EP0937201A1 - Electromagnetically operated valve - Google Patents
Electromagnetically operated valveInfo
- Publication number
- EP0937201A1 EP0937201A1 EP98945005A EP98945005A EP0937201A1 EP 0937201 A1 EP0937201 A1 EP 0937201A1 EP 98945005 A EP98945005 A EP 98945005A EP 98945005 A EP98945005 A EP 98945005A EP 0937201 A1 EP0937201 A1 EP 0937201A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- connecting part
- valve
- slot
- closing body
- valve according
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M51/00—Fuel-injection apparatus characterised by being operated electrically
- F02M51/06—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle
- F02M51/061—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means
- F02M51/0625—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means characterised by arrangement of mobile armatures
- F02M51/0664—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means characterised by arrangement of mobile armatures having a cylindrically or partly cylindrically shaped armature, e.g. entering the winding; having a plate-shaped or undulated armature entering the winding
- F02M51/0671—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means characterised by arrangement of mobile armatures having a cylindrically or partly cylindrically shaped armature, e.g. entering the winding; having a plate-shaped or undulated armature entering the winding the armature having an elongated valve body attached thereto
- F02M51/0682—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means characterised by arrangement of mobile armatures having a cylindrically or partly cylindrically shaped armature, e.g. entering the winding; having a plate-shaped or undulated armature entering the winding the armature having an elongated valve body attached thereto the body being hollow and its interior communicating with the fuel flow
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M61/00—Fuel-injectors not provided for in groups F02M39/00 - F02M57/00 or F02M67/00
- F02M61/16—Details not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the apparatus of groups F02M61/02 - F02M61/14
- F02M61/168—Assembling; Disassembling; Manufacturing; Adjusting
Definitions
- the invention relates to an electromagnetically actuated valve according to the preamble of the main claim.
- an electromagnetically actuated valve is already known which has a valve needle which is axially movable in a through bore of a valve seat carrier.
- the valve needle is formed by a cylindrical armature, a spherical valve closing body and a tubular or sleeve-shaped connecting part connecting both components.
- the connecting part is made of a flat metal sheet, which is subsequently rolled or bent until it takes on a cylindrical, sleeve-like shape.
- the connecting part has a slot which extends over its entire axial length and which can either run parallel to the axis or obliquely to the longitudinal axis of the valve.
- the two longitudinal end faces of the metal sheets used lie opposite one another, forming the slot between them, at a constant distance.
- valve closing body is fastened to the connecting part with a weld seam, the weld seam being interrupted at least in the region of the longitudinal slot or additionally at other points in the circumferential direction.
- the electromagnetically actuated valve according to the invention with the characterizing features of the main claim has the advantage that it can be produced inexpensively in a particularly simple manner.
- the advantage of a connecting part with relatively large tolerances results.
- the connecting part With a low weight and great stability, the connecting part has a large hydraulic cross section.
- the connecting part is resilient, as a result of which the connections to the armature and the valve closing body are facilitated. Due to the resilient resilience, the connecting part can be inserted under tension into the inner opening of the anchor, so that disadvantageous chip formation during anchor assembly is avoided.
- the valve closing body can be very simple at the end of the connecting part facing away from the armature and be securely fastened because the slot has a significantly reduced opening width.
- a weld seam is advantageously achieved which has no significant interruption.
- the reduction in the slot width at one end of the connecting part leads to an enlargement of the welded cross section and almost to avoid sink marks of the weld seam at the slot edges.
- the slot of the connecting part made of a non-magnetic material prevents undesirable eddy current formation.
- the connecting part from a metal sheet by first punching out sheet metal sections in a largely rectangular shape and then rolling or bending them.
- the slot of the connecting part is formed in that the respective elongated end faces of the sheet metal section are opposite each other at a short distance.
- the fixed connection of the valve closing body which is, for example, spherical, can be achieved at the end of the connecting part which is formed with a slot taper by a weld seam which is completely circumferential by 360 ° and has a very high dynamic strength.
- the notch advantageously has a teardrop shape, a very small opening width being present directly on the lower end face of the connecting part. This significantly reduces the risk of the weld being interrupted. Sink points of the weld seam on the notch would, however, not be critical, since the dynamic load is much lower than at the slot running over the entire axial length of the connecting part.
- the wall of the connecting part with a plurality of flow openings which penetrate it, in order to avoid an undesired influence on the sprayed fuel by the flow conditions in the valve.
