EP0965335B1 - Metered-dose aerosol formulations - Google Patents

Metered-dose aerosol formulations Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0965335B1
EP0965335B1 EP99111723A EP99111723A EP0965335B1 EP 0965335 B1 EP0965335 B1 EP 0965335B1 EP 99111723 A EP99111723 A EP 99111723A EP 99111723 A EP99111723 A EP 99111723A EP 0965335 B1 EP0965335 B1 EP 0965335B1
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Prior art keywords
acid
percent
perfluoro
dispersing agent
suspension
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0965335A1 (en
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Robert K. Schultz
Stephen N. Quessy
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3M Co
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Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/007—Pulmonary tract; Aromatherapy
    • A61K9/0073—Sprays or powders for inhalation; Aerolised or nebulised preparations generated by other means than thermal energy
    • A61K9/008—Sprays or powders for inhalation; Aerolised or nebulised preparations generated by other means than thermal energy comprising drug dissolved or suspended in liquid propellant for inhalation via a pressurized metered dose inhaler [MDI]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A61K31/57—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of two carbon atoms, e.g. pregnane or progesterone
    • A61K31/573—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of two carbon atoms, e.g. pregnane or progesterone substituted in position 21, e.g. cortisone, dexamethasone, prednisone or aldosterone
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/69—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit
    • A61K47/6949—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit inclusion complexes, e.g. clathrates, cavitates or fullerenes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
    • A61K9/12—Aerosols; Foams
    • A61K9/124—Aerosols; Foams characterised by the propellant
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y5/00—Nanobiotechnology or nanomedicine, e.g. protein engineering or drug delivery

Definitions

  • This invention relates to suspension aerosol formulations suitable for the administration of medicaments and is defined in the claims. More particularly, it relates to pharmaceutical suspension aerosol formulations using 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane or 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane as the propellant and to beclomethasone diprionate-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane clathrate for use in aerosol formulations.
  • composition aerosol formulations currently use a mixture of liquid chlorofluorocarbons as the propellant.
  • Fluorotrichloromethane, dichlorodifluoromethane and dichlorotetrafluoroethane are the most commonly used propellants in aerosol formulations for administration by inhalation.
  • Hydrofluorocarbon 134a HFC-134a, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane
  • hydrofluorocarbon 227 HFC-227, 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,352,789 discloses a self-propelling, powder dispensing aerosol composition
  • a self-propelling, powder dispensing aerosol composition comprising between 0.001 and 20 percent by weight of a finely-divided solid material coated with a dry coating of a perfluorinated surface-active dispersing agent of a particular type which constitutes between 0.1 to 20 percent by weight of the coated solid and a halogenated propellant.
  • the solid material can be a medicament.
  • the use of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane or 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane as a propellant is not specifically disclosed.
  • Perfluorinated carboxylic acid surfactants are not disclosed.
  • beclomethasone diproponate-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane clathrate is preferably in micronised form.
  • This invention also provides suspension aerosol formulations comprising an effective amount of a powdered medicament, between 0.001 and 0.6 percent by weight of a perfluorinated surface-active dispersing agent and a propellant comprising a hydrofluorocarbon selected from the group consisting of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane and 1,1,1,2,3,3-heptafluoropropane, and a mixture thereof.
  • the perfluorinated surface-active dispersing agent is preferably a perfluorinated carboxylic acid or ester having the general formula: wherein R f is selected from the group consisting of perfluorinated straight chain, branched chain, or cyclic alkyl or combinations thereof containing three to ten carbon atoms, wherein cyclic alkyl optionally contains one or more catenary oxygen or nitrogen atoms; each X is independently selected from the group consisting of fluoro and straight chain or branched chain perfluoroalkyl of one to four carbon atoms; n and m are independently integers from zero to three with the proviso that the sum of n and m is less than or equal to four; and Z is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and straight or branched chain alkyl containing one to about four carbon atoms, the formulation exhibiting substantially no crystallization of said medicament over a prolonged period, being substantially readily redispersible, and upon redispersion not flocculating so quickly as to prevent
  • the pharmaceutical suspension aerosol formulations of the invention are suitable, for example, for dermal, pulmonary, or mucosal (e.g., buccal or nasal) administration.
  • sustained aerosol means that the medicament is in powder form and is substantially insoluble in the propellant.
  • prolonged period as used herein in the context of crystallization is meant at least about four (4) months.
  • the medicament is micronized, that is, over 90 percent of the particles have a diameter of less than about 10 microns.
  • the medicament is generally present in an amount effective to bring about the intended therapeutic effect of the medicament.
  • the amount of medicament depends on the potency of the particular medicament being formulated.
  • the medicament constitutes from 0.01 to 5 percent by weight of the total weight of the formulation, preferably 0.01 to 2 percent by weight of the total weight of the formulation.
  • Medicaments for delivery by inhalation include, for example, antiallergics, analgesics, bronchodilators, antihistamines, antitussives, anginal preparations, antibiotics, antiinflammatories, hormones, peptides, steroids, enzymes, sulfonamides, or a combination of these.
