EP0963557A1 - Montage pour mesurer une grandeur a mesurer electrique au moyen de signaux lumineux de differentes longueurs d'onde - Google Patents

Montage pour mesurer une grandeur a mesurer electrique au moyen de signaux lumineux de differentes longueurs d'onde

Info

Publication number
EP0963557A1
EP0963557A1 EP98912255A EP98912255A EP0963557A1 EP 0963557 A1 EP0963557 A1 EP 0963557A1 EP 98912255 A EP98912255 A EP 98912255A EP 98912255 A EP98912255 A EP 98912255A EP 0963557 A1 EP0963557 A1 EP 0963557A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
measurement
light
signal
measuring
signals
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP98912255A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Ottmar Beierl
Thomas Bosselmann
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Siemens AG
Original Assignee
Siemens AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Siemens AG filed Critical Siemens AG
Publication of EP0963557A1 publication Critical patent/EP0963557A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R15/00—Details of measuring arrangements of the types provided for in groups G01R17/00 - G01R29/00, G01R33/00 - G01R33/26 or G01R35/00
    • G01R15/14—Adaptations providing voltage or current isolation, e.g. for high-voltage or high-current networks
    • G01R15/24—Adaptations providing voltage or current isolation, e.g. for high-voltage or high-current networks using light-modulating devices
    • G01R15/247—Details of the circuitry or construction of devices covered by G01R15/241 - G01R15/246
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R15/00—Details of measuring arrangements of the types provided for in groups G01R17/00 - G01R29/00, G01R33/00 - G01R33/26 or G01R35/00
    • G01R15/14—Adaptations providing voltage or current isolation, e.g. for high-voltage or high-current networks
    • G01R15/24—Adaptations providing voltage or current isolation, e.g. for high-voltage or high-current networks using light-modulating devices
    • G01R15/245—Adaptations providing voltage or current isolation, e.g. for high-voltage or high-current networks using light-modulating devices using magneto-optical modulators, e.g. based on the Faraday or Cotton-Mouton effect
    • G01R15/246—Adaptations providing voltage or current isolation, e.g. for high-voltage or high-current networks using light-modulating devices using magneto-optical modulators, e.g. based on the Faraday or Cotton-Mouton effect based on the Faraday, i.e. linear magneto-optic, effect

