EP1012805A1 - Smoke detector - Google Patents

Smoke detector

Info

Publication number
EP1012805A1
EP1012805A1 EP98928058A EP98928058A EP1012805A1 EP 1012805 A1 EP1012805 A1 EP 1012805A1 EP 98928058 A EP98928058 A EP 98928058A EP 98928058 A EP98928058 A EP 98928058A EP 1012805 A1 EP1012805 A1 EP 1012805A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
radiation
smoke
smoke detector
detector according
hollow ellipsoid
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP98928058A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1012805B1 (en
Inventor
Ulrich Oppelt
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Robert Bosch GmbH
Original Assignee
Robert Bosch GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Robert Bosch GmbH filed Critical Robert Bosch GmbH
Publication of EP1012805A1 publication Critical patent/EP1012805A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1012805B1 publication Critical patent/EP1012805B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B17/00—Fire alarms; Alarms responsive to explosion
    • G08B17/10—Actuation by presence of smoke or gases, e.g. automatic alarm devices for analysing flowing fluid materials by the use of optical means
    • G08B17/103—Actuation by presence of smoke or gases, e.g. automatic alarm devices for analysing flowing fluid materials by the use of optical means using a light emitting and receiving device
    • G08B17/107—Actuation by presence of smoke or gases, e.g. automatic alarm devices for analysing flowing fluid materials by the use of optical means using a light emitting and receiving device for detecting light-scattering due to smoke
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G08—SIGNALLING
    • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
    • G08B17/00—Fire alarms; Alarms responsive to explosion
    • G08B17/10—Actuation by presence of smoke or gases, e.g. automatic alarm devices for analysing flowing fluid materials by the use of optical means
    • G08B17/11—Actuation by presence of smoke or gases, e.g. automatic alarm devices for analysing flowing fluid materials by the use of optical means using an ionisation chamber for detecting smoke or gas
    • G08B17/113—Constructional details

