EP1050672A2 - Generator für ein Flugtriebwerk - Google Patents

Generator für ein Flugtriebwerk Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1050672A2
EP1050672A2 EP00303655A EP00303655A EP1050672A2 EP 1050672 A2 EP1050672 A2 EP 1050672A2 EP 00303655 A EP00303655 A EP 00303655A EP 00303655 A EP00303655 A EP 00303655A EP 1050672 A2 EP1050672 A2 EP 1050672A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
generator
aircraft
engine
electrical
power
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP00303655A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1050672A3 (de
Inventor
Jeffrey Ronald Coles
Marc Holme
James Patrick Doyle
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Goodrich Control Systems
Original Assignee
Lucas Industries Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Lucas Industries Ltd filed Critical Lucas Industries Ltd
Publication of EP1050672A2 publication Critical patent/EP1050672A2/de
Publication of EP1050672A3 publication Critical patent/EP1050672A3/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02C7/00—Features, components parts, details or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart form groups F02C1/00 - F02C6/00; Air intakes for jet-propulsion plants
    • F02C7/32—Arrangement, mounting, or driving, of auxiliaries
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D15/00—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of engines with devices driven thereby
    • F01D15/10—Adaptations for driving, or combinations with, electric generators
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T50/00—Aeronautics or air transport
    • Y02T50/60—Efficient propulsion technologies, e.g. for aircraft

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an aircraft generator, and in particular to a generator for supplying electrical power to an aircraft when one or more engines thereof has lost propulsive power, or there has been a failure of the main electrical power system.
  • Aircraft electrical power requirements have increased over the years. This trend is expected to continue as the number of electrical devices, and electrically operated loads increase within aircraft. It is expected that flight control surfaces will increasingly be driven directly by electrical devices, or indirectly, wherein an electrical device is used to provide a supply of hydraulic pressure which may then be used by hydraulic actuators to operate flight control surfaces. With this greater dependence on electrical power, it is becoming more important to ensure that there is an electrical supply available at all times that the aircraft is in service, the main concern is the loss of electrical power in flight in the event of a failure of combustion in the aircraft engines. Such total "flame-out" conditions have been known to occur as a result of air turbulence or flying through airborne debris, such as volcanic dust.
  • a ram air turbine which comprises an electrical generator equipped with a propeller.
  • the RAT is normally stored within the fuselage of an engine and provides no output.
  • the RAT may be deployed by causing an arm to extend the RAT into the air stream surrounding the aircraft. This flow of air causes the propeller of the RAT to rotate thereby generating electrical power.
  • the device itself is a relatively heavy piece of equipment which is carried at all times and which is very rarely deployed, thus it involves a fuel penalty on every flight.
  • the aircraft structure must also be reinforced in the region of the RAT mounting in order to ensure that it can stand the loading experienced in the event that the RAT is deployed.
  • the RAT is operated only very occasionally and it is not regularly tested for functionality, faults may remain latent for some considerable period of time before being detected. It should be noted that satisfactory operation and deployment of a RAT is not always achieved in practice. It would therefore be advantageous to dispense with the RAT completely.
  • the low pressure shaft (LP) or low speed spool which drives the low pressure compressor and the bypass fan will continue to rotate in the event of engine failure because the bypass fan is caused to rotate due to the airflow resulting from the motion of the aircraft as it glides to earth. This is known as the "windmill" effect.
  • the energy of the fan could be extracted by a generator connected to the low pressure shaft which could then supply electrical power to the aircraft during periods of flame-out.
  • GB 2216603 discloses a gas turbine in which the low speed spool is coupled to an emergency generator via a coupling unit in the event of loss of propulsive drive of the engine.
  • the power take off from the low speed spool may be applied to a gear box which drives an hydraulic pump and an electrical generator.
  • a gear box which drives an hydraulic pump and an electrical generator.
  • WO93/06007 discloses an arrangement in which the down stream end of the low speed spool is connected to a first gearbox which has an output shaft 26 which extends perpendicularly to the spool and into the interior of the engine pylon.
  • the shaft engages with a second gear box which has various engine accessories coupled to it, such as the main engine fuel pump, a hydraulic pump and one or more electrical generators.
  • the ram air turbine can be dispensed with since power in the event of flame-out conditions can be derived from the windmilling of the bypass fan.
  • EP 0798454 discloses a multi-spool aero engine in which each of the spools independently and directly drive an electrical generator.
  • the primary source of electrical power is an electric motor/generator positioned within the down stream bearing support structure at the down stream end of the innermost engine shaft.