- FIG. 1 shows a partially illustrated electromagnetically actuated valve
- FIG. 2 shows a sheet metal section for forming a connecting part of an axially movable valve needle
- FIG. 3 shows a connecting part as an individual component.
- valve 1 shows, as an exemplary embodiment, an electromagnetically actuated valve in the form of an injection valve for fuel injection systems of mixed-compression spark-ignition internal combustion engines.
- the valve has a tubular valve seat support 1, in which is concentric with one Longitudinal valve axis 2, a longitudinal bore 3 is formed.
- An axially movable valve needle 6 is arranged in the longitudinal bore 3.
- the valve is actuated electromagnetically in a known manner.
- an electromagnetic circuit with a magnet coil 10, a core 11 and an armature 12 is only partially shown
- Valve needle 6 is formed by the armature 12, for example a spherical valve closing body 13 and a connecting part 14 connecting the two individual parts, the connecting part 14 having a tubular shape.
- the return spring 8 is supported with its lower end on the upper end face of the connecting part 14.
- the armature 12 is connected to the end of the connecting part 14 facing away from the valve closing body 13 by a weld seam 15 and is aligned with the core 11.
- the valve closing body 13 with the end of the connecting part 14 facing away from the armature 12 is e.g. firmly connected with a weld 16.
- the magnet coil 10 surrounds the core 11, which represents the end of a fuel inlet connection piece which is enclosed by the magnet coil 10 and which serves to supply the medium to be metered by means of the valve, here fuel.
- a tubular, metal intermediate part 19 is connected, for example by welding, concentrically to the longitudinal axis 2 of the valve.
- a cylindrical valve seat body 25 is sealed by welding in the longitudinal bore 3 running concentrically to the longitudinal axis 2 of the valve assembled.
- the valve seat body 25 has a fixed valve seat 26 facing the core 11.
- the magnetic coil 10 is at least partially surrounded in the circumferential direction by at least one guide element 30, which is designed, for example, as a bracket and serves as a ferromagnetic element, one end of which rests on the core 11 and the other end of which rests on the valve seat support 1 and is used e.g. is connected by welding, soldering or an adhesive connection.
- guide element 30 is designed, for example, as a bracket and serves as a ferromagnetic element, one end of which rests on the core 11 and the other end of which rests on the valve seat support 1 and is used e.g. is connected by welding, soldering or an adhesive connection.
- a guide opening 31 of the valve seat body 25 is used to guide the valve closing body 13 during the axial movement.
- the valve seat body 25 On its one lower end face 32 facing away from the valve closing body 13, the valve seat body 25 is provided with a e.g. Cup-shaped spray plate 34 concentrically and firmly connected.
- the connection of valve seat body 25 and spray orifice plate 34 takes place, for example, by a circumferential and tight, e.g. Weld seam 45 formed by means of a laser.
- This type of assembly avoids the risk of undesired deformation of the spray orifice plate 34 in the region of its at least one, for example four, spray openings 46 formed by eroding or stamping.
- the insertion depth of the valve seat part consisting of valve seat body 25 and spray orifice plate 34 into the longitudinal bore 3 determines, among other things, the setting of the stroke of the valve needle 6, since the one end position of the valve needle 6 when the solenoid 10 is not excited due to the valve closing body 13 resting on the surface of the valve seat 26 Valve seat body 25 is fixed.
- the other end position of the valve needle 6 is when the solenoid 10 is excited, for example, by the creation of an upper end face 22 of the armature 12 is fixed to a lower end face 35 of the core 11. The path between these two end positions of the valve needle 6 represents the stroke.
- the spherical valve closing body 13 interacts with the surface of the valve seat 26 of the valve seat body 25 which tapers in the shape of a truncated cone in the direction of flow and is formed downstream of the guide opening 31 of the valve seat body 25.
- the guide opening 31 has at least one flow passage 27, which is a flow of the
- Valve closing body 13 flow passages in the form of grooves or flats may be provided.
- FIG. 3 the connecting part 14 according to the invention of the valve needle 6 is again shown as an individual component before the fixed connections with the armature 12 and the valve closing body 13 are achieved, while FIG. 2 shows a sheet metal section 50 from which the connecting part 14 can be produced.
- a chamfer 48 is formed in a ring shape.
- an elongated slot 51 is provided which radially completely penetrates the wall and extends over the entire length of the connecting part 14, but at least two axially running areas of different slot widths or widths in the circumferential direction of the connecting part 14.
