EP0911842A2 - Method for monitoring a tap changer - Google Patents
Method for monitoring a tap changer Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0911842A2 EP0911842A2 EP98116788A EP98116788A EP0911842A2 EP 0911842 A2 EP0911842 A2 EP 0911842A2 EP 98116788 A EP98116788 A EP 98116788A EP 98116788 A EP98116788 A EP 98116788A EP 0911842 A2 EP0911842 A2 EP 0911842A2
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- value
- measured value
- tap changer
- parameter file
- identifier
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 12
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000875 corresponding effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013144 data compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006837 decompression Effects 0.000 description 1
- ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N furosemide Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C(S(=O)(=O)N)=CC(C(O)=O)=C1NCC1=CC=CO1 ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003672 processing method Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
- H01H9/0005—Tap change devices
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
- H01H9/0005—Tap change devices
- H01H9/0027—Operating mechanisms
- H01H9/0033—Operating mechanisms with means for indicating the selected tap or limiting the number of selectable taps
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
- H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
- H01H9/0005—Tap change devices
- H01H2009/0061—Monitoring tap change switching devices
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for monitoring the function of tap changers, wherein recorded measured values are compared and classified.
- a method for position detection in a tap changer is also known, the position of the drive shaft of the motor drive assigned to the tap changer being detected by means of a position transmitter and converted into a binary value by means of an evaluation unit, which in turn is redundant both by a so-called Hardware decoding and a microcontroller can be processed further.
- the microcontroller thus monitors the movement of the drive shaft via the position transmitter.
- Japanese patent application Sho-60-176213 it is also known to record and store the torque of the drive shaft, which leads from the motor drive to the tap changer, each time the tap changer is actuated, in order to compare this actual torque curve with a characteristic type-specific target torque curve.
- a similar process is also described in DD 246 409; then the torque curve over time should also be measured during a switchover and the result should be compared with the torque curve typical for the respective tap changer.
- measured values that are later to be compared with setpoints are usually saved as an ASCII file.
- data is compressed in order to make maximum use of the space on the available storage media.
- the measured values are stored in the storage medium as a series of absolute values at the time of recording. A statement about the weighting of these values is made on the basis of the available parameterization of the input channel.
- a method is known from the company publication Hydro TEC HT2000 from Deltatronic Instruments GmbH, AT, in which the information about the amount and duration of a measured value is stored as an ASCII file, which in the following example takes up 30 bytes of storage space: Start time with measured value: 11:49:11 28 Completion of the measurement 12:59:11 17 (17 as the new value of the following measurement) address 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F value FF 31 31 3A 34 39 3A 31 31 20th 20th 20th 32 38 0D 0A address 20th 21 22 23 24th 25th 26 27 28 29 2A 2 B 2C 2D 2E 2F value 31 32 3A 35 39 3A 31 31 20th 20th 20th 31 37 0D 0A FF
- the storage medium at address 03H and 04H thus contains the information that for 14 Intervals (0E H) the value 28 (1C H) was measured.
- the object of the invention is to provide a method which enables evaluation of limit values which are individually specific to the specimen, and which should also be permitted to carry out data compression in such a way that detection, comparison and storage of the tap changer to be monitored takes place with the least possible memory requirement representative measured and comparative values and statements derived from them is possible. According to the invention, this object is achieved by a method having the features of the first claim.
- the subclaims relate to particularly advantageous developments of this method.
- the method according to the invention results in a multiple compression of the measurement or comparison values recorded for function monitoring.
- a first compression takes place first of all by linking the respective measured values with the position, ie the current position of the tap changer during the changeover. This position can be recorded directly, for example via a resolver, or indirectly via a time measurement.
- a second compression takes place in that the entire position, which is run through when the tap changer is completely switched, is divided into individual position ranges and a single characteristic value of the measured variable is determined for each of these position ranges according to certain calculation rules.
- a third compression is carried out by comparing and classifying this characteristic value with a predefined parameter file and in the result only storing the classified data or serving to output corresponding messages or warnings.
- the result of the method according to the invention is therefore cryptic data, which itself no longer allow any conclusions to be drawn about the underlying measured variables.
- this method itself is able to determine the specimen-specific limit values by recording the respective nominal value and then, based on the percentage specifications for the limit values, the absolute amount of which is determined and stored.
- the necessary parameterization now only contains relative values that are related to the nominal values.
- the method according to the invention can be characterized as follows: The data is classified within a time or position range by calculating a characteristic value of the recorded measured values and assigning the characteristic value stored in the parameter file for this characteristic value, which represents this time or position range. Only the characteristic values from the parameter file that describe the characteristic values of the individual sections of the process are saved. The actual measurement data in the output file are therefore cryptic.
- the method allows a direct comparison with the data of other devices by referring to values that were determined when determining the respective nominal values, ie the 100% values. However, the original values are reproducible once the parameter file and the classification rule are known.
- a measured value typical of the function monitoring of the respective tap changer is recorded and recorded at short intervals.
- the detection of the torque on the drive shaft of the motor drive, which actuates the respective tap changer is selected here as an example.
- the invention is not limited to the measurement of the torque.
- the recorded measured value, here the respective torque is then linked to the current position of the tap changer during a switchover.
- the respective position can either be recorded directly, for example by a resolver on the drive shaft. It can also be done indirectly, for example by