  • This document goes on to describe that the advantage of this configuration is the elimination of the main engine gearbox and two electrical generators driven by that gearbox.
  • the bearings for the shaft may be electromagnetic bearings and that "electricity generated by the bearing 38 constitutes the primary source of electricity for the aircraft upon which the engine 37 is mounted".
  • the magnetic bearing In order for the magnetic bearing to function as a generator, the magnetic bearing must be directly connected to the shaft, that is there is no intermediate gearbox provided.
  • EP 0659234 relates to an arrangement in which motor generators are connected to at least two of the engine spools and power transfer can be provided between them.
  • Inductive electrical machines are described as being connected to the low pressure spool via gearing, or alternatively a switched reluctance machine may be provided such that the rotor of the switched reluctance machine is an integral part of the engine shaft, as described in column 10 lines 45 to 50. Thus the switched reluctance machine is directly coupled to the engine shaft.
  • an electrical generator for use with a gas turbine engine having a low speed spool, comprising a generator driven from a low speed spool, and in which the generator is a switched reluctance generator coupled to the low speed spool via a step up gearbox.
  • the maximum available output from a switched reluctance generator is, to a fair approximation, directly related to speed of rotation the mass of the magnetic material forming the rotor and stator of the generator.
  • the step up ratio of the gearbox can be traded against weight of the generator to select a predetermined power output for a given rate of rotation of the low speed spool corresponding to windmilling.
  • the generator should provide in excess of 10 kW during windmilling, and advantageously should provide around 25 kW or more.
  • the step up ratio is limited by the requirement that the generator should still be within safe operating speeds when the low speed spool of the aircraft engine has reached its maximum operating speed.
  • the speed of the low speed spool will vary between 200 and 250 rpm for windmilling and 3000 rpm or so as its maximum operating speed.
  • the gearbox has a step up ratio of 12 : 1, such that the generator has a rotation rate of around 2400 to 3000 rpm when the engine is windmilling. This enables a generator weighing only approximately 20 kg to produce around 25 kW of power.
  • step up gearbox does have the disadvantage of increasing the maximum rotational rate of the generator.
  • the maximum rotation rate of the generator is increased to 36,000 rpm or so. It is possible to disconnect the drive to the generator, although this itself has safety implications since the coupling may inadvertently disconnect, or connect.
  • the generator is continuously coupled to the low speed spool via the step up gearbox.
  • the rotor has a core of thin laminates wherein each laminate is preferably less than 0.5 mm thick.
  • the rotor laminate pack is held under compressive load, for example by through bolts.
  • Some of the laminates may be modified so as to define retaining means extending into the inter pole gap between the poles of the laminate core, such that the retaining means engage the bolts holding the laminate core together and serve to restrain the bolts against deformation due to centrifugal force.
  • stator is also composed of thin laminates.
  • an aircraft mounted gas turbine engine comprising a low speed spool having a plurality of blades at a first end thereof, such that the blades are turned by air flow passing through the engine when a combustion region of the engine is not operating, and a generator connected to the low speed spool, characterised in that the generator is permanently drivingly connected to the low speed spool via a step up gearbox such that the generator can supply power when the low speed spool is being turned by the airflow passing therethrough, and in which the generator is a switched reluctance generator.
  • the generator is mounted within the tail portion of the engine.
  • the aircraft further includes at least one controller for controlling switching and excitation of a plurality of stator coils within the switched reluctance generator, the controller further being arranged to maintain the output of the generator at substantially the aircraft's bus voltage.
  • each engine is provided with a generator and has an associated generator controller.
  • Each of the generators may then feed directly into an aircraft bus which supplies electrical power to aircraft actuation systems or electro-hydraulic pumps.
  • an aircraft having a plurality of switched reluctance generators, each of which being arranged to deliver power to an aircraft electrical distribution system, in order to supply power to aircraft systems including those for controlling aircraft flight surfaces, wherein the surfaces are directly driven from electrical motors or wherein the flight surfaces are hydraulically operated and the supply of pressurised hydraulic fluid is derived from an electrically driven pump.
  • an aircraft having electrically actuated flight control surfaces and at least one gas turbine engine, and in which the at least one gas turbine engine has a generator permanently drivingly connected to a low speed spool of the engine such that, in the event of flame-out of the at least one engine, the airflow through the engine whilst the aircraft is in flight generates sufficient power to actuate the flight control surfaces.