- the fuel flowing from the core 11 into an inner longitudinal opening 52 reaches the outside into the longitudinal bore 3 of the valve seat carrier 1. Via the flow passages 27 in the valve seat body 25 or on the circumference of the valve closing body 13, the fuel reaches the valve seat 26 and the spray openings 46 provided downstream, via which the fuel is sprayed into an intake manifold or a cylinder of an internal combustion engine.
- the slot 51 represents a large-area hydraulic flow cross section, via which the fuel can very quickly get from the inner longitudinal opening 52 into the longitudinal bore 3.
- the thin-walled connecting part 14 ensures maximum stability with the lowest weight.
- the connecting part 14 is optionally provided with a plurality of flow openings 55 which penetrate the wall of the connecting part 14.
- the flow openings 55 for example circular and already punched into the sheet metal section 50, are shown by way of example only in the sheet metal section 50 of FIG. 2 and on the connecting part 14 in FIG. 3.
- the e.g. twelve flow openings 55 are arranged in alternating rows of two and three in the sheet metal section 50. Changes in the number and position of the flow openings 55 can be implemented without problems.
- connection part 14 is produced in such a way that sheet metal sections 50 with a largely rectangular shape, for example by stamping, are produced from a flat metal sheet having the thickness of the tube wall of the connection part 14, as shown in FIG.
- the sheet metal sections 50 have a longer and a shorter extension, the longer extension of the length of the connecting part 14 to be produced in the axial direction and the shorter extension approximately the circumference of the to be manufactured connection part 14 correspond.
- the sheet metal sections 50 At its one end 56, to which the valve closing body 13 is later attached, the sheet metal sections 50 have symmetrical widenings or widenings 57 on their two longitudinal sides that protrude minimally beyond the otherwise rectangular contour.
- each sheet section is shaped into the shape desired with the aid of a mandrel
- Connecting part 14 rolled or bent.
- the respective elongated end faces of the sheet metal section 50 forming the connecting part 14 form the slot 51 in that they lie opposite one another at a short distance. While the width of the slot 51 in the circumferential direction over most of its longitudinal extent is, for example, approximately 0.5 mm, in the area of the widenings 57 there is a slot region 58 with a reduction in the width of the slot to approximately 0.1 mm.
- a notch 59 is optionally provided, which is arranged, for example, in such a way that it lies exactly opposite the slot 51 on the circumference of the rolled connecting part 14.
- the notch 59 for example in the form of a drop, has only a small opening width on the lower end face 60, which, however, is wider, wider or more bulky away from the end face 60. Contours of the notch 59 deviating from the contour shown in FIG. 2 (piston-shaped, balloon-shaped, reversely U-shaped) are also conceivable.
- the notch 59 avoids that after welding the valve closing body 13 due to the very narrow slot 51 in the slot area 58 at the lower end 56 a blind hole is formed in the connecting part 14.
- the production of the connecting part 14 from a sheet metal section 50 represents a particularly light and simple type of production, which enables the use of different materials and which allows large-scale series production.
- the connecting part 14 is resilient, so that relatively coarse tolerances can be selected for the inner opening of the armature 12 and the connecting part 14 itself. Due to the resilient
- the connecting part 14 can be inserted under tension into the inner opening of the armature 12.
- the weld seam 16 can be achieved with a very high dynamic strength.
- the weld 16 between the connecting part 14 and the valve closing body 13 is e.g. manufactured with the help of a so-called continuous wave laser.
- the valve needle 6 is rotated under the continuous laser beam and welded continuously.