  • medicaments falling within the above therapeutic classes are: isoproterenol hydrochloride or sulfate, phenylephrine bitartrate or hydrochloride, pirbuterol acetate or hydrochloride, disodium cromoglycate, phenylpropanolamine, glucagon, adrenochrome, trypsin, epinephrine bitartrate, ephedrine, narcosine, codeine, atropine, heparin, morphine, albuterol, albuterol sulfate, triamcinolone acetonide, beclomethasone dipropionate, flunisolide, formoterol, salmeterol, colchicine, neomycin, streptomycin, penicillin, tetracycline, chlorotetracycline, hydroxytetracycline, cortisone, hydrocortisone, prednisolone, and insulin.
  • Preferred medicaments in the practice of this invention include pirbuterol acetate, pirbuterol hydrochloride, disodium cromoglycate, albuterol sulfate, beclomethasone dipropionate, and triamcinolone acetonide.
  • Perfluorinated surface-active dispersing agents useful in the invention are perfluorinated carboxylic acids or mixture of such acids that are soluble in 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane, or a mixture thereof.
  • Suitable perfluorinated carboxylic acids are those having the general formula: wherein R f is selected from the group consisting of perfluorinated straight chain, branched chain, or cyclic alkyl or combinations thereof containing three to ten carbon atoms, wherein cyclic alkyl optionally contains one or more catenary oxygen or nitrogen atoms; each X is independently selected from the group consisting of fluoro and straight chain or branched chain perfluoroalkyl of one to four carbon atoms; n and m are independently integers from zero to three with the proviso that the sum of n and m is less than or equal to four; and Z is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and straight or branched chain alkyl containing one to four carbon atoms.
  • the dispersing agent is perfluoro straight chain, branched chain, cyclic, or a combination thereof, alkanoic acid or ester.
  • Perfluoroalkanoic acids are known and disclosed, e.g., in "Aliphatic Fluorine Compounds", American Chemical Society Monograph Series, Reinhold Publishing Corporation (1958), Chapter VII.
  • Perfluoroalkanoic acid esters are known and disclosed, e.g., in Chapter IX of the same publication.
  • the dispersing agent is an acid- or ester-functional perfluoro mono-, di-, or polyether.
  • perfluoroethers are known and disclosed, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,250,808 (Moore et al.).
  • Particularly preferred perfluorinated carboxylic acids include perfluorobutanoic acid, perfluorooctanoic acid, and perfluorocyclohexylacetic acid.
  • the perfluorinated surface-active dispersing agent preferably has a solubility of at least 0.1 percent by weight, more preferably at least 0.3 percent by weight and most preferably at least 0.8 percent by weight in the propellant.
  • the perfluorinated surface-active dispersing agent constitutes from 0.001 to 0.6 percent by weight, preferably 0.005 to 0.5 percent by weight, of the aerosol formulation.
  • the particular preferred amount depends on the particular medicament being formulated and on the particular surface-active dispersing agent being used. It is preferred that the amount of agent used be approximately the minimum needed to provide a suitable suspension.
  • hydrofluorocarbon or mixture thereof is preferably the only propellant present in the formulations of the invention.
  • propellant 142b (1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane) can also be present.
  • the suspension aerosol formulations of the invention can be prepared by first preparing a solution of the perfluorinated surface-active dispersing agent in the propellant and then suspending the medicament in the solution.
  • the perfluorinated surface-active dispersing agent is placed in an aerosol vial, a continuous valve is crimped onto the vial and the vial is pressure filled with the propellant.
  • the vial is shaken on an automatic shaker until all of the dispersing agent is in solution.
  • the micronized medicament is then placed in a separate aerosol vial, a continuous valve is crimped onto the vial and the vial is pressure filled with the previously prepared solution.
  • the medicament is then dispersed in the solution by mixing or homogenizing. If the medicament being formulated is moisture sensitive, these steps should be performed in a dehumidified atmosphere using only cry materials and equipment.
  • the quality of the aerosol suspension is rated on a scale of 1 to 5 with 1 indicating a "poor" suspension and 5 indicating an "excellent” suspension.
  • a poor suspension is characterized by one or more of the following: it has a rapid rate of settling or separation, it is difficult to redisperse after settling or separation, it forms large flocs quickly, and it exhibits crystal formation.
  • an excellent suspension is slow to settle or separate, is easily redispersed, has minimal flocculation, and exhibits no crystallization. Substantially no crystal formation, relative ease of redispersion, and absence of rapid flocculation after redispersion are important properties in order to provide reproducible dosing of the medicament.
  • a 78.7 mg portion of perfluorooctanoic acid (“FC-26" from 3M) was placed in a 4 ounce vial, the vial was sealed with a continuous valve then pressure filled with149.5 g of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane. The vial was then shaken on an automatic shaker for 15 minutes. The resulting stock solution contained 0.05% by weight of perfluorooctanoic acid.
  • a 100 mg portion of micronized pirbuterol hydrochloride was placed in a 15 cc vial along with 5 ml of glass beads, the vial was sealed with a continuous valve then pressure filled with 20 g of the previously prepared stock solution.
