrückführleitung ist an Hand von Zeichnungen dargestellt. Es zeigt:
- Fig. 1
- eine Draufsicht auf einen Zylinderkopf mit stirnseitig in den Zylinderkopf integrierter Abgasrückführleitung
- Fig. 2
- ein Detail aus Fig. 1 mit Rückschlagventil
- Fig. 3
- einen Schnitt III-III am stirnseitigen Ende des Zylinderkopfes mit Abgasrückführleitungen
- Fig. 1
- a plan view of a cylinder head with the exhaust gas recirculation line integrated into the end of the cylinder head
- Fig. 2
- a detail from Fig. 1 with check valve
- Fig. 3
- a section III-III at the front end of the cylinder head with exhaust gas recirculation lines
Figur 1 stellt einen Zylinderkopf 1 mit Abgasrückführsystem in der Draufsicht dar.
Das Abgasrückführsystem wird im wesentlichen aus einer Abgasleitung 2, einem
Rückschlagventil 3, einem Abgaskühler 4 und einer hier nicht dargestellten Ladeluftleitung
gebildet. Das rückzuführende Abgas durchläuft von der Abgasleitung 2 kommend
zunächst eine Absperrklappe 5, strömt anschließend durch die Abgasrückführleitung
6 und gelangt bei auftretenden Druckspitzen über das Rückschlagventil 3,
und den Abgaskühler 4 in das Ladeluftrohr.FIG. 1 shows a top view of a
Erfindungsgemäß wird nun das Abgas vom Abgasrohr 2 zum Abgaskühler 4 durch eine
Abgasrückführleitung 6 geführt, die in eine der Stirnseiten des Zylinderkopfes 1 derart
integriert ist, daß sie durch den Kühlwasserraum 7 geführt wird. Eine derartige Lösung
hat mehrere Vorteile. Zunächst wird eine Leitung eingespart, die an der Stirnseite des
Zylinderkopfes 1 zusätzlichen Bauraum beanspruchen würde: Die Leitung würde in ihre
Umgebung beträchtliche Wärme abstrahlen, die beim Einbau in ein Fahrzeug zu
Brandgefahr führt und isoliert werden müßte. Ein weiterer Vorteil der erfindungsgemäßen
Anordnung besteht darin, daß durch den Einbau in den Kühlwasserraum 7 eine
spürbare Vorkühlung des Abgases erreicht wird, so daß der eigentliche Abgaskühler 4
kleiner dimensioniert werden kann. According to the invention, the exhaust gas from the
Die Kühlwirkung der Abgasrückführleitung 6 kann noch dadurch gesteigert werden,
daß sie abgasseitige Kühlrippen aufweist, welche die Abgasrückführleitung 6 in Längsrichtung
durchziehen und die zusammen mit dem Zylinderkopf 1 in Gießtechnik aus
geführt werden können.The cooling effect of the exhaust
Eine weitere Möglichkeit der Verbesserung der Kühlwirkung kann erreicht werden,
wenn man in die Abgasrückführleitung 6 einen Rohrbündelwärmetauscher integriert,
der in seiner Bauweise dem Abgaskühler 4 entspricht. Vorteilhafterweise wird auch
die Absperrklappe 5 in den Zylinderkopf 1 und die Abgasrückführleitung 6 integriert.
Mit der Absperrklappe 5 kann die Abgasrückführung unterbunden, oder zusätzlich
mengenmäßig geregelt werden.Another way of improving the cooling effect can be achieved
if a tube bundle heat exchanger is integrated into the exhaust
Ein Detail aus Figur 1 ist in Figur 2 gezeigt. Das Rückschlagventil 3 ist als ein Flatterventil
ausgebildet, welches öffnet, wenn über die Abgasrückführleitung 6 Abgasdruckspitzen
in der durch Pfeil angedeuteten Richtung auf eine Zunge 8 treffen. Das Rückschlagventil
3 kann vorteilhafterweise eine bauliche Einheit mit einer Dichtung 10
bilden, welche zwischen Zylinderkopf 1 (Fig. 1) und dem Abgaskühler 4 angeordnet
ist. Der Ausschlag der Zunge 8 kann durch einen Anschlag 9 begrenzt werden, der
wiederum einen Bestandteil der Dichtung 10 bildet. Das Abgas strömt nach Passieren
der Zunge 8 in den als Rohrbündelwärmetauscher ausgebildeten Abgaskühler 4 und
nach erfolgter Kühlung in die Ladeluftleitung.A detail from FIG. 1 is shown in FIG. The check valve 3 is a flap valve
formed, which opens when 6 exhaust pressure peaks via the exhaust gas recirculation line
meet a tongue 8 in the direction indicated by the arrow. The check valve
3 can advantageously be a structural unit with a
Einen Schnitt III-III durchs stirnseitige Ende des Zylinderkopfes 1 stellt Figur 3 dar.