- Notch 59 is also by far less than in the case of a slot running over the entire length of connecting part 14, so that a possible minimal interruption of weld seam 16 at notch 59 would not be critical.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)
- Magnetically Actuated Valves (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19739850A DE19739850A1 (en) | 1997-09-11 | 1997-09-11 | Electromagnetically actuated valve |
DE19739850 | 1997-09-11 | ||
PCT/DE1998/002003 WO1999013212A1 (en) | 1997-09-11 | 1998-07-17 | Electromagnetically operated valve |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0937201A1 true EP0937201A1 (en) | 1999-08-25 |
EP0937201B1 EP0937201B1 (en) | 2002-07-10 |
Family
ID=7841950
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP98945005A Expired - Lifetime EP0937201B1 (en) | 1997-09-11 | 1998-07-17 | Electromagnetically operated valve |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6089475A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0937201B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP3998729B2 (en) |
KR (1) | KR100573185B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN1091218C (en) |
BR (1) | BR9806168A (en) |
DE (2) | DE19739850A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1999013212A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (37)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6047907A (en) | 1997-12-23 | 2000-04-11 | Siemens Automotive Corporation | Ball valve fuel injector |
US20010002680A1 (en) | 1999-01-19 | 2001-06-07 | Philip A. Kummer | Modular two part fuel injector |
GB9914642D0 (en) * | 1999-06-24 | 1999-08-25 | Lucas Ind Plc | Fuel injector |
DE10014962A1 (en) * | 2000-03-25 | 2001-10-04 | Gsf Forschungszentrum Umwelt | Pulsable capillary valve |
US6676044B2 (en) | 2000-04-07 | 2004-01-13 | Siemens Automotive Corporation | Modular fuel injector and method of assembling the modular fuel injector |
US6481646B1 (en) | 2000-09-18 | 2002-11-19 | Siemens Automotive Corporation | Solenoid actuated fuel injector |
US6811091B2 (en) | 2000-12-29 | 2004-11-02 | Siemens Automotive Corporation | Modular fuel injector having an integral filter and dynamic adjustment assembly |
US6698664B2 (en) | 2000-12-29 | 2004-03-02 | Siemens Automotive Corporation | Modular fuel injector having an integral or interchangeable inlet tube and having an integral filter and dynamic adjustment assembly |
US6502770B2 (en) | 2000-12-29 | 2003-01-07 | Siemens Automotive Corporation | Modular fuel injector having a snap-on orifice disk retainer and having a terminal connector interconnecting an electromagnetic actuator with an electrical terminal |
US6523760B2 (en) | 2000-12-29 | 2003-02-25 | Siemens Automotive Corporation | Modular fuel injector having interchangeable armature assemblies and having a terminal connector interconnecting an electromagnetic actuator with an electrical terminal |
US6533188B1 (en) | 2000-12-29 | 2003-03-18 | Siemens Automotive Corporation | Modular fuel injector having a snap-on orifice disk retainer and having an integral filter and dynamic adjustment assembly |
US6550690B2 (en) | 2000-12-29 | 2003-04-22 | Siemens Automotive Corporation | Modular fuel injector having interchangeable armature assemblies and having an integral filter and dynamic adjustment assembly |
US6508417B2 (en) | 2000-12-29 | 2003-01-21 | Siemens Automotive Corporation | Modular fuel injector having a snap-on orifice disk retainer and having a lift set sleeve |
US6568609B2 (en) | 2000-12-29 | 2003-05-27 | Siemens Automotive Corporation | Modular fuel injector having an integral or interchangeable inlet tube and having an integral filter and o-ring retainer assembly |
US6565019B2 (en) | 2000-12-29 | 2003-05-20 | Seimens Automotive Corporation | Modular fuel injector having a snap-on orifice disk retainer and having an integral filter and O-ring retainer assembly |
US6695232B2 (en) | 2000-12-29 | 2004-02-24 | Siemens Automotive Corporation | Modular fuel injector having interchangeable armature assemblies and having a lift set sleeve |
US6511003B2 (en) | 2000-12-29 | 2003-01-28 | Siemens Automotive Corporation | Modular fuel injector having an integral or interchangeable inlet tube and having a terminal connector interconnecting an electromagnetic actuator with an electrical terminal |
US6499668B2 (en) | 2000-12-29 | 2002-12-31 | Siemens Automotive Corporation | Modular fuel injector having a surface treatment on an impact surface of an electromagnetic actuator and having a terminal connector interconnecting an electromagnetic actuator with an electrical terminal |
US6607143B2 (en) | 2000-12-29 | 2003-08-19 | Siemens Automotive Corporation | Modular fuel injector having a surface treatment on an impact surface of an electromagnetic actuator and having a lift set sleeve |
US6547154B2 (en) | 2000-12-29 | 2003-04-15 | Siemens Automotive Corporation | Modular fuel injector having a terminal connector interconnecting an electromagnetic actuator with a pre-bent electrical terminal |