  • the vial was shaken on an automatic shaker for 10 minutes then placed on a WIG-L-BUGTM grinder/mixer for 30 seconds.
  • the resulting suspension contained 0.5% by weight of pirbuterol hydrochloride and had a quality rating of 5 (excellent).
  • Example 1 Using the general method of Example 1, a series of suspension aerosol formulations containing 0.5 percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation of micronized pirbuterol hydrochloride was prepared. Table 1 shows the amount (percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation) and identity of the surface-active dispersing agent used and the suspension quality rating.
  • Example Surface-Active Dispersing Agent Rating 2 0.002% perfluorooctanoic acid 1 3 0.006% perfluorooctanoic acid 4 4 0.01% perfluorooctanoic acid 4 5 0.3% perfluorooctanoic acid 5 6 0.006% perfluorobutanoic acid 5 7 0.012% perfluorobutanoic acid 5 8 0.059% perfluorobutanoic acid 5 9 0.310% perfluorobutanoic acid 5 10 0.507% perfluorobutanoic acid 5
  • Example 2 Using the general method of Example 1, a series of suspension aerosol formulations containing 0.5 percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation of micronized pirbuterol acetate was prepared. Table 2 shows the amount (percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation) and identity of the surface-active dispersing agent used and the suspension quality rating.
  • Example Surface-Active Dispersing Agent Rating 11 0.002% perfluorooctanoic acid 1 12 0.006% perfluorooctanoic acid 2 13 0.01% perfluorooctanoic acid 2 14 0.05% perfluorooctanoic acid 3 15 0.3% perfluorooctanoic acid 3 16 0.006% perfluorobutanoic acid 2 17 0.012% perfluorobutanoic acid 2 18 0.059% perfluorobutanoic acid 2 19 0.310% perfluorobutanoic acid 2 20 0.507% perfluorobutanoic acid 2
  • Example 2 Using the general method of Example 1, a series of suspension aerosol formulations containing 0.5 percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation of micronized albuterol sulfate was prepared. Table 3 shows the amount (percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation) and identity of the surface-active dispersing agent used and the suspension quality rating.
  • Example 2 Using the general method of Example 1, a series of suspension aerosol formulations containing 1.5 percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation of micronized disodium cromoglycate was prepared. Table 4 shows the amount (percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation) and identity of the surface-active dispersing agent used and the suspension quality rating.
  • Example Surface-Active Dispersing Agent Rating 30 0.002% perfluorooctanoic acid 3 31 0.006% perfluorooctanoic acid 4 32 0.01% perfluorooctanoic acid 3 33 0.05% perfluorooctanoic acid 3 34 0.3% perfluorooctanoic acid 3 35 0.006% perfluorobutanoic acid 3 36 0.012% perfluorobutanoic acid 3 37 0.059% perfluorobutanoic acid 4 38 0.310% perfluorobutanoic acid 2 39 0.507% perfluorobutanoic acid 2
  • a preferred disodium cromoglycate formulation is the same as Example 31 above except the drug concentration is 0.5 percent by weight drug. This formulation had a suspension quality rating of 5.
  • Example 2 Using the general method of Example 1, a series of suspension aerosol formulations containing 0.5 percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation of micronized epinephrine bitartrate was prepared. Table 5 shows the amount (percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation) and identity of the surface-active dispersing agent used and the suspension quality rating.
  • Example Surface-Active Dispersing Agent Rating 40 0.002% perfluorooctanoic acid 2 41 0.006% perfluorooctanoic acid 2 42 0.01% perfluorooctanoic acid 2 43 0.05% perfluorooctanoic acid 2 44 0.3% perfluorooctanoic acid 2 45 0.006% perfluorobutanoic acid 2 46 0.012% perfluorobutanoic acid 2 47 0.059% perfluorobutanoic acid 2 48 0.310% perfluorobutanoic acid 2 49 0.507% perfluorobutanoic acid 2
  • Example 2 Using the general method of Example 1, a series of suspension aerosol formulations containing 0.3 percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation of micronized triamcinolone acetonide was prepared. Table 6 shows the amount (percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation) and identity of the surface-active dispersing agent used and the suspension quality rating.
  • Example Surface-Active Dispersing Agent Rating 50 0.05% perfluorooctanoic acid 4 51 0.05% isopropyl perfluorocyclohexanecarboxylate 2 52 0.05% perfluoro-2-ethoxyethoxyacetic acid 3 53 0.05% methyl perfluoro-2-ethoxyethoxyacetate 3 54 0.05% perfluoro-2-butoxypropionic acid 2 55 0.005% perfluoro-2-butoxypropionic acid 2 56 0.05% perfluoro-3-butoxypropionic acid 3 57 0.05% methyl perfluoro-3-butoxypropionate 3 58 0.05% isopropyl perfluoro-2-butoxyethoxy acetate 3 59 0.05% perfluoro-2-hexyloxyethoxyacetic acid 3 60 0.005% perfluoro-2-hexyloxyethoxyacetic acid 4 61 0.05% perfluoro-3-octyloxypropionic acid 3
  • Example 7 Using the general method of Example 1, a series of suspension aerosol formulations containing 0.5 percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation of micronized pirbuterol acetate was prepared. Table 7 shows the amount (percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation) and identity of the surface-active dispersing agent used and the suspension quality rating.