Definitions

  • the invention is based on the genus as stated in independent claim 1.
  • Smoke detectors are generally used for early fire detection.
  • One method of detecting smoke particles is to measure radiation scattered on smoke particles.
  • Such smoke detectors based on the scattered radiation principle usually use the method of forward
  • Such a smoke detector consists of a radiation transmitter (usually pulsed), a lens for bundling the beams and a radiation receiver, for example a photodiode, optionally with a lens for capturing the scattering cone of the scattered radiation.
  • Radiation receivers and radiation transmitters have no direct line of sight, but are optically separated from one another by appropriate mechanical measures. There is an obtuse angle between the radiation emitting direction and the receiving direction, and the scattering angle at the smoke particles to be detected is also obtuse.
  • the radiation transmitter and the radiation receiver are arranged next to one another, the scattering angle is acute (patent specification DE 38 31 654 C2).
  • a disadvantage of the known methods is that only a small proportion of the scattered radiation falls on the radiation receiver, while the remaining scattered radiation is lost for the measurement. Furthermore, only one of the preferred measurement effects, forward and backward scattering, is used in each case.
  • the invention makes it possible to supply almost all of the radiation scattered on the smoke particles to a radiation receiver as a measurement signal. This includes both the forward-scattered radiation, the back-scattered radiation, and the scattered radiation from all intermediate areas. This makes the measurement more sensitive overall, since there is almost no loss due to radiation that has not been captured.
  • the smoke detector according to the invention also takes into account the scattering properties based on different particle diameters.
  • a light-emitting diode, a semiconductor laser or a flash lamp can be provided as the radiation transmitter.
  • Figure 4 is a schematic, perspective view of another embodiment according to the invention.
  • Figure 1 shows the basic arrangement with a section through the focal points 1 and 2 of a hollow ellipsoid 3.
  • the hollow ellipsoid 3 is mirrored on the inside and provided with openings 4 which are small in relation to the inner surface of the hollow ellipsoid 3, for example max. Make up 10% of the inner surface.
  • the first focal point 1 and its immediate surroundings form the measuring field 5, where smoke particles can be irradiated at the same time by a radiation transmitter 6 and can be detected by a radiation receiver 7 in the focal point 2.
  • a radiation collector, which is attached in the second focal point 2 belongs to the radiation receiver 7.
  • the radiation receiver can also be used there instead be appropriate.
  • a hemispherical lens can serve as the radiation collector for the half-shell of the hollow ellipsoid 3 lying below the drawing plane or above the drawing plane.
  • the radiation receiver can consist of one or more photodiodes or an equivalent component.
  • the photodiodes can be arranged such that one preferably receives the radiation from the backward scatter and the other preferably receives the radiation from the forward scatter, as indicated in FIG. 2, so that the area of the backward scattering is designated by the reception angle 8. This makes it possible to separately evaluate the scattered radiation received from the different scattering angles in a single evaluation unit and to draw conclusions about the type of fire that is typical of the respective particle size. Other meaningful evaluations of angular ranges are possible.
  • the mirror formed by the hollow ellipsoid 3 can be provided with a number of openings 4, which enable the smoke particles to penetrate into the measuring field 5.
  • the openings 4 are small in terms of surface area compared to the total surface, so that there is no significant loss in the proportion of the radiation reflected by the hollow ellipsoid 3.
  • FIG. 3 shows, it is also possible to cut one tip or both tips at the ends of the longitudinal axis of the hollow ellipsoid 3 in order to allow smoke to enter through an opening 4a.
  • FIG. 4 it is possible to use only a partial shell 9 of a hollow ellipsoid in order to allow free access of the smoke particles for measurement.
  • This solution is characterized by a simple construction.
  • a light trap 10 is arranged in the extension of the path from the radiation transmitter 6 to the measuring field 5.
  • Holding elements 11 for the radiation receiver 7 are shown schematically.
  • All of the exemplary embodiments described can, as is customary in the case of optical smoke detectors, be provided with a labyrinth in order to prevent the entry of extraneous light into the hollow ellipsoid 3.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Emergency Management (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fire-Detection Mechanisms (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)

Abstract

A smoke alarm on the scattered radiation principle. Having a measuring field (5), accessible to smoke particles, in a measuring chamber, at which field the radiation direction of a radiation transmitter (6) is aimed, and scattered radiation occurring in the measuring field (5) can be received by a radiation receiver (7); the measuring chamber includes a portion of the hollow ellipsoid (3) which is mirror-coated on the inside; the measuring field (5) is disposed at the first focal point (1) of the hollow ellipsoid; the radiation receiver (7) is disposed at the second focal point (2) of the hollow ellipsoid (3).