Die Abgasrückführleitung 6 ist hier zweiflutig ausgeführt. Die beiden Abgasrückführleitungen
6a, 6b durchdringen den Kühlwasserraum 7. Das Abgas wird hier bereits
vorgekühlt. Eine Wärmeabstrahlung an die Umgebung ist vollkommen ausgeschlossen,
eine Isolierung ist somit nicht notwendig. Zum Absperren der Abgasrückführleitungen
6a, 6b ist eine Absperrklappe 5 (Fig. 1) vorgesehen, welche durch den Stelltrieb 5a
betätigbar ist.A section III-III through the front end of the
Claims (6)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19929449A DE19929449A1 (en) | 1999-06-26 | 1999-06-26 | Exhaust gas recirculation line for internal combustion engines |
DE19929449 | 1999-06-26 |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1063411A2 true EP1063411A2 (en) | 2000-12-27 |
EP1063411A3 EP1063411A3 (en) | 2001-07-11 |
EP1063411B1 EP1063411B1 (en) | 2004-09-08 |
Family
ID=7912742
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP00102592A Expired - Lifetime EP1063411B1 (en) | 1999-06-26 | 2000-02-08 | Exhaust gas recirculation duct for an internal combustion engine |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1063411B1 (en) |
DE (2) | DE19929449A1 (en) |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE10119484A1 (en) * | 2001-04-20 | 2002-10-24 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag | Liquid-cooled internal combustion engine has exhaust gas recirculation with feeder and discharge openings for exhaust gas and for coolant, and seal |
EP1723334A1 (en) * | 2004-02-23 | 2006-11-22 | Shuttleworth Axial Motor Company Limited | Recirculation system for motor |
FR2906574A1 (en) * | 2006-09-29 | 2008-04-04 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | Exhaust gas external recirculation providing device for gasoline direct injection or spark ignition type internal combustion engine, has duct traversing cylinder head while being surrounded by circuit to cool exhaust gas circulating in duct |
EP2063097A1 (en) * | 2007-11-21 | 2009-05-27 | Perkins Engines Company Limited | Internal combustion engine having exhaust gas cooling in cooling jacket |
FR2935436A1 (en) * | 2008-08-29 | 2010-03-05 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | Exhaust gas recirculation loop for diesel engine of vehicle, has incandescent particle stop filter including catalytic phase and provided in passage conduit, where catalytic phase contains precious metal and zeolite material |
FR2944061A1 (en) * | 2009-04-07 | 2010-10-08 | Renault Sas | Exhaust system for motor vehicle, has inlet conduit connected to transverse wall of pollution control unit by connection conduit, where connection conduit is received in block of engine |
FR3005997A1 (en) * | 2013-05-22 | 2014-11-28 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | MOTOR VEHICLE ENGINE WITH EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION WITH IMPROVED COOLING |
CN105971776A (en) * | 2015-03-13 | 2016-09-28 | 福特全球技术公司 | Engine with exhaust gas recirculation |
Family Cites Families (12)
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JPS5289721A (en) * | 1976-01-20 | 1977-07-27 | Taiho Kogyo Co Ltd | Egr controlling system made of aluminum alloy |
IT8053504V0 (en) * | 1980-09-12 | 1980-09-12 | Fiat Auto Spa | DEVICE FOR HEATING THE INTAKE MANIFOLD OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES |
JPS5949755U (en) * | 1982-09-27 | 1984-04-02 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | internal combustion engine |
JPS6318169A (en) * | 1986-07-09 | 1988-01-26 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | Cylinder for engine with exhaust reflux passage |
DE4319380C2 (en) * | 1992-06-12 | 1998-12-17 | Avl Verbrennungskraft Messtech | Internal combustion engine with an exhaust gas turbocharger |
DE4310839A1 (en) * | 1993-04-02 | 1994-10-06 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag | Air-compressing internal combustion engine with fuel injection, especially a diesel engine with direct fuel injection |