  • Example Surface-Active Dispersing Agent Rating 63 0.05% isopropyl perfluorocyclohexanecarboxylate 2 64 0.05% perfluorocyclohexylacetic acid 4 65 0.05% perfluoro-2-ethoxyethoxyacetic acid 5 66 0.05% methyl perfluoro-2-ethoxyethoxyacetate 5 67 0.05% perfluoro-2-butoxypropionic acid 5 68 0.05% perfluoro-3-butoxypropionic acid 5 69 0.05% methyl perfluoro-3-butoxypropionate 4 70 0.05% isopropyl perfluoro-2-butoxyethoxyacetate 5 71 0.05% perfluoro-2-hexyloxyethoxyacetic acid 5 72 0.05% perfluoro-3-octyloxypropionic acid 5
  • Example Surface-Active Dispersing Agent Rating 73 0.05% isopropyl perfluorocyclohexanecarboxylate 2 74 0.05% perfluoro-2-butoxypropionic acid 5 75 0.005% perfluoro-2-butoxypropionic acid 4 76 0.05% isopropyl perfluoro-2-butoxyethoxy acetate 5
  • Example Surface-Active Dispersing Agent Rating 77 0.05% perfluoro-2-butoxypropionic acid 4 78 0.005% perfluoro-2-butoxypropionic acid 3
  • Example 10 Using the general method of Example 1, a series of suspension aerosol formulations containing micronized beclomethasone dipropionate was prepared. Table 10 shows the amount (percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation) and identity of the surface-active dispersing agent used and the suspension quality rating. In the suspensions of Examples 79-81 the medicament was present in an amount by weight of 0.1% and in those of Examples 82 and 83 it was present in an amount by weight of 0.3%.
  • Example Surface-Active Dispersing Agent Rating 79 0.05% perfluorooctanoic acid 3 80 0.05% methyl perfluoro-2-ethoxyethoxyacetate 4 81 0.05% methyl perfluoro-3-butoxypropionate 4 82 0.05% perfluoro-2-butoxypropionic acid 2 83 0.005% perfluoro-2-butoxypropionic acid 2
  • a 10.99 g portion of beclomethasone dipropionate and about 81.8 g of acetone were placed in a 4 ounce glass vial and warmed on a steam bath until a solution was obtained.
  • the solution was divided evenly among four 4 ounce vials each containing approximately 100 mL of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane.
  • the vials were placed in a refrigerator overnight.
  • the resulting precipitate was collected by filtration then dried under vacuum to provide beclomethasone dipropionate-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane clathrate.
  • the clathrate was micronized using a fluid energy micronizer.
  • Example Surface-Active Dispersing Agent Rating 84 0.05% methyl perfluoro-3-butoxypropionate 5 85 0.05% perfluoro-3-butoxypropionic acid 5 86 0.05% perfluoro-2-ethoxyethoxyacetic acid 4 87 0.05% methyl perfluoro-2-ethoxyethoxyacetate 5
  • Example 12 A series of aerosol suspension formulations in which 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (HFC-227) serves as the propellant was prepared using the general method of Example 1.
  • Table 12 shows the amount (percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation) and identity of the surface-active dispersing agent used and the suspension quality rating.
  • the formulations of Examples 88 and 89 contained 0.5 percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation of micronized pirbuterol acetate.
  • Those of Examples 90 and 91 contained 0.3 percent by weight of micronized triamcinolone acetonide.
  • Example Surface-Active Dispersing Agent Rating 88 0.05% perfluorooctanoic acid 4 89 0.05% perfluoro-2-butoxypropionic acid 4 90 0.05% perfluorooctanoic acid 3 91 0.05% perfluoro-2-butoxypropionic acid 3

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Description

  • This invention relates to suspension aerosol formulations suitable for the administration of medicaments and is defined in the claims. More particularly, it relates to pharmaceutical suspension aerosol formulations using 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane or 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane as the propellant and to beclomethasone diprionate-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane clathrate for use in aerosol formulations.
  • Pharmaceutical suspension aerosol formulations currently use a mixture of liquid chlorofluorocarbons as the propellant. Fluorotrichloromethane, dichlorodifluoromethane and dichlorotetrafluoroethane are the most commonly used propellants in aerosol formulations for administration by inhalation.
  • Chlorofluorocarbons have been implicated in the destruction of the ozone layer and their production is being phased out. Hydrofluorocarbon 134a (HFC-134a, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) and hydrofluorocarbon 227 (HFC-227, 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane) are viewed as being more ozone friendly than many chlorofluorocarbon propellants; furthermore, they have low toxicity and vapor pressures suitable for use in aerosols.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,352,789 discloses a self-propelling, powder dispensing aerosol composition comprising between 0.001 and 20 percent by weight of a finely-divided solid material coated with a dry coating of a perfluorinated surface-active dispersing agent of a particular type which constitutes between 0.1 to 20 percent by weight of the coated solid and a halogenated propellant. The solid material can be a medicament. The use of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane or 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane as a propellant is not specifically disclosed. Perfluorinated carboxylic acid surfactants are not disclosed.