Description

Rauchmeldersmoke detector
Stand der TechnikState of the art
Die Erfindung geht von der Gattung aus, wie im unabhängigen Anspruch 1 angegeben .The invention is based on the genus as stated in independent claim 1.
Zur Brandfrüherkennung werden im allgemeinen Rauchmelder eingesetzt. Ein Verfahren, Rauchpartikel zu detektieren, besteht in der Messung von an Rauchpartikeln gestreuter Strahlung. Solche auf dem Streustrahlungsprinzip beruhende Rauch- meider benutzen üblicherweise das Verfahren der Vorwärts-Smoke detectors are generally used for early fire detection. One method of detecting smoke particles is to measure radiation scattered on smoke particles. Such smoke detectors based on the scattered radiation principle usually use the method of forward
Streuung, weil damit größere Signale am Strahlungsempfänger zu erzielen sind. Ein solcher Rauchmelder besteht aus einem Strahlungssender (normalerweise gepulst) , einer Linse zur Bündelung der Strahlen und einem Strahlungsempfänger, zum Beispiel einer Photodiode, gegebenenfalls mit einer Linse zum Einfangen des Streukegels der gestreuten Strahlung. Strahlungsempfänger und Strahlungssender haben keine direkte Sichtverbindung, sondern sind durch entsprechende mechanische Maßnahmen optisch voneinander getrennt. Zwischen der Strahlungssenderichtung und der Empfangsrichtung liegt ein stumpfer Winkel, und der Streuwinkel an den zu detektieren- den Rauchpartikeln ist ebenfalls stumpf. Neben diesen vorwärtsstreuenden Rauchmeldern gibt es Ausführungen mit Rückwärtsstreuung. Hierbei sind Strahlungssender und Strahlungsempfänger nebeneinander angeordnet, der Streu- winkel, ist spitz (Patentschrift DE 38 31 654 C2) .Scattering because larger signals can be obtained at the radiation receiver. Such a smoke detector consists of a radiation transmitter (usually pulsed), a lens for bundling the beams and a radiation receiver, for example a photodiode, optionally with a lens for capturing the scattering cone of the scattered radiation. Radiation receivers and radiation transmitters have no direct line of sight, but are optically separated from one another by appropriate mechanical measures. There is an obtuse angle between the radiation emitting direction and the receiving direction, and the scattering angle at the smoke particles to be detected is also obtuse. In addition to these forward-scattering smoke detectors, there are versions with backward scattering. Here, the radiation transmitter and the radiation receiver are arranged next to one another, the scattering angle is acute (patent specification DE 38 31 654 C2).
Nachteilig an den bekannten Verfahren ist jeweils, daß nur ein kleiner Anteil der gestreuten Strahlung auf den Strahlungsempfänger fällt, während die verbleibende Streustrah- lung für die Messung verloren ist. Weiterhin wird nur jeweils einer der bevorzugten Meßeffekte, Vorwärts- bzw. Rückwärtsstreuung, ausgenutzt.A disadvantage of the known methods is that only a small proportion of the scattered radiation falls on the radiation receiver, while the remaining scattered radiation is lost for the measurement. Furthermore, only one of the preferred measurement effects, forward and backward scattering, is used in each case.
Vorteile der ErfindungAdvantages of the invention
Der Anmeldungsgegenstand mit den Merkmalen des Anspruches 1 hat folgenden Vorteil :The subject of the application with the features of claim 1 has the following advantage:
Die Erfindung ermöglicht es, fast die gesamte an den Rauch- partikeln gestreute Strahlung einem Strahlungsempfänger als Meßsignal zuzuführen. Dies beinhaltet sowohl die vorwärtsge- streute Strahlung, die rückwärtsgestreute Strahlung, als auch die gestreute Strahlung aller Zwischenbereiche. Damit wird die Messung insgesamt empfindlicher, da fast kein Ver- lust durch nicht eingefangene Strahlung entsteht. Der erfindungsgemäße Rauchmelder berücksichtigt weiterhin, die durch unterschiedliche Partikeldurchmesser begründeten Streu- ungseigenschaften .The invention makes it possible to supply almost all of the radiation scattered on the smoke particles to a radiation receiver as a measurement signal. This includes both the forward-scattered radiation, the back-scattered radiation, and the scattered radiation from all intermediate areas. This makes the measurement more sensitive overall, since there is almost no loss due to radiation that has not been captured. The smoke detector according to the invention also takes into account the scattering properties based on different particle diameters.
Vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen sind in den abhängigen Ansprüchen angegeben, deren Merkmale auch, soweit sinnvoll, miteinander kombiniert werden können. Als Strahlungssender kann eine lichtemittierende Diode, ein Halbleiterlaser oder eine Blitzlampe vorgesehen sein.Advantageous further developments are specified in the dependent claims, the characteristics of which can also be combined with one another, where appropriate. A light-emitting diode, a semiconductor laser or a flash lamp can be provided as the radiation transmitter.
Zeichnungdrawing
Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung sind in der Zeichnung gezeigt und in der nachfolgenden Beschreibung näher erläutert. Es ist dargestellt in Figuren 1 bis 3 : schematische Längsschnitte durch unterschiedliche Rauchmelder nach der Erfindung,Embodiments of the invention are shown in the drawing and explained in more detail in the following description. 1 to 3: schematic longitudinal sections through different smoke detectors according to the invention,
Figur 4: eine schematische, perspektivische Darstellung eines weiteren Ausführungsbeispiels nach der Erfindung.Figure 4 is a schematic, perspective view of another embodiment according to the invention.
Im wesentlichen gleiche Teile in unterschiedlichen Figuren sind mit gleichen Bezugszeichen versehen.Substantially identical parts in different figures are provided with the same reference symbols.
Beschreibung der AusführungsbeispieleDescription of the embodiments
Figur 1 zeigt die prinzipielle Anordnung mit einem durch die Brennpunkte 1 und 2 eines Hohlellipsoids 3 geführten Schnitt. Das Hohlellipsoid 3 ist innen verspiegelt und mit Öffnungen 4 versehen, die im Verhältnis zur Innenfläche des Hohlellipsoids 3 klein sind, also beispielsweise max. 10% der Innenfläche ausmachen. Der erste Brennpunkt 1 und seine unmittelbare Umgebung bilden das Meßfeld 5, wo Rauchpartikel zugleich durch einen Strahlungssender 6 bestrahlt und durch einen Strahlungsempfänger 7 im Brennpunkt 2 detektiert wer- den können. Zu dem Strahlungsempfänger 7 gehört ein Strah- lungssammler, der im zweiten Brennpunkt 2 angebracht ist. Es kann dort aber auch stattdessen der Strahlungsempfänger selbst angebracht sein. Als Strahlungssammler kann beispielsweise jeweils eine Halbkugellinse für die unterhalb der Zeichenebe bzw. oberhalb der Zeichenebene liegende Halbschale des Hohlellipsoids 3 dienen.Figure 1 shows the basic arrangement with a section through the focal points 1 and 2 of a hollow ellipsoid 3. The hollow ellipsoid 3 is mirrored on the inside and provided with openings 4 which are small in relation to the inner surface of the hollow ellipsoid 3, for example max. Make up 10% of the inner surface. The first focal point 1 and its immediate surroundings form the measuring field 5, where smoke particles can be irradiated at the same time by a radiation transmitter 6 and can be detected by a radiation receiver 7 in the focal point 2. A radiation collector, which is attached in the second focal point 2, belongs to the radiation receiver 7. The radiation receiver can also be used there instead be appropriate. For example, a hemispherical lens can serve as the radiation collector for the half-shell of the hollow ellipsoid 3 lying below the drawing plane or above the drawing plane.
