EP1022479B1

EP1022479B1 - Clutch pressure control for improved transmission engagements and shifts

Info

Publication number: EP1022479B1
Application number: EP00300250A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Davorin David Hrovat; Jahanbakhsh Asgari
Original assignee: Ford Global Technologies LLC
Current assignee: Ford Global Technologies LLC
Priority date: 1999-01-22
Filing date: 2000-01-14
Publication date: 2006-03-08
Anticipated expiration: 2020-01-14
Also published as: US6070119A; DE60026450D1; EP1022479A2; DE60026450T2; EP1022479A3

Description

This invention relates generally to automotive vehicles in which an engine delivers torque to driven wheels via a transmission having a clutch whose engagement pressure is controlled by a control signal. More specifically it relates to improvements in transmission clutch engagement pressure control during conditions when hydraulic fluid that interfaces driving and driven elements of the clutch is relatively more viscous, such as during vehicle warm-up.
Certain vehicle transmissions employ "wet" clutches in which hydraulic fluid interfaces driving and driven clutch members. It has been observed that engine torque requirements can be significantly larger when the hydraulic fluid is relatively more viscous, such as at initial clutch engagement after engine starting. Hydraulic fluid is generally more viscous at lower temperatures (at and below 10° C - 20° C for example), and so viscous effects may become more pronounced at lower temperatures. As temperature increases, hydraulic fluid becomes less viscous; consequently, viscous effects on a wet clutch tend to dissipate with increasing temperature. In extreme conditions, viscous effects may sufficiently influence torque production that engagement of a wet clutch can cause noticeably poor shifting and engagement, and perhaps even engine stalling.
Several approaches to the problem of compensating viscosity torque have modeled torque production in order to deduce desired graph plots of torque and clutch engagement pressure during clutch engagement. Results can be stored in the form of pressure vs. torque curves parameterized by variables such as temperature and initial change in rotational speed. However such approaches may be deemed somewhat complex and still subject to some degree of uncertainty due to unit-to-unit variability.
A preliminary novelty search in connection within this invention developed the following U.S. Patent Nos. 4,509,124; 4,779,489; 5,024,125; 5,050,451; 5,058,014; 5,216,606; 5,307,269; 5,558,597; 5,692,911; and 5,743,826. Also developed were Japan patent publication Nos: 40103515153 (February 1989) and 405272555 (October 1993).
JP-A-02159420 discloses a vehicle with a clutch whose pressure is controlled in response to a control signal and which operates via a hydraulic fluid interface to cause relatively larger torque to be imposed on the engine during clutch engagement when the fluid is relatively more viscous and relatively smaller torque to be imposed during clutch engagement when the fluid id relatively less viscous.
The present invention relates to improvements in clutch engagement pressure control that are effective to reduce the influence of hydraulic fluid viscosity in a wet clutch during engagements that occur when the hydraulic fluid that interfaces driving and driven clutch elements is relatively more viscous, such as at first engagement after starting an engine and/or at relatively lower temperatures.
The invention provides in an automotive vehicle having an engine that delivers torque to driven wheels) via a drivetrain that has a selectively engageable and disengageable clutch comprising a mechanism that engages in response to clutch engagement pressure that is a function of a control signal, the mechanism including a hydraulic fluid interface through which torque is transmitted and which causes relatively larger torque to be imposed on the engine during clutch engagement occurring when the hydraulic fluid is relatively more viscous and relatively smaller torque to be imposed on the engine during clutch engagement occurring when the hydraulic fluid is relatively less viscous, a method for securing closer correspondence between torque imposed on the engine during clutch engagement that occurs when the hydraulic fluid is relatively more viscous and torque imposed on the engine during clutch engagement that occurs when the hydraulic fluid is relatively less viscous, the method comprising:creating a model that defines torque imposed