  • According to one aspect of the invention there is provided beclomethasone diproponate-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane clathrate. The clathrate is preferably in micronised form.
  • This invention also provides suspension aerosol formulations comprising an effective amount of a powdered medicament, between 0.001 and 0.6 percent by weight of a perfluorinated surface-active dispersing agent and a propellant comprising a hydrofluorocarbon selected from the group consisting of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane and 1,1,1,2,3,3-heptafluoropropane, and a mixture thereof.
  • The perfluorinated surface-active dispersing agent is preferably a perfluorinated carboxylic acid or ester having the general formula:
    Figure 00020001
       wherein Rf is selected from the group consisting of perfluorinated straight chain, branched chain, or cyclic alkyl or combinations thereof containing three to ten carbon atoms, wherein cyclic alkyl optionally contains one or more catenary oxygen or nitrogen atoms;
       each X is independently selected from the group consisting of fluoro and straight chain or branched chain perfluoroalkyl of one to four carbon atoms;
       n and m are independently integers from zero to three with the proviso that the sum of n and m is less than or equal to four; and
       Z is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and straight or branched chain alkyl containing one to about four carbon atoms,
       the formulation exhibiting substantially no crystallization of said medicament over a prolonged period, being substantially readily redispersible, and upon redispersion not flocculating so quickly as to prevent reproducible dosing of the medicament.
  • The pharmaceutical suspension aerosol formulations of the invention are suitable, for example, for dermal, pulmonary, or mucosal (e.g., buccal or nasal) administration.
  • The term "suspension aerosol" means that the medicament is in powder form and is substantially insoluble in the propellant.
  • By "prolonged period" as used herein in the context of crystallization is meant at least about four (4) months.
  • The medicament is micronized, that is, over 90 percent of the particles have a diameter of less than about 10 microns.
  • The medicament is generally present in an amount effective to bring about the intended therapeutic effect of the medicament. The amount of medicament, however, depends on the potency of the particular medicament being formulated. Generally, the medicament constitutes from 0.01 to 5 percent by weight of the total weight of the formulation, preferably 0.01 to 2 percent by weight of the total weight of the formulation.
  • Medicaments for delivery by inhalation include, for example, antiallergics, analgesics, bronchodilators, antihistamines, antitussives, anginal preparations, antibiotics, antiinflammatories, hormones, peptides, steroids, enzymes, sulfonamides, or a combination of these.
  • Examples of medicaments falling within the above therapeutic classes are: isoproterenol hydrochloride or sulfate, phenylephrine bitartrate or hydrochloride, pirbuterol acetate or hydrochloride, disodium cromoglycate, phenylpropanolamine, glucagon, adrenochrome, trypsin, epinephrine bitartrate, ephedrine, narcosine, codeine, atropine, heparin, morphine, albuterol, albuterol sulfate, triamcinolone acetonide, beclomethasone dipropionate, flunisolide, formoterol, salmeterol, colchicine, neomycin, streptomycin, penicillin, tetracycline, chlorotetracycline, hydroxytetracycline, cortisone, hydrocortisone, prednisolone, and insulin.
  • Preferred medicaments in the practice of this invention include pirbuterol acetate, pirbuterol hydrochloride, disodium cromoglycate, albuterol sulfate, beclomethasone dipropionate, and triamcinolone acetonide.
  • Perfluorinated surface-active dispersing agents useful in the invention are perfluorinated carboxylic acids or mixture of such acids that are soluble in 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane, 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane, or a mixture thereof.
  • Suitable perfluorinated carboxylic acids are those having the general formula:
    Figure 00040001
       wherein Rf is selected from the group consisting of perfluorinated straight chain, branched chain, or cyclic alkyl or combinations thereof containing three to ten carbon atoms, wherein cyclic alkyl optionally contains one or more catenary oxygen or nitrogen atoms;
       each X is independently selected from the group consisting of fluoro and straight chain or branched chain perfluoroalkyl of one to four carbon atoms;
       n and m are independently integers from zero to three with the proviso that the sum of n and m is less than or equal to four; and
       Z is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and straight or branched chain alkyl containing one to four carbon atoms.
  • When m and n are zero, the dispersing agent is perfluoro straight chain, branched chain, cyclic, or a combination thereof, alkanoic acid or ester. Perfluoroalkanoic acids are known and disclosed, e.g., in "Aliphatic Fluorine Compounds", American Chemical Society Monograph Series, Reinhold Publishing Corporation (1958), Chapter VII. Perfluoroalkanoic acid esters are known and disclosed, e.g., in Chapter IX of the same publication.
  • When either or both of m and n are non-zero, the dispersing agent is an acid- or ester-functional perfluoro mono-, di-, or polyether. Such perfluoroethers are known and disclosed, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,250,808 (Moore et al.).