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an arrangement for measuring an electrical measured variable in the form of an electrical current and / or an electrical voltage in a predetermined measuring range.
  • Optical measuring arrangements for measuring an electrical current in a current conductor are known which are based on the magneto-optical Faraday effect and are therefore also referred to as magneto-optical current transformers.
  • a magneto-optical current transformer linearly polarized measuring light is transmitted through a Faraday element which is arranged in the vicinity of the current conductor and which consists of an optically transparent material which shows the Faraday effect.
  • the magnetic field generated by the current causes the plane of polarization of the measuring light to rotate by an angle of rotation p which is proportional to the travel integral over the magnetic field along the path covered by the measuring light.
  • the proportionality constant is called the Verdet constant V.
  • the Verdet constant V generally depends on the material and the temperature of the Faraday element and on the wavelength of the measuring light used. In general, the Faraday element surrounds the current conductor, so that the measuring light practically closes the current conductor
  • the Faraday rotation angle p is determined polarimetrically by a polarization analysis of the measurement light that has passed through the Faraday element in order to obtain a measurement signal for the electrical current. A single-channel polarization evaluation and a two-channel polarization evaluation are known for polarization analysis.
  • a magneto-optical current transformer includes Means for linear polarization of measuring light (polarizer), a Faraday element and means for polarization analysis, which are optically connected in series with one another and are summarized below under the term “optical converter element”.
  • the measuring light is passed to a polarizer as an analyzer after passing through the Faraday element and the measuring light transmitted by the polarizer is converted into an electrical signal as a measuring signal S by a photoelectric converter.
  • This measurement signal S corresponds to the light intensity of the light component of the measurement light projected onto the polarization axis (transmission axis) of the polarizer and has neglecting influences such as temperature changes and vibrations the general form
  • S 0 is the constant maximum amplitude of the measurement signal S, which corresponds to the case when the polarization plane of the measurement light is parallel to the polarization axis of the polarizer
  • the measuring light is broken down by an analyzer after passing through the Faraday element into two linearly polarized light components L1 and L2 with polarization planes oriented perpendicular to one another.
  • Polarizing beam splitters such as, for example, a Wollaston prism or a simple beam splitter with two downstream polarizers, are used as analyzers
  • Polarization axes are rotated relative to one another by ⁇ / 2 or 90 °, respectively.
  • Both light components L1 and L2 are each converted by an assigned photoelectric converter into an electrical intensity signal T1 or T2, which is proportional to the light intensity of the respective light components L1 and L2.
  • T1 or T2 is proportional to the light intensity of the respective light components L1 and L2.
  • T (Tl - T2) / (T1 + T2) (3) formed, which corresponds to the quotient of a difference and the sum of the two intensity signals T1 and T2 (WO 95/10046).
  • This measurement signal T is the same when neglecting interference
  • the measurement signal S according to equation (1) or T according to equation (4) is therefore a periodic, sinusoidal function of the double angle of rotation 2p with the period ⁇ . So it applies
  • the measuring signals S and T of a polarimetric magneto-optical current transformer are only greater than a maximum ⁇ / 2 (or 90 ° ) large angular range for the measuring angle p are unique functions of the measuring angle p.
  • the known polarimetric magneto-optical current transformers are therefore only those electrical currents which can be clearly measured in a current measuring range corresponding to the maximum ⁇ / 2 (or 90 °) for the measuring angle p (current measuring interval, measuring ranks)) MR of the interval length
  • the current measuring range MR is maximum according to equation (1)
  • the measuring sensitivity MS corresponds to the slope of the characteristic of the magneto-optical current transformer at an operating point and is the same in the case of single-channel evaluation according to equation (2)
  • a magneto-optical current transformer is known from EP-B-0 088 419, in which two Faraday glass rings are arranged parallel to one another around a common current conductor, which consist of Faragay materials with different Verdet constants and thus each have different current measuring ranges exhibit.
  • Each Faraday glass ring is assigned a transmitter unit for transmitting linearly polarized measurement light into the glass ring and a two-channel evaluation unit for calculating a respective measurement signal for the respective Faraday rotation angle.
  • the two measurement signals of the two evaluation units are fed to an OR gate, which determines a maximum signal from the two measurement signals. This maximum signal is used to switch between the measuring ranges of the two glass rings.
  • Different measuring ranges of the two glass rings can also be achieved with the same glass material for both glass rings by using measuring light of different wavelengths. The wavelength dependence of the Faraday rotation is used.
  • an azero optical measuring arrangement with a first magneto-optical current transformer for measuring nominal currents and with a second magneto-optical current transformer for measuring overcurrents is known.