Der Strahlungsempfänger kann aus einer oder mehreren Photodioden oder einem äquivalenten Bauelement bestehen. Die Photodioden können so angeordnet sein, daß eine bevorzugt die Strahlung aus der Rückwärtsstreuung und die andere bevorzugt die Strahlung aus der Vorwärtsstreuung empfängt, wie in Figur 2 angedeutet, so der Bereich der Rückwärtsstreuung durch den Empfangswinkel 8 bezeichnet ist. Damit wird es möglich, die aus den verschiedenen Streuwinkeln empfangene Streustrahlung in einer einzigen Auswerteeinheit getrennt vonein- ander zu bewerten und Rückschlüsse auf die jeweilige Brandart zu ziehen, die typisch für die jeweilige Partikelgröße ist. Andere sinnvolle Bewertungen von Winkelbereichen sind möglich.The radiation receiver can consist of one or more photodiodes or an equivalent component. The photodiodes can be arranged such that one preferably receives the radiation from the backward scatter and the other preferably receives the radiation from the forward scatter, as indicated in FIG. 2, so that the area of the backward scattering is designated by the reception angle 8. This makes it possible to separately evaluate the scattered radiation received from the different scattering angles in a single evaluation unit and to draw conclusions about the type of fire that is typical of the respective particle size. Other meaningful evaluations of angular ranges are possible.
Der durch das Hohlellipsoid 3 gebildete Spiegel kann, wie in Figur 1 gezeigt, mit einer Anzahl von Öffnungen 4 versehen sein, die es den Rauchpartikeln ermöglichen, in das Meßfeld 5 vorzudringen. Die Öffnungen 4 sind bezüglich des Oberflä- chenverbrauch.es klein gegenüber der Gesamtoberfläche, so daß kein nennenswerter Verlust an dem Anteil der vom Hohlellipsoid 3 reflektierten Strahlung auftritt.As shown in FIG. 1, the mirror formed by the hollow ellipsoid 3 can be provided with a number of openings 4, which enable the smoke particles to penetrate into the measuring field 5. The openings 4 are small in terms of surface area compared to the total surface, so that there is no significant loss in the proportion of the radiation reflected by the hollow ellipsoid 3.
Wie Figur 3 zeigt, ist es auch möglich, eine Kuppe oder beide Kuppen an den Enden der Längsachse des Hohlellipsoids 3 anzuschneiden, um einen Raucheintritt durch eine Öffnung 4a zu ermöglichen. Schließlich ist es gemäß Fig. 4 möglich, nur eine Teilschale 9 eines Hohlellipsoids zu verwenden, um freien Zugang der Rauchpartikel zum Messen zu ermöglichen. Diese Lösung zeichnet sich durch einen einfachen konstruktiven Aufbau aus. Hier ist ersichtlich, daß - wie auch in den anderen Figuren - in der Verlängerung der Strecke vom Strahlungssender 6 zum Meßfeld 5 eine Lichtfalle 10 angeordnet ist. Halteelemente 11 für den Strahlungsempfänger 7 sind schematisch dargestellt.As FIG. 3 shows, it is also possible to cut one tip or both tips at the ends of the longitudinal axis of the hollow ellipsoid 3 in order to allow smoke to enter through an opening 4a. Finally, according to FIG. 4, it is possible to use only a partial shell 9 of a hollow ellipsoid in order to allow free access of the smoke particles for measurement. This solution is characterized by a simple construction. Here it can be seen that - as in the other figures - a light trap 10 is arranged in the extension of the path from the radiation transmitter 6 to the measuring field 5. Holding elements 11 for the radiation receiver 7 are shown schematically.
Alle beschriebenen Ausführungsbeispiele können, wie bei optischen Rauchmeldern üblich, mit einem Labyrinth versehen sein, um den Eintritt von Fremdlicht in das Hohlellipsoid 3 zu verhindern. All of the exemplary embodiments described can, as is customary in the case of optical smoke detectors, be provided with a labyrinth in order to prevent the entry of extraneous light into the hollow ellipsoid 3.