JPH07259653A (en) * | 1994-03-25 | 1995-10-09 | Kubota Corp | Exhaust gas recirculating device of engine |
JPH09109995A (en) * | 1995-10-18 | 1997-04-28 | Sanshin Ind Co Ltd | Engine for outboard motor |
DE19543290C2 (en) * | 1995-11-21 | 1998-07-02 | Man Nutzfahrzeuge Ag | Exhaust gas recirculation on supercharged internal combustion engines |
DE19642685A1 (en) * | 1996-10-16 | 1998-04-23 | Daimler Benz Ag | Exhaust recirculation and secondary air feed device for IC engine |
AT2490U1 (en) * | 1997-11-28 | 1998-11-25 | Avl List Gmbh | COOLER ARRANGEMENT FOR A CHARGED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE WITH EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION |
AT411546B (en) * | 1998-01-15 | 2004-02-25 | Man Steyr Ag | LIQUID-COOLED INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE WITH EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATING DEVICE AND DEVICE FOR COOLING RECYCLED EXHAUST |
-
1999
- 1999-06-26 DE DE19929449A patent/DE19929449A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
2000
- 2000-02-08 EP EP00102592A patent/EP1063411B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-02-08 DE DE50007662T patent/DE50007662D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
None |
Cited By (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE10119484A1 (en) * | 2001-04-20 | 2002-10-24 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag | Liquid-cooled internal combustion engine has exhaust gas recirculation with feeder and discharge openings for exhaust gas and for coolant, and seal |
DE10119484B4 (en) * | 2001-04-20 | 2018-01-04 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Liquid-cooled internal combustion engine with an exhaust gas recirculation system |
EP1723334A1 (en) * | 2004-02-23 | 2006-11-22 | Shuttleworth Axial Motor Company Limited | Recirculation system for motor |
EP1723334A4 (en) * | 2004-02-23 | 2011-06-08 | Shuttleworth Axial Motor Company Ltd | Recirculation system for motor |
FR2906574A1 (en) * | 2006-09-29 | 2008-04-04 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | Exhaust gas external recirculation providing device for gasoline direct injection or spark ignition type internal combustion engine, has duct traversing cylinder head while being surrounded by circuit to cool exhaust gas circulating in duct |
EP1908951A1 (en) * | 2006-09-29 | 2008-04-09 | Peugeot Citroën Automobiles S.A. | Device for recirculating exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine and internal combustion engine equipped with such a device |
EP2063097A1 (en) * | 2007-11-21 | 2009-05-27 | Perkins Engines Company Limited | Internal combustion engine having exhaust gas cooling in cooling jacket |
FR2935436A1 (en) * | 2008-08-29 | 2010-03-05 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | Exhaust gas recirculation loop for diesel engine of vehicle, has incandescent particle stop filter including catalytic phase and provided in passage conduit, where catalytic phase contains precious metal and zeolite material |
FR2944061A1 (en) * | 2009-04-07 | 2010-10-08 | Renault Sas | Exhaust system for motor vehicle, has inlet conduit connected to transverse wall of pollution control unit by connection conduit, where connection conduit is received in block of engine |
FR3005997A1 (en) * | 2013-05-22 | 2014-11-28 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | MOTOR VEHICLE ENGINE WITH EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION WITH IMPROVED COOLING |
CN105971776A (en) * | 2015-03-13 | 2016-09-28 | 福特全球技术公司 | Engine with exhaust gas recirculation |
CN105971776B (en) * | 2015-03-13 | 2020-07-31 | 福特全球技术公司 | Engine with exhaust gas recirculation |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE19929449A1 (en) | 2000-12-28 |
DE50007662D1 (en) | 2004-10-14 |
EP1063411A3 (en) | 2001-07-11 |
EP1063411B1 (en) | 2004-09-08 |
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