  • Particularly preferred perfluorinated carboxylic acids include perfluorobutanoic acid, perfluorooctanoic acid, and perfluorocyclohexylacetic acid.
  • The perfluorinated surface-active dispersing agent preferably has a solubility of at least 0.1 percent by weight, more preferably at least 0.3 percent by weight and most preferably at least 0.8 percent by weight in the propellant.
  • The perfluorinated surface-active dispersing agent constitutes from 0.001 to 0.6 percent by weight, preferably 0.005 to 0.5 percent by weight, of the aerosol formulation. The particular preferred amount depends on the particular medicament being formulated and on the particular surface-active dispersing agent being used. It is preferred that the amount of agent used be approximately the minimum needed to provide a suitable suspension.
  • The hydrofluorocarbon or mixture thereof is preferably the only propellant present in the formulations of the invention. However, one or more other propellants such as propellant 142b (1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane) can also be present.
  • The suspension aerosol formulations of the invention can be prepared by first preparing a solution of the perfluorinated surface-active dispersing agent in the propellant and then suspending the medicament in the solution. In order to prepare a formulation, the perfluorinated surface-active dispersing agent is placed in an aerosol vial, a continuous valve is crimped onto the vial and the vial is pressure filled with the propellant. The vial is shaken on an automatic shaker until all of the dispersing agent is in solution. The micronized medicament is then placed in a separate aerosol vial, a continuous valve is crimped onto the vial and the vial is pressure filled with the previously prepared solution. The medicament is then dispersed in the solution by mixing or homogenizing. If the medicament being formulated is moisture sensitive, these steps should be performed in a dehumidified atmosphere using only cry materials and equipment.
  • The following examples are provided to illustrate the invention.
  • In the following examples the quality of the aerosol suspension is rated on a scale of 1 to 5 with 1 indicating a "poor" suspension and 5 indicating an "excellent" suspension. A poor suspension is characterized by one or more of the following: it has a rapid rate of settling or separation, it is difficult to redisperse after settling or separation, it forms large flocs quickly, and it exhibits crystal formation. In contrast, an excellent suspension is slow to settle or separate, is easily redispersed, has minimal flocculation, and exhibits no crystallization. Substantially no crystal formation, relative ease of redispersion, and absence of rapid flocculation after redispersion are important properties in order to provide reproducible dosing of the medicament. Absence of substantial crystal formation provides for maximization of the fraction of the dose deliverable to the target area of the lung. Ease of redispersion permits dosing of a uniform suspension. Finally, rapid flocculation results in a large variation in the dose delivered from the aerosol canister. Suspensions exhibiting a rating of 1 or 2 are not considered desirable in terms of an overall balance of properties of degree of crystallization, ease of redispersibility, and nature of any flocculation, whereas ones exhibiting a rating of 3, 4 or 5 are considered desirable and fall within the scope of this invention.
  • Except as otherwise indicated the propellant in the Examples below is 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a).
    • Example 1
  • A 78.7 mg portion of perfluorooctanoic acid ("FC-26" from 3M) was placed in a 4 ounce vial, the vial was sealed with a continuous valve then pressure filled with149.5 g of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane. The vial was then shaken on an automatic shaker for 15 minutes. The resulting stock solution contained 0.05% by weight of perfluorooctanoic acid. A 100 mg portion of micronized pirbuterol hydrochloride was placed in a 15 cc vial along with 5 ml of glass beads, the vial was sealed with a continuous valve then pressure filled with 20 g of the previously prepared stock solution. The vial was shaken on an automatic shaker for 10 minutes then placed on a WIG-L-BUG™ grinder/mixer for 30 seconds. The resulting suspension contained 0.5% by weight of pirbuterol hydrochloride and had a quality rating of 5 (excellent).
    • Examples 2-10
  • Using the general method of Example 1, a series of suspension aerosol formulations containing 0.5 percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation of micronized pirbuterol hydrochloride was prepared. Table 1 shows the amount (percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation) and identity of the surface-active dispersing agent used and the suspension quality rating.
    Example Surface-Active Dispersing Agent Rating
    2 0.002%   perfluorooctanoic acid 1
    3 0.006%   perfluorooctanoic acid 4
    4 0.01%   perfluorooctanoic acid 4
    5 0.3%   perfluorooctanoic acid 5
    6 0.006%   perfluorobutanoic acid 5
    7 0.012%   perfluorobutanoic acid 5
    8 0.059%   perfluorobutanoic acid 5
    9 0.310%   perfluorobutanoic acid 5
    10 0.507%   perfluorobutanoic acid 5
    • Examples 11-20
  • Using the general method of Example 1, a series of suspension aerosol formulations containing 0.5 percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation of micronized pirbuterol acetate was prepared. Table 2 shows the amount (percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation) and identity of the surface-active dispersing agent used and the suspension quality rating.