  • the flight control surfaces may be linked to an associated control motor via a mechanical linkage, or a motor may be used to drive a pump to supply hydraulic fluid under pressure to hydraulic actuators which in turn actuate the flight control surfaces. It is thus possible to provide an electrically controlled aircraft which can maintain flight control even in the event of complete loss of propulsive power.
  • the generator may be used only to provide emergency electrical power. In this configuration, the generator will rotate at all times with the low pressure shaft but is only provided with excitation current during engine failure conditions. This simplifies operation of the electrical drive circuits as the drive does not have to be configured to provide excitation at the high operating speeds encountered during normal use.
  • the initial excitation current need only be small and can be provided from a battery or other excitation source eg PM exciter.
  • the emergency generator in order to ensure that the emergency generator is capable of operating when required, it may be energised to produce an output during each shut down cycle for the engine.
  • the engine shutdown routine is controlled by a flight management computer which could be arranged to operate the generator as part of the winding down cycle of the engine after each flight.
  • the output of the emergency generator can then be checked against a series of operational parameters and a warning given in the event that the generator fails to operate within the expected range. Alternatively, a confirmation of generator health could be given during each shut down cycle.
  • a very low excitation could be provided to the stator windings during all engine operating conditions in order to cause a small monitoring current to be produced.
  • the generator may have a relatively low output, for example 1 kW or so. This output could then be used to give a continuous, if desired, confirmation of the generator functionality or may be used to flag when a fault condition has occurred.
  • the generator may be used continuously at its nominal operating output whilst the aircraft is in use to provide power to the aircraft systems. This does increase the thermal dissipation demands on the generator control electronics and the generator itself, thereby requiring that these components are more robust than would be required if they were to operate in an emergency only mode with or without continuous low power monitoring.
  • the generator at its nominal full design output, other engine components or aircraft generators may be omitted from the aircraft thereby giving a weight saving.
  • the electrical system of an aircraft is split into left and right hand sides, as shown in Figure 1.
  • Main generators 2 on the left hand side engines supply power to a left hand AC bus bar 4.
  • main generators 6 on the right hand side of the aircraft supply electrical power to a right hand AC bus bar 8.
  • the generators are driven via power take-off shafts from the high speed spools of the engines. Switching of the power in the bus bar to various aircraft systems is controlled via left hand and right hand power panels 10 and 12, respectively.
  • An auxiliary generator 14 usually mounted at the base of the tail fin, provides power to an auxiliary bus bar 16 which can be selectively connected to the left hand and fight hand bus bars 4 and 8. The reasoning behind this distribution system is to enable one half of the aircraft to be isolated from the other.
  • the left and right power panels 10 and 12 are selectively connectable to a standby power system via the standby power panel 20.
  • the standby power panel 20 allows power from a battery 22 or from a ram air turbine 24 to be routed to either the left hand or right hand distribution systems within the aircraft .
  • electricity from the main battery or from the ram air turbine may be routed to aircraft systems and also to the auxiliary power unit which is a small jet engine having an electric start capability.
  • the auxiliary power unit may then be restarted in order to provide more electrical power to the aircraft systems and also to provide a supply of compressed gas which may then be routed to the main engines in order to operate their pneumatic starter motors in order to continue the engine restart sequence.
  • Figure 2 illustrates a distribution arrangement which may be used to supplement the primary distribution system shown in Figure 1, or, if the generators are used as a primary source of aircraft power, then this distribution arrangement may be used in place of that shown in Figure 1.
  • the arrangement shown in Figure 2 relates to a four engine aircraft wherein first and second engines drive first and second gear box and generator assemblies 30 and 32 located on the left hand side of the aircraft. Similarly, third and fourth engines driving third and fourth gear box and generator assemblies 34 and 36 are located on the right hand side of the aircraft.
  • Each generator is a switched reluctance generator in which a toothed rotor co-operates with a toothed stator, and in which there are no electrical connections to the rotor.
  • the control and power electronics associated with each generator is arranged to control the supply of excitation current derived either from the aircraft electrical system or from a source of power generated from within the generator itself (eg a co-axially mounted permanent magnet generator) through a plurality of stator windings as a function of the rotational position of the rotor. This generates an induced magnetic field on the rotor which then cuts the windings on the stator thereby inducing an electrical current.
  • a further advantage gained through the use of a switched reluctance generator is that, in the event of a fault developing in one phase of the generator, the machine may still be operated to provide a reduced power output.