on the engine during an engagement that occurs when the hydraulic fluid is relatively more viscous; selecting a torque value for use in calculating a reduction in clutch engagement pressure that will secure closer correspondence between torque imposed on the engine during a clutch engagement that occurs when the hydraulic fluid is relatively more viscous and torque imposed on the engine during a clutch engagement that occurs when the hydraulic fluid is relatively less viscous; calculating the clutch engagement pressure reduction ΔP for the selected torque value; and adjusting the control signal as a function of the calculated clutch engagement pressure reduction ΔP; characterised in that the step of calculating the clutch engagement pressure reduction ΔP for the selected torque value comprises calculating a torque reduction Δτ by subtracting from total torque τ a torque equal to the product of P, A_f, and µ_f where P is an initial pressure based on a desired torque and a neglect of viscous effects at the interface, A_f is the effective friction area of the clutch, and µ_f is the corresponding coefficient of friction, and then calculating the corresponding clutch engagement pressure reduction ΔP using Δτ.
In a clutch in which the engagement pressure is controlled by a control signal, the improvements are preferably created by attenuating the control signal for engagements that occur under such conditions. More specifically, where the control signal is an electric one, it is attenuated by employing an algorithm that calculates a reduction in clutch engagement pressure.
The invention also provides in an automotive vehicle having an engine that delivers torque to driven wheels via a drivetrain that comprises a selectively engageable and disengageable clutch comprising a mechanism that engages in response to clutch engagement pressure that is a function of a control signal, the clutch including a hydraulic fluid interface through which torque is transmitted and which causes relatively larger torque to be imposed on the engine during clutch engagement occurring when the hydraulic fluid is relatively more viscous and relatively smaller torque to be imposed on the engine during clutch engagement occurring when the hydraulic fluid is relatively less viscous, a system for securing closer correspondence between torque imposed on the engine during clutch engagement that occurs when the hydraulic fluid is relatively more viscous and torque imposed on the engine during clutch engagement that occurs when the hydraulic fluid is relatively less viscous, the system comprising: a processor that provides the control signal, the control signal having a pressure versus time characteristic that has a rising portion and a falling portion, the processor adapted to: create a model that defines torque imposed on the engine during an engagement that occurs when the hydraulic fluid is relatively more viscous; select a torque value for use in calculating a reduction in clutch engagement pressure that will secure closer correspondence between torque imposed on the engine during a clutch engagement that occurs when the hydraulic fluid is relatively more viscous and torque imposed on the engine during a clutch engagement that occurs when the hydraulic fluid is relatively less viscous; calculate the clutch engagement pressure reduction ΔP for the selected torque value; and adjust the control signal as a function of the calculated clutch engagement pressure reduction ΔP; characterised in that: the step of calculating the clutch engagement pressure reduction ΔP for the selected torque value comprises calculating a torque reduction Δτ by subtracting from total torque τ a torque equal to the product of P, A_f, and µ_f where P is an initial pressure based on a desired torque and a neglect of viscous effects at the interface, A_f is the effective friction area of the clutch, and µ_f is the corresponding coefficient of friction, and then calculating the corresponding clutch engagement pressure reduction ΔP using Δτ. The processor further includes an addition branch for shaping the control signal during the rising portion, a subtraction branch for shaping the control signal during the falling portion, and a summing junction for algebraically summing the signal outputs of the addition and the subtraction branches
Other general and more specific aspects will be set forth in the ensuing description and claims.
The invention will now be described further, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