    Example Surface-Active Dispersing Agent Rating
    11 0.002%   perfluorooctanoic acid 1
    12 0.006%   perfluorooctanoic acid 2
    13 0.01%   perfluorooctanoic acid 2
    14 0.05%   perfluorooctanoic acid 3
    15 0.3%   perfluorooctanoic acid 3
    16 0.006%   perfluorobutanoic acid 2
    17 0.012%   perfluorobutanoic acid 2
    18 0.059%   perfluorobutanoic acid 2
    19 0.310%   perfluorobutanoic acid 2
    20 0.507%   perfluorobutanoic acid 2
    • Examples 21-29
  • Using the general method of Example 1, a series of suspension aerosol formulations containing 0.5 percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation of micronized albuterol sulfate was prepared. Table 3 shows the amount (percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation) and identity of the surface-active dispersing agent used and the suspension quality rating.
    Example Surface-Active Dispersing Agent Rating
    21 0.002%   perfluorooctanoic acid 1
    22 0.006%   perfluorooctanoic acid 1
    23 0.01%   perfluorooctanoic acid 1
    24 0.05%   perfluorooctanoic acid 1
    25 0.3%   perfluorooctanoic acid 1
    26 0.006%   perfluorobutanoic acid 1
    27 0.012%   perfluorobutanoic acid 1
    28 0.310%   perfluorobutanoic acid 1
    29 0.507%   perfluorobutanoic acid 1
    • Examples 30-39
  • Using the general method of Example 1, a series of suspension aerosol formulations containing 1.5 percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation of micronized disodium cromoglycate was prepared. Table 4 shows the amount (percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation) and identity of the surface-active dispersing agent used and the suspension quality rating.
    Example Surface-Active Dispersing Agent Rating
    30 0.002%   perfluorooctanoic acid 3
    31 0.006%   perfluorooctanoic acid 4
    32 0.01%   perfluorooctanoic acid 3
    33 0.05%   perfluorooctanoic acid 3
    34 0.3%   perfluorooctanoic acid 3
    35 0.006%   perfluorobutanoic acid 3
    36 0.012%   perfluorobutanoic acid 3
    37 0.059%   perfluorobutanoic acid 4
    38 0.310%   perfluorobutanoic acid 2
    39 0.507%   perfluorobutanoic acid 2
  • A preferred disodium cromoglycate formulation is the same as Example 31 above except the drug concentration is 0.5 percent by weight drug. This formulation had a suspension quality rating of 5.
    • Examples 40-49
  • Using the general method of Example 1, a series of suspension aerosol formulations containing 0.5 percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation of micronized epinephrine bitartrate was prepared. Table 5 shows the amount (percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation) and identity of the surface-active dispersing agent used and the suspension quality rating.
    Example Surface-Active Dispersing Agent Rating
    40 0.002%   perfluorooctanoic acid 2
    41 0.006%   perfluorooctanoic acid 2
    42 0.01%   perfluorooctanoic acid 2
    43 0.05%   perfluorooctanoic acid 2
    44 0.3%   perfluorooctanoic acid 2
    45 0.006%   perfluorobutanoic acid 2
    46 0.012%   perfluorobutanoic acid 2
    47 0.059%   perfluorobutanoic acid 2
    48 0.310%   perfluorobutanoic acid 2
    49 0.507%   perfluorobutanoic acid 2
    • Examples 50-62
  • Using the general method of Example 1, a series of suspension aerosol formulations containing 0.3 percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation of micronized triamcinolone acetonide was prepared. Table 6 shows the amount (percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation) and identity of the surface-active dispersing agent used and the suspension quality rating.
    Example Surface-Active Dispersing Agent Rating
    50 0.05%   perfluorooctanoic acid 4
    51 0.05%   isopropyl perfluorocyclohexanecarboxylate 2
    52 0.05%   perfluoro-2-ethoxyethoxyacetic acid 3
    53 0.05%   methyl perfluoro-2-ethoxyethoxyacetate 3
    54 0.05%   perfluoro-2-butoxypropionic acid 2
    55 0.005%   perfluoro-2-butoxypropionic acid 2
    56 0.05%   perfluoro-3-butoxypropionic acid 3
    57 0.05%   methyl perfluoro-3-butoxypropionate 3
    58 0.05%   isopropyl perfluoro-2-butoxyethoxy acetate 3
    59 0.05%   perfluoro-2-hexyloxyethoxyacetic acid 3
    60 0.005%   perfluoro-2-hexyloxyethoxyacetic acid 4
    61 0.05%   perfluoro-3-octyloxypropionic acid 3
    62 0.005%   perfluoro-3-octyloxypropionic acid 3
    • Examples 63-72
  • Using the general method of Example 1, a series of suspension aerosol formulations containing 0.5 percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation of micronized pirbuterol acetate was prepared. Table 7 shows the amount (percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation) and identity of the surface-active dispersing agent used and the suspension quality rating.