  • the first current transformer for measuring nominal currents contains an optical monomode fiber which surrounds the current conductor in the form of a measuring winding with N turns. Linearly polarized light passes through the measuring winding, is reflected back into the fiber by a mirror and the measuring winding runs in the opposite direction a second time (reflection type).
  • the Faraday angle of rotation is doubled, while the undesirable temperature-dependent effects of the circular birefringence of the fiber material just stand out.
  • the second magneto-optical current transformer provided for protection purposes also comprises a single-mode fiber which surrounds the current conductor in the form of a measuring winding with a measuring winding.
  • the second current transformer is of the transmission type, ie the linearly polarized measuring light is subjected to a polarization analysis after passing through the measuring winding only once.
  • a magneto-optical current converter is known in 208 593, in which linearly polarized measuring light is passed through a beam splitter into two partial light signals after passing through a Faraday optical fiber surrounding a current conductor, and each of these partial light signals is fed to an analyzer.
  • the natural axes of the two analyzers are directed at an angle of 0 ° or 45 ° to the coupling polarization of the measuring light. This gives a first, sinusoidal signal at the output of one analyzer and a second, cosine-shaped signal at the output of the other analyzer. These two signals are ambiguous, oscillating functions of the current in the current conductor, which are phase-shifted by an angle of 90 °.
  • a unique measurement signal is now put together by comparing the sign and the amounts of the measured values of the first, sinusoidal signal and the second, cosine-shaped signal. Once the sine and cosine amounts are equal, i.e. with an integer
  • a Faraday element for deriving two different measurement signals le derived for the measurand.
  • a Faraday element is constructed in such a way that the measured signal determined is a function of the measured variable that is unambiguous in a predetermined measuring range.
  • a second Faraday element is designed in such a way that the resulting measurement signal is an essentially periodic function of the measurement variable. From the two derived measurement signals, a third measurement signal can then be put together for the measurement variable, that in the specified measurement range it is a clear function of the measurement variable and has at least the same measurement resolution as the second measurement signal. Since this is a non-incremental method, the current transformer described also behaves uncritically against a failure of the electronics. However, the method requires a very complex arrangement, since the optical converter unit of the current converter is constructed with two Faraday elements.
  • the invention is based on the object of specifying a simplified arrangement for measuring an electrical measured variable in a predetermined measuring range and in particular for measuring an electrical current and / or an electrical voltage in a current conductor in a predetermined current and / or voltage measuring range which a high measurement resolution is achieved, and which is insensitive to temporary failures of the electronics.
  • Light signals in an optical transducer element with wavelength-dependent measurement sensitivity c) means for wavelength-selective optoelectric conversion of at least one output measurement light signal of the optical transducer element into first and further electrical signals that can be assigned to the different wavelengths, d) a first evaluation unit that consists of the first electrical signals generates the first measuring signal, the first measuring signal in the predetermined measuring range being a clear function of the measured variable, e) at least one further evaluation unit which generates at least one further measuring signal from the further electrical signals, the at least one further measuring signal in the predetermined measuring range is a non-unique function of the measured variable.
  • the invention is based on the finding that the material constant, which describes the influence of the measured variable on the / light signal, is wavelength-dependent.
  • the Verdet constant decreases approximately with the square of the wavelength. This dependence of the Faraday effect on the wavelength is now being exploited by using light signals with very different
  • Wavelengths preferably simultaneously in a common Feeds the Faraday element.
  • the short-wave signal component experiences four times as strong a Faraday rotation when passing through the Faraday element as the long-wave signal component.
  • a measurement signal for the measurement variable is derived separately for each wavelength.
  • the first derived measurement signal covers a measurement range that is approximately four times as large as the second measurement signal, while the second measurement signal provides a measurement sensitivity or measurement resolution that is approximately four times that of the first measurement signal.
  • the arrangement has the advantage that an optical transducer element with only one Faraday element is sufficient to obtain two measurement signals with two different measurement sensitivities for the measured variable.
  • the use of more than two wavelengths is also possible.
  • the wavelengths of the light sources used are preferably precisely matched so that, in a predetermined measuring range, the first measurement signal derived in a first evaluation unit from a first wavelength component of the output measurement light signal is a clear function of the measured variable, and that the further measurement units formed in further evaluation units from further wavelength components of the output measurement light signal Measurement signals are ambiguous, in particular periodic functions of the measured variable.