Figure 1 is a diagrammatic view of a chassis of an automotive vehicle embodying principles of the present invention;
Figure 2 is a first generalized graph plot useful in explaining the inventive principles;
Figure 3 is a second generalized graph plot useful in explaining the inventive principles;
Figure 4 is a schematic block diagram of a representative hardware implementation of the inventive principles; and
Figure 5 is a flow diagram of a representative software process for executing an algorithm according to inventive principles.

Figure 1 shows an example of a chassis of an automotive vehicle 10 incorporating principles of the present invention. It should be understood that the illustration of the Figure is intended to be representative of any of various chassis configurations and not necessarily limited to the rear wheel drive configuration that happens to be shown.
Vehicle 10 comprises an internal combustion engine 12 that delivers torque to driven rear wheels 14 through a drivetrain 16. Drivetrain 16 includes a transmission 18 having an input coupled to a power output shaft of engine 12 and an output that is coupled through a driveshaft 20 and a rear axle 22 to wheels 14.
An example of transmission 18 is a multi-gear transmission which contains an automatic shift mechanism providing various drive ratios between engine 12 and wheels 14. Power flow through transmission 18 passes through an internal clutch or band mechanism having selectively engageable driving and driven members. When the clutch is engaged, engine torque is delivered through the clutch in a particular drive ratio to wheels 14. When the clutch is disengaged, no engine torque is delivered to wheels 14.
Certain transmissions employ "wet" clutches in which hydraulic fluid interfaces the driving and driven clutch members. The present invention is a result of a recognition that the hydraulic fluid interface can create a significant addition to torque imposed on an engine during times when hydraulic fluid is relatively more viscous, although the particular physical phenomena that give rise to such viscous torque may not be fully understood. Such conditions include relatively lower temperatures and first clutch engagements after starting an engine. As the hydraulic fluid heats up, and after first engagement, reduced viscosity of hydraulic fluid at the interface between driving and driven clutch members imposes less torque on an engine.
The effect of viscosity torque can be observed graphically, as in Figure 2. The graph plot labeled "old" is representative of a first clutch engagement. During that engagement process, torque increases to a peak and then decays to a fairly steady value in response to clutch engagement pressure represented by the graph plot labeled "old" in Figure 3. Clutch engagement pressure is applied by any suitable mechanism, which may be electromechanical or electrohydraulic by way of example. Such a mechanism produces an engagement pressure output that is a function of an input control signal, an electric control signal for example. Varying the electric control signal varies the clutch engagement pressure.
The graph plot labeled "new" in Figure 2 represents a torque that, as a clutch engagement is occurring, does not exceed the final steady state value as the torque load is rising. Hence unlike the graph plot labeled "old" in the same Figure, the "new" torque graph plot avoids creating torque overshoot as the engagement proceeds. By avoiding such overshoot, improved shifting can be achieved, and possible engine stalling due to excessive viscosity torque may be avoided.
In order to create a "new" torque characteristic like that labeled as such in Figure 2, the engagement pressure is controlled in accordance with a corresponding graph plot labeled "new" in Figure 3. Certain aspects of the inventive principles relate to development of that graph plot for controlling engagement pressure, and it therefore now becomes appropriate to consider Figures 4 and 5.
Figure 4 discloses in block diagram form the organization and arrangement of an electronic control 40 that forms a model for developing an electric signal input that can control clutch engagement pressure in the manner desired. Control 40 comprises an addition branch 42, a subtraction branch 44, and a summing junction 46. Addition branch 42 comprises the representative functions shown in blocks 42a, 42b for shaping the control signal during time that a graph plot of torque vs. time is rising. Subtraction branch 44 comprises the representative functions shown in blocks 44a, 44b for shaping the control signal during time that a graph plot of torque vs. time is falling. Outputs of the two branches 42, 44 are algebraically summed by summing junction 46. That algebraic summation is passed through a limiter 48 to a low pass filter 50 whose output is then amplified by an amplifier 52. The ability of control 40 to provide a model capable of developing desired engagement pressure that can reduce the effect of viscosity torque has been demonstrated by actual testing.
Development of a successful clutch engagement pressure control strategy utilizing control 40 is premised on certain relationships and assumptions. One relationship is that total torque is equal to the sum of asperity torque and viscous torque. An initial assumption, for implementing the disclosed strategy, is that 100% of the torque is "asperity" (i.e., non-viscous) torque. Utilizing that assumption and the relationship: $τ_{a} = μ_{f} • A_{f} • P$

an additional torque is calculated based on the model, and so is a decrease in clutch engagement pressure from an initial pressure using the relationship: $ΔP = Δτ \div (μ_{f} • A_{f})$

where τ_t is the total torque, τ_a is the asperity torque, Δτ is the additional torque from the model, A_f is the effective friction area of the clutch, and µ_f is the corresponding coefficient of friction. ΔP is subtracted from the initial pressure to create an attenuated pressure that, as applied for clutch engagement, would result in lower torque.
Figure 5 shows a flow diagram 58 of an algorithm executed by an associated processor to perform the calculations just mentioned, as represented by steps 60, 62, 64 and 66, as marked. For setting a lower limit of actual pressure applied, a step 68 tests the calculation of step 66 to assure that the result exceeds some minimum pressure P_min. If the result does not exceed that minimum, then P_min is the applied engagement pressure.
Because it is an electric signal that represents the calculated pressure that is to be applied for the engagement, a step 70 calculates an appropriate reduction for that signal, a voltage reduction ΔDC, to be subtracted from an initial voltage DC_old to which the initial pressure corresponded. A subtraction step 72 performs the subtraction to yield a result DC_new as the signal applied for engagement. The torque τ_m resulting from application of the signal DC_new is either measured, or estimated from an overall powertrain model, at a step 74. A measurement of the torque τ_m may comprise several measurements taken over a time interval.
A step 76 then computes the absolute value of the difference between the measured, or estimated, torque τ_m and a desired torque τ_a. In the case of a measurement comprising several measurements taken over a time interval, step 76 may process each of the several measurements individually to ascertain several absolute values, each of which is compared to a defined amount ε. This concept can be further extended to include appropriate mathematical norms, such as H₂ and L₁. If no absolute value calculation exceeds the defined amount, then the algorithm does not iterate because a suitable engagement pressure for producing desired torque has been obtained. On the other hand, if an absolute value is less than the defined amount, then the algorithm does iterate, using a new total torque value τ_t.
The algorithm iterates until eventually step 76 is satisfied. In this way the torque may be controlled during high fluid viscosity conditions. During the process, the maximum total torque should approximate the maximum total torque occurring after the vehicle has been warmed up and the fluid is less viscous.