Claims

Ansprüche Expectations
1. Rauchmelder nach dem Streustrahlungsprinzip mit einem für Rauchpartikel zugänglichen Meßfeld (5) in einer Meßkammer, auf das die Strahlungsrichtung eines Strahlungssenders (6) gerichtet ist, wobei im Meßfeld (5) auftretende Steustrah- lung durch einen Strahlungsempfänger (7) empfangbar ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß - die Meßkammer einen Teil eines innen verspiegelten Hohlellipsoids (3) umfaßt,1. Smoke detector according to the scattered radiation principle with a measuring field (5) accessible for smoke particles in a measuring chamber, to which the radiation direction of a radiation transmitter (6) is directed, wherein the radiation radiation occurring in the measuring field (5) can be received by a radiation receiver (7), characterized in that - the measuring chamber comprises part of an internally mirrored hollow ellipsoid (3),
- das Meßfeld (5) am ersten Brennpunkt (1) des Hohlellipsoids (3) angeordnet ist,- The measuring field (5) is arranged at the first focal point (1) of the hollow ellipsoid (3),
- der Strahlungsempfänger (7) am zweiten Brennpunkt (2) des Hohlellipsoids (3) angeordnet ist.- The radiation receiver (7) is arranged at the second focal point (2) of the hollow ellipsoid (3).
2. Rauchmelder nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Hohlellipsoid (3) nahezu vollständig geschlossen und mit kleinen, für den Raucheintritt aber ausreichend großen Öff- nungen (4) versehen ist. 2. Smoke detector according to claim 1, characterized in that the hollow ellipsoid (3) is almost completely closed and provided with small, but sufficiently large openings for the smoke (4).
3. Rauchmelder nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß an den Kuppen um die Längsachse des Hohlellipsoids (3) herum jeweils eine Öffnung (4a) für den Raucheintritt in die Meß- kammer vorgesehen ist.3. Smoke detector according to claim 1, characterized in that an opening (4a) is provided for the smoke entry into the measuring chamber at the tips around the longitudinal axis of the hollow ellipsoid (3).
4. Rauchmelder nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß nur eine Teilschale (9) des Hohlellipsoids als Reflektor verwendet ist und die verbleibende Öffnung für den Rauchein- tritt in die Meßkammer dient.4. Smoke detector according to claim 1, characterized in that only a partial shell (9) of the hollow ellipsoid is used as a reflector and the remaining opening serves for the smoke entering the measuring chamber.
5. Rauchmelder nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zur Erfassung der Rückwärtsstreuung ein erster Strahlungsempfänger (7a) und zur Erfassung der Vorwärtsstreuung ein zweiter Strahlungsempfänger (7b) vorgesehen ist.5. Smoke detector according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a first radiation receiver (7a) and a second radiation receiver (7b) is provided for detecting the backward scattering.
6. Rauchmelder nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß als Strahlungssender (6) eine lichtemittierende Diode vorgesehen ist.6. Smoke detector according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a light-emitting diode is provided as the radiation transmitter (6).
7. Rauchmelder nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß als Strahlungssender (6) ein Halbleiterlaser vorgesehen ist .7. Smoke detector according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that a semiconductor laser is provided as the radiation transmitter (6).
8. Rauchmelder nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß als Strahlungssender (6) eine Blitzlampe vorgesehen ist. 8. Smoke detector according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that a flash lamp is provided as the radiation transmitter (6).
EP98928058A 1997-09-23 1998-03-24 Smoke detector Expired - Lifetime EP1012805B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19741853A DE19741853A1 (en) 1997-09-23 1997-09-23 Hollow ellipse smoke alarm
DE19741853 1997-09-23
PCT/DE1998/000857 WO1999016033A1 (en) 1997-09-23 1998-03-24 Smoke detector

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1012805A1 true EP1012805A1 (en) 2000-06-28
EP1012805B1 EP1012805B1 (en) 2002-06-19

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EP98928058A Expired - Lifetime EP1012805B1 (en) 1997-09-23 1998-03-24 Smoke detector

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US6239710B1 (en)
EP (1) EP1012805B1 (en)
JP (1) JP2001517843A (en)
CN (1) CN1111829C (en)
AT (1) ATE219592T1 (en)
AU (1) AU8007498A (en)
DE (2) DE19741853A1 (en)
ES (1) ES2178839T3 (en)
WO (1) WO1999016033A1 (en)

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU8007498A (en) 1999-04-12
DE19741853A1 (en) 1999-03-25
ES2178839T3 (en) 2003-01-01
JP2001517843A (en) 2001-10-09
ATE219592T1 (en) 2002-07-15
CN1111829C (en) 2003-06-18
WO1999016033A1 (en) 1999-04-01
EP1012805B1 (en) 2002-06-19
CN1261972A (en) 2000-08-02
US6239710B1 (en) 2001-05-29
DE59804533D1 (en) 2002-07-25

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