  • This fault tolerant nature makes switched reluctance technology a preferred choice of emergency generator. It will be appreciated that an aircraft fitted with such a system has a minimum generating capacity in the region of 100 - 120 kW during gliding conditions following a complete engine flame out. This generating capacity is, of course, naturally increased if any one or more of the engines remains alight.
  • the electrical output from the switched reluctance generators and the control electronics is in a direct current form, and this may then be used to drive power converter 40 and 42 to provide 60 - 70 kW of power to the aircraft AC bus 44 and also to provide power to the aircraft 28 volt DC and 115 volt 400 Hz AC power distribution systems.
  • additional AC generators 50 may be driven by hydraulic motors 52 which receive pressure from the aircraft hydraulic supplies, which are typically derived by using take off drive shafts from the high pressure spool to operate hydraulic pumps adjacent each engine.
  • the switched reluctance generator and gear box assembly 60 is located in the tail cone 62 of the engine at the rear most end 64 of the low pressure spool 65.
  • the front most end of the low pressure spool is drivingly connected to the bypass fan 66.
  • a power take off shaft 70 is provided to tap power from the high speed spool in order to provide motor power for AC generators and hydraulic pumps 71.
  • FIG. 4 schematically illustrates the switched reluctance generator 78 and step up gear box 79 in more detail.
  • a rotor 80 and lamination stack 82 is rotatably supported by journal bearings 84.
  • a stator 86 comprising a plurality of coils 87 wound round magnetic pole pieces encircles the rotor, and is attached to a generator housing 88.
  • a step up gear box 90 is secured to a first end of the generator housing.
  • An input gear 92 has a splined input portion for engaging the rear most end 64 of the low speed spool of the gas turbine engine.
  • Gear teeth are provided on an inwardly facing portion of a cup shaped element 94 which in turn engages with radially outward facing teeth 96 of an intermediate gear 98 which in turn has a cup shaped portion 100 carrying radially inward facing teeth which engage gear teeth 102 of the rotor 80.
  • rotation of the low speed spool of the engine is stepped up 12 times by the gearbox and transmitted to the rotor.
  • the rotor may be driven at high rotational rates, for example in the region of 36,000 rpm for a typical aero-engine having a maximum low speed spool speed of 3,000 rpm.
  • FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of a lamination 120 for use in the generator.
  • the lamination 120 comprises a generally circular central portion carrying a plurality of projections 126 spaced around its periphery.
  • the projections 126 form pole pieces in the generator.
  • the projections are arranged in a regular array exhibiting two or more fold rotational symmetry.
  • Attachment elements 128 in the form of lugs project from the body of the lamination into the inter-pole spacing 129.
  • the lugs 128 have through passages 130 formed therein in order to accept the passage of fixing elements, which are normally bolts.
  • the passages are completely enclosed within the lugs 128.
  • the lamination is provided with a central aperture 132, sized so as to slidingly engage the rotor shaft of the generator. Locating notches 134 are provided to engage the lamination to the rotor shaft in a predetermined orientation.
  • Groups of laminations 120 of the type shown in Figure 5 are provided at regular intervals along the shaft.
  • the groups are surrounded by other laminations of a more conventional design, in that they do not have the attachment elements 128 formed thereon.
  • the laminations are thin, typically 0.2 mm or so, in order to reduce eddy current losses at high speeds.
  • the best way to form the lamination stack is to bolt the laminations between opposing flanges.
  • the bolts pass through the flanges and the passages 130 in the laminations, and are insulated therefrom by insulating bushes.
  • the lugs 128 serve to hold the bolts against radial deformation resulting from centrifugal forces as the rotor rotates.
  • the generator can be regularly tested during each engine start or shut down cycle and may also provide a source of power, either as a primary or backup system during flight.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Connection Of Motors, Electrical Generators, Mechanical Devices, And The Like (AREA)
  • Control Of Eletrric Generators (AREA)
EP00303655A 1999-05-05 2000-05-02 Generator für ein Flugtriebwerk Withdrawn EP1050672A3 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9910393 1999-05-05
GBGB9910393.9A GB9910393D0 (en) 1999-05-05 1999-05-05 Electrical generator,an aero-engine including such a generator and an aircraft including such a generator

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1050672A2 true EP1050672A2 (de) 2000-11-08
EP1050672A3 EP1050672A3 (de) 2002-10-30

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EP00303655A Withdrawn EP1050672A3 (de) 1999-05-05 2000-05-02 Generator für ein Flugtriebwerk

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US (1) US6467725B1 (de)
EP (1) EP1050672A3 (de)
GB (1) GB9910393D0 (de)

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