  • a calculation unit determines a total measurement signal from the measurement signals of the evaluation units. This sum measurement signal combines the advantageous properties of the measurement signals from the evaluation units in a single signal. That's how it is
  • Sum measurement signal on the one hand a clear function of the measured variable in the given measurement range and on the other hand has at least the same measurement resolution as the measurement signal fed into the calculation unit with the highest measurement resolution.
  • the sum measurement signal can also have a measurement resolution that is up to 10% worse than the measurement signal with the highest measurement resolution.
  • the evaluation units for generating the measurement signals and the accounting unit for generating the sum measurement signal are combined into a single processing unit. This saves space and costs.
  • this processing unit e.g. Means for digitizing the electrical signals as well
  • Digital signal processing means e.g. at least one digital signal processor.
  • the optical transducer element also contains a solid magneto-optical glass ring Faraday effect and multi-mode optical waveguide for beam guidance.
  • the natural band edge spacing of semiconductor materials is used to split up the different wavelength components of the measuring light.
  • the band edge spacing essentially determines the wavelength dependence of the sensitivity of semiconductor detectors, e.g. of photodiodes.
  • the separating or filtering means coincide with the optoelectronic (“OE”) converters of the evaluation units. If different semiconductor materials are selected appropriately, only one of the wavelengths used falls within the sensitivity range of a semiconductor detector.
  • the detectors can over In this embodiment, there is no need to use additional optical elements for wavelength-selective separation, such as interference or edge filters.
  • a two-channel polarization evaluation is provided. Two partial light signals are then available for processing and evaluation for each wavelength component of the output measurement light signal.
  • all known methods for error correction of the derived measured variables such as intensity normalization, vibration compensation and temperature compensation, can be used.
  • a single-channel polarization evaluation can also be provided.
  • FIG. 1 shows a first exemplary embodiment of an arrangement according to the invention with a glass ring operated in transmission mode as a Faraday element and single-channel polarization evaluation
  • FIG. 2 shows a further exemplary embodiment with two-channel polarization evaluation, separate evaluation units for the different wavelength components and a calculation unit,
  • FIG. 1 shows a light source LQ1 and a second light source LQ2, which emit light signals LSI and LS2 of different wavelengths.
  • the light signals LSI and LS2 are combined to form a common input measurement light signal L, which is fed on the input side into an optical converter element denoted by 9.
  • the converter element 9 usually contains a polarizer 11 for linear polarization of the input measurement light signal L, a Faraday element 10 with a wavelength-dependent one
  • the optical converter element 9 contains an analyzer 13 for polarization evaluation of the input measurement light signal L, which after passing through the Faraday element 10 has a Faraday rotation of the polarization state.
  • the Faraday element 10 can be operated in transmission or also in reflection; a single-channel or also a two-channel polarization evaluation can be provided. In the exemplary embodiment in FIG.
  • a glass ring is provided as a Faraday element 10, which is operated in transmission with a single-channel evaluation.
  • the optical paths for the supply of the input measurement light signal L to the optical converter element 9 and the forwarding of an output measurement light signal La emerging from the optical converter element 9 to a reception and evaluation unit can be designed as a single-mode optical waveguide or as a multimodelic waveguide. In the exemplary embodiment in FIG. 1, multimode optical waveguides are used. Compared to single-mode optical fibers, this has the advantage of lower transmission losses.
  • Means which split the output measurement light signal La coming from the optical converter element 9 into partial light signals, the wavelengths of which correspond to those of the light signals LSI and LS2 on the input side, and these
  • these means can optical filter elements, such as interference or edge filter, each with downstream detectors with the wavelengths of the input signals LSI and LS2 adapted sensitivity ranges.
  • the output measurement light signal La coming from the optical converter element 9 is split into partial light signals by the optical filter elements.
  • the partial light signals are fed to separate detectors and converted into the first and second electrical signals Sl ⁇ and S2 ⁇ .
  • the electrical signals Sl ⁇ and S2 ⁇ obtained can then be processed and evaluated in a known manner in an evaluation unit.
  • filter and optoelectric detection functions are integrated in one component.
  • the band edge spacing of these materials can be used as a natural filter element.
  • Silicon (Si) detectors have a significant sensitivity to light in the range from 500 to 1000 nanometers
  • indium gallium phosphide (InGaP) detectors in the range from 850 to 1600 nanometers.
  • Semiconductor light sources such as gallium aluminum arsenide (GaAlAs) diodes commercially emit at 630 nanometers, 670 nanometers, 780 nanometers and between 800 and 850 nanometers.
  • Commercial InGaP diodes emit at wavelengths of 1300 nanometers and 1550 nanometers.
  • the output measuring light signal La of the optical converter element 9 is fed to two semiconductor detectors 21 and 31 via a fiber coupler 4.
  • the coming from the optical converter element 9 gangsmeßlichtsignal La is divided by the fiber coupler 4 in partial light signals at least approximately the same intensity.