Claims

In an automotive vehicle (10) having an engine 12) that delivers torque to driven wheels (14) via a drivetrain (16) that has a selectively engageable and disengageable clutch comprising a mechanism that engages in response to clutch engagement pressure that is a function of a control signal, the mechanism including a hydraulic fluid interface through which torque is transmitted and which causes relatively larger torque to be imposed on the engine during clutch engagement occurring when the hydraulic fluid is relatively more viscous and relatively smaller torque to be imposed on the engine during clutch engagement occurring when the hydraulic fluid is relatively less viscous, a method for securing closer correspondence between torque imposed on the engine during clutch engagement that occurs when the hydraulic fluid is relatively more viscous and torque imposed on the engine during clutch engagement that occurs when the hydraulic fluid is relatively less viscous, the method comprising:
creating a model that defines torque imposed on the engine during an engagement that occurs when the hydraulic fluid is relatively more viscous;

selecting a torque value for use in calculating a reduction in clutch engagement pressure that will secure closer correspondence between torque imposed on the engine during a clutch engagement that occurs when the hydraulic fluid is relatively more viscous and torque imposed on the engine during a clutch engagement that occurs when the hydraulic fluid is relatively less viscous;

calculating the clutch engagement pressure reduction ΔP for the selected torque value; and

adjusting the control signal as a function of the calculated clutch engagement pressure reduction ΔP;

characterised in that:
the step of calculating the clutch engagement pressure reduction ΔP for the selected torque value comprises calculating a torque reduction Δτ by subtracting from total torque τ a torque equal to the product of P, A_f, and µ_f where P is an initial pressure based on a desired torque and a neglect of viscous effects at the interface, A_f is the effective friction area of the clutch, and µ_f is the corresponding coefficient of friction, and then calculating the corresponding clutch engagement pressure reduction ΔP using Δτ.
A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the step of calculating the corresponding clutch engagement pressure reduction ΔP comprises dividing the torque reduction Δτ by the product of A_f and µ_f.
A method as claimed in claim 2, including the steps of determining torque resulting from application of the reduced pressure, and comparing the determined torque to a desired torque.
A method as claimed in claim 3, including iterating the recited steps using a new calculated value for total torque τ.
A method as claimed in claim 3, in which the step of determining torque resulting from application of the reduced pressure comprises measuring torque resulting from application of reduced pressure.
In an automotive vehicle having an engine that delivers torque to driven wheels via a drivetrain that comprises a selectively engageable and disengageable clutch comprising a mechanism that engages in response to clutch engagement pressure that is a function of a control signal, the clutch including a hydraulic fluid interface through which torque is transmitted and which causes relatively larger torque to be imposed on the engine during clutch engagement occurring when the hydraulic fluid is relatively more viscous and relatively smaller torque to be imposed on the engine during clutch engagement occurring when the hydraulic fluid is relatively less viscous, a system for securing closer correspondence between torque imposed on the engine during clutch engagement that occurs when the hydraulic fluid is relatively more viscous and torque imposed on the engine during clutch engagement that occurs when the hydraulic fluid is relatively less viscous, the system comprising:
a processor that provides the control signal, the control signal having a pressure versus time characteristic that has a rising portion and a falling portion, the processor adapted to:
create a model that defines torque imposed on the engine during an engagement that occurs when the hydraulic fluid is relatively more viscous;

select a torque value for use in calculating a reduction in clutch engagement pressure that will secure closer correspondence between torque imposed on the engine during a clutch engagement that occurs when the hydraulic fluid is relatively more viscous and torque imposed on the engine during a clutch engagement that occurs when the hydraulic fluid is relatively less viscous;

calculate the clutch engagement pressure reduction △P for the selected torque value; and

adjust the control signal as a function of the calculated clutch engagement pressure reduction △P;

characterised in that:
the step of calculating the clutch engagement pressure reduction ΔP for the selected torque value comprising calculating a torque reduction Δτ by subtracting from total torque τ a torque equal to the product of P, A_f, and µ_f where P is an initial pressure based on a desired torque and a neglect of viscous effects at the interface, A_f is the effective friction area of the clutch, and µ_f is the corresponding coefficient of friction, and then calculating the corresponding clutch engagement pressure reduction ΔP using Δτ,

the processor further including an addition branch (42) for shaping the control signal during the rising portion, a subtraction branch (44) for shaping the control signal during the falling portion, and a summing junction (46) for algebraically summing the signal outputs of the addition and the subtraction branches (42,44).