    Example Surface-Active Dispersing Agent Rating
    63 0.05%   isopropyl perfluorocyclohexanecarboxylate 2
    64 0.05%   perfluorocyclohexylacetic acid 4
    65 0.05%   perfluoro-2-ethoxyethoxyacetic acid 5
    66 0.05%   methyl perfluoro-2-ethoxyethoxyacetate 5
    67 0.05%   perfluoro-2-butoxypropionic acid 5
    68 0.05%   perfluoro-3-butoxypropionic acid 5
    69 0.05%   methyl perfluoro-3-butoxypropionate 4
    70 0.05%   isopropyl perfluoro-2-butoxyethoxyacetate 5
    71 0.05%   perfluoro-2-hexyloxyethoxyacetic acid 5
    72 0.05%   perfluoro-3-octyloxypropionic acid 5
    • Examples 73-76
  • Using the general method of Example 1, a series of suspension aerosol formulations containing 1.5 percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation of micronized disodium cromoglycate was prepared. Table 8 shows the amount (percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation) and identity of the surface-active dispersing agent used and the suspension quality rating.
    Example Surface-Active Dispersing Agent Rating
    73 0.05%   isopropyl perfluorocyclohexanecarboxylate 2
    74 0.05%   perfluoro-2-butoxypropionic acid 5
    75 0.005%   perfluoro-2-butoxypropionic acid 4
    76 0.05%   isopropyl perfluoro-2-butoxyethoxy acetate 5
    • Examples 77-78
  • Using the general method of Example 1, two suspension aerosol formulations containing 0.5 percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation of micronized albuterol sulfate were prepared. Table 9 shows the amount (percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation) and identity of the surface-active dispersing agent used and the suspension quality rating.
    Example Surface-Active Dispersing Agent Rating
    77 0.05%   perfluoro-2-butoxypropionic acid 4
    78 0.005%   perfluoro-2-butoxypropionic acid 3
    • Examples 79-83
  • Using the general method of Example 1, a series of suspension aerosol formulations containing micronized beclomethasone dipropionate was prepared. Table 10 shows the amount (percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation) and identity of the surface-active dispersing agent used and the suspension quality rating. In the suspensions of Examples 79-81 the medicament was present in an amount by weight of 0.1% and in those of Examples 82 and 83 it was present in an amount by weight of 0.3%.
    Example Surface-Active Dispersing Agent Rating
    79 0.05%   perfluorooctanoic acid 3
    80 0.05%   methyl perfluoro-2-ethoxyethoxyacetate 4
    81 0.05%   methyl perfluoro-3-butoxypropionate 4
    82 0.05%   perfluoro-2-butoxypropionic acid 2
    83 0.005%   perfluoro-2-butoxypropionic acid 2
    • Examples 84-87
  • A 10.99 g portion of beclomethasone dipropionate and about 81.8 g of acetone were placed in a 4 ounce glass vial and warmed on a steam bath until a solution was obtained. The solution was divided evenly among four 4 ounce vials each containing approximately 100 mL of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane. The vials were placed in a refrigerator overnight. The resulting precipitate was collected by filtration then dried under vacuum to provide beclomethasone dipropionate-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane clathrate. The clathrate was micronized using a fluid energy micronizer. Using the general method of Example 1, a series of suspension aerosol formulations containing 0.1% by weight based on the total weight of the formulation of the micronized clathrate was prepared. Table 11 shows the amount (percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation) and identity of the surface-active dispersing agent used and the suspension quality rating.
    Example Surface-Active Dispersing Agent Rating
    84 0.05%   methyl perfluoro-3-butoxypropionate 5
    85 0.05%   perfluoro-3-butoxypropionic acid 5
    86 0.05%   perfluoro-2-ethoxyethoxyacetic acid 4
    87 0.05%   methyl perfluoro-2-ethoxyethoxyacetate 5
    • Examples 88-91
  • A series of aerosol suspension formulations in which 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (HFC-227) serves as the propellant was prepared using the general method of Example 1. Table 12 shows the amount (percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation) and identity of the surface-active dispersing agent used and the suspension quality rating. The formulations of Examples 88 and 89 contained 0.5 percent by weight based on the total weight of the formulation of micronized pirbuterol acetate. Those of Examples 90 and 91 contained 0.3 percent by weight of micronized triamcinolone acetonide.
    Example Surface-Active Dispersing Agent Rating
    88 0.05%   perfluorooctanoic acid 4
    89 0.05%   perfluoro-2-butoxypropionic acid 4
    90 0.05%   perfluorooctanoic acid 3
    91 0.05%   perfluoro-2-butoxypropionic acid 3

Claims (3)

  1. Beclomethasone dipropionate-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane clathrate.
  2. The clathrate as claimed in Claim 1 in micronised form.
  3. The clathrate as claimed in Claim 2 which was micronised after formation of the clathrate using a fluid energy microniser.
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ES2071306T3 (en) 1995-06-16
CA2077354A1 (en) 1991-09-24
DE69109284D1 (en) 1995-06-01
DE69131867D1 (en) 2000-01-27
JPH05505824A (en) 1993-08-26
DE69109284T2 (en) 1995-08-24
AU7668691A (en) 1991-10-21
WO1991014422A1 (en) 1991-10-03
EP0526481B1 (en) 1995-04-26
DE69133314D1 (en) 2003-10-23
EP0636362B1 (en) 1999-12-22
EP0965335A1 (en) 1999-12-22

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