  • at least approximately the same intensity of the partial light signals is to be understood as a maximum deviation of 20% from exactly the same partial intensities.
  • This upper limit corresponds to two resulting partial light signals with intensities of 30% and 70% of the sum of both partial intensities.
  • the intensities of the partial light signals deviate from an exact uniform distribution only by a maximum of 15%.
  • Each of the semiconductor detectors 21 and 31, to which the partial light signals are fed, is only sensitive in a wavelength range within which one or the other light source LQ1 or LQ2 emits.
  • the resulting electrical signals Sl ⁇ and S2 ⁇ at the outputs of the semiconductor detectors 21 and 31 are then a measure of the partial light signals of the output measuring light signal La corresponding to the light signals LSI and LS2 on the input side. Due to the wavelength dependency of the Verdet constant, the electrical signals Sl ⁇ and S2 ⁇ carry different measurement information about the current I to be measured.
  • the electrical signals Sl ⁇ and S2 ⁇ can then be processed and further processed using known methods such as, for example, according to WO 97/20222 be evaluated.
  • FIG. 2 shows a further embodiment variant of the arrangement from FIG. 1.
  • the optical converter element 9 of the arrangement is provided with a two-channel polarization evaluation.
  • the analyzer 13 is designed as a Wollaston prism, which the input measuring light signal L after passing through the Fara day element 10 into two linearly polarized output measuring light signals La and Lß with mutually perpendicular polarization planes.
  • means are provided for the wavelength-selective division of the two output measurement light signals La and Lß. These means can in turn each include optical filter elements, such as interference or edge filters, in both channels.
  • optical filter elements such as interference or edge filters
  • the desired separation into partial light signals is achieved solely by a suitable choice of the semiconductor materials for the light sources LQ1 and LQ2 and for detectors 21, 22, 31 and 32.
  • filter and optoelectric detection functions are combined in one component in each channel of the two-channel polarization evaluation.
  • a fiber coupler 4 or 5 and the two semiconductor detectors 21 and 31, or 22 and 32 are provided for each channel of the polarization evaluation.
  • the first fiber coupler 4 is now arranged such that it connects the first channel of the polarization evaluation of the optical converter element 9 via the first semiconductor detector 21 to a first evaluation unit 41 and via the first semiconductor detector 31 to a second evaluation unit 42.
  • the second fiber coupler 5 is arranged in such a way that it connects the second channel of the polarization evaluation of the optical transducer element 9 to the first evaluation unit 41 via the second semiconductor detector 22 and to the second evaluation unit 42 via the second semiconductor detector 32.
  • the output measurement light signals La and Lß of the channels of the polarization evaluation by the fiber couplers 4 and 5 are at least in partial light beams divided approximately the same light intensity.
  • a beam stop 6, 7 and 8 made of gel is provided to absorb undesired reflected light components on the respectively unused fourth coupler branch.
  • the detectors 21 and 22 are constructed from appropriately selected semiconductor materials, so that the detectors 21 and 22 are at least partially light-sensitive in the wavelength range of the light signal LSI on the input side, but they have no appreciable light sensitivity in the wavelength range of the light signal LS2 on the input side.
  • the detectors 31 and 32 are of such a nature that they are at least partially light-sensitive in a wavelength range of the input-side light signal LS2, but do not have any significant sensitivity to light in the wavelength range of the input-side light signal LSI.
  • the light sources LQ1 and LQ2 are designed as semiconductor light sources. However, other forms of light sources and detectors that are not based on semiconductor materials are also possible.
  • the light source LQ1 is designed as a gallium aluminum arsenide (GaAlAs) semiconductor emitter, the light source LQ2 as an indium gallium phosphide (InGaP) semiconductor emitter, the detectors 21 and 22 are formed with silicon, the detectors 31 and 32 with Indium gallium phosphite.
  • GaAlAs gallium aluminum arsenide
  • InGaP indium gallium phosphide
  • first and second electrical signals Sl ⁇ , Slß, S2 ⁇ and S2ß are, according to their assignment to one of the input-side light signals LSI or LS2, each processed separately in the two evaluation units 41 and 42 according to methods known per se, so that on the output side, a derived first and second measurement signal Ml and M2 as functions of the current conductor through the evaluation units 41 and 42 12 flowing current I receives.
  • the wavelengths of the light signals LSI and LS2 on the input side and the Verdet constant of the Faraday element 10 are selected so that the derived first measurement signal Ml has a clear function of the current I to be measured and the derived second measurement signal M2 a non-- unambiguous, in particular periodic function of the current I to be measured.
  • the second derived measurement signal M2 has a higher measurement resolution for this.
  • a further calculation unit 51 which derives a sum measurement signal M from the first and the second measurement signals M1 and M2, which is a clear function of the measurement variable I in a predetermined measurement range and has at least the measurement resolution of the second measurement signal M2.
  • the procedure for this is carried out in analogy to that disclosed in WO 97/20222.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Measuring Instrument Details And Bridges, And Automatic Balancing Devices (AREA)
  • Measuring Magnetic Variables (AREA)

Abstract

Selon l'invention, au moins deux sources de lumière (LQ1, LQ2) émettent des signaux lumineux (LS1, LS2) de différentes longueurs d'onde. Les signaux lumineux (LS1, LS2) sont introduits ensemble, par l'intermédiaire d'un coupleur à fibre optique (3), dans un élément transformateur (9) optique sensible à la grandeur à mesurer, lequel fournit au moins un signal lumineux de mesure (LT). Le montage présenté comporte des moyens (4, 21, 31) qui effectuent une transformation opto-électrique avec sélection des longueurs d'onde du signal (ou des signaux) lumineux de mesure de sortie (L alpha ) en au moins deux signaux électriques (S1 alpha , S2 alpha ).
EP98912255A 1997-02-28 1998-02-17 Montage pour mesurer une grandeur a mesurer electrique au moyen de signaux lumineux de differentes longueurs d'onde Withdrawn EP0963557A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19708275 1997-02-28
DE19708275 1997-02-28
PCT/DE1998/000465 WO1998038517A1 (fr) 1997-02-28 1998-02-17 Montage pour mesurer une grandeur a mesurer electrique au moyen de signaux lumineux de differentes longueurs d'onde

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0963557A1 true EP0963557A1 (fr) 1999-12-15

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP98912255A Withdrawn EP0963557A1 (fr) 1997-02-28 1998-02-17 Montage pour mesurer une grandeur a mesurer electrique au moyen de signaux lumineux de differentes longueurs d'onde

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EP (1) EP0963557A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1998038517A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (5)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN1144054C (zh) * 1998-12-22 2004-03-31 西门子公司 利用不同波长的光信号光学地测量电流的方法和装置
WO2015124677A1 (fr) 2014-02-21 2015-08-27 Abb Technology Ag Capteur interférométrique
CN106291039B (zh) * 2016-07-26 2018-12-18 胡朝年 磁光电流互感器
CN107144718B (zh) * 2017-06-15 2023-09-15 华北电力大学 双磁路复合光学电流互感器及其信号处理方法
DE102020209699A1 (de) * 2020-07-31 2022-02-03 Siemens Energy Global GmbH & Co. KG Magnetooptischer Stromwandler und Verfahren zum Erfassen einer Stromstärke

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3141325A1 (de) * 1981-10-17 1983-04-28 BBC Aktiengesellschaft Brown, Boveri & Cie., 5401 Baden, Aargau Verfahren zur strommessung an einem elektrischen leiter durch den faraday-effekt
JP3131011B2 (ja) * 1992-03-23 2001-01-31 東京電力株式会社 直流用光電流変成器
DE19580887D2 (de) * 1994-08-23 1997-05-28 Siemens Ag Verfahren und Anordnung zum Messen von elektrischen Strömen aus wenigstens zwei Meßbereichen
DE19544778A1 (de) * 1995-11-30 1997-06-05 Siemens Ag Verfahren und Anordnung zum Messen einer Meßgröße, insbesondere eines elektrischen Stromes, mit hoher Meßauflösung

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