US6536681B2 (en) | 2000-12-29 | 2003-03-25 | Siemens Automotive Corporation | Modular fuel injector having a surface treatment on an impact surface of an electromagnetic actuator and having an integral filter and O-ring retainer assembly |
US6769636B2 (en) | 2000-12-29 | 2004-08-03 | Siemens Automotive Corporation | Modular fuel injector having interchangeable armature assemblies and having an integral filter and O-ring retainer assembly |
US6523756B2 (en) | 2000-12-29 | 2003-02-25 | Siemens Automotive Corporation | Modular fuel injector having a low mass, high efficiency electromagnetic actuator and having a lift set sleeve |
US6520421B2 (en) | 2000-12-29 | 2003-02-18 | Siemens Automotive Corporation | Modular fuel injector having an integral filter and o-ring retainer |
US6708906B2 (en) * | 2000-12-29 | 2004-03-23 | Siemens Automotive Corporation | Modular fuel injector having a surface treatment on an impact surface of an electromagnetic actuator and having an integral filter and dynamic adjustment assembly |
US6520422B2 (en) | 2000-12-29 | 2003-02-18 | Siemens Automotive Corporation | Modular fuel injector having a low mass, high efficiency electromagnetic actuator and having a terminal connector interconnecting an electromagnetic actuator with an electrical terminal |
US6523761B2 (en) | 2000-12-29 | 2003-02-25 | Siemens Automotive Corporation | Modular fuel injector having an integral or interchangeable inlet tube and having a lift set sleeve |
US6655609B2 (en) | 2000-12-29 | 2003-12-02 | Siemens Automotive Corporation | Modular fuel injector having a low mass, high efficiency electromagnetic actuator and having an integral filter and o-ring retainer assembly |
US6676043B2 (en) | 2001-03-30 | 2004-01-13 | Siemens Automotive Corporation | Methods of setting armature lift in a modular fuel injector |
US6687997B2 (en) | 2001-03-30 | 2004-02-10 | Siemens Automotive Corporation | Method of fabricating and testing a modular fuel injector |
US6904668B2 (en) | 2001-03-30 | 2005-06-14 | Siemens Vdo Automotive Corp. | Method of manufacturing a modular fuel injector |
US7093362B2 (en) | 2001-03-30 | 2006-08-22 | Siemens Vdo Automotive Corporation | Method of connecting components of a modular fuel injector |
US7621469B2 (en) * | 2006-11-29 | 2009-11-24 | Continental Automotive Canada, Inc. | Automotive modular LPG injector |
KR101134836B1 (en) | 2010-08-27 | 2012-04-13 | 현대자동차주식회사 | Injector for Engine |
JP5995073B2 (en) * | 2012-09-28 | 2016-09-21 | 株式会社ケーヒン | Fuel injection valve |
JP5990848B2 (en) * | 2012-09-28 | 2016-09-14 | 株式会社ケーヒン | Fuel injection valve |
JP6061074B2 (en) * | 2012-09-28 | 2017-01-18 | 株式会社ケーヒン | Fuel injection valve |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3831196A1 (en) * | 1988-09-14 | 1990-03-22 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | ELECTROMAGNETICALLY ACTUABLE VALVE |
DE4003228A1 (en) * | 1990-02-03 | 1991-08-22 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | ELECTROMAGNETICALLY ACTUABLE VALVE |
DE4008675A1 (en) | 1990-03-17 | 1991-09-19 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | ELECTROMAGNETICALLY ACTUABLE VALVE |
US5199648A (en) * | 1991-03-20 | 1993-04-06 | Zexel Corporation | Fuel injection valve |
DE4131500A1 (en) * | 1991-09-21 | 1993-03-25 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | ELECTROMAGNETICALLY OPERATED INJECTION VALVE |
DE4229730A1 (en) * | 1992-09-05 | 1994-03-10 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Electromagnetically actuated fuel injector |
-
1997
- 1997-09-11 DE DE19739850A patent/DE19739850A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1998
- 1998-07-17 US US09/297,957 patent/US6089475A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-07-17 DE DE59804720T patent/DE59804720D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-07-17 KR KR1019997004130A patent/KR100573185B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-07-17 EP EP98945005A patent/EP0937201B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-07-17 CN CN98801327A patent/CN1091218C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-07-17 WO PCT/DE1998/002003 patent/WO1999013212A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1998-07-17 JP JP51489899A patent/JP3998729B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-07-17 BR BR9806168-2A patent/BR9806168A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO9913212A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE59804720D1 (en) | 2002-08-14 |
BR9806168A (en) | 1999-10-19 |
CN1091218C (en) | 2002-09-18 |
KR20000068946A (en) | 2000-11-25 |
DE19739850A1 (en) | 1999-03-18 |
CN1239535A (en) | 1999-12-22 |
EP0937201B1 (en) | 2002-07-10 |
WO1999013212A1 (en) | 1999-03-18 |
JP2001504917A (en) | 2001-04-10 |
KR100573185B1 (en) | 2006-04-24 |
JP3998729B2 (en) | 2007-10-31 |
US6089475A (en) | 2000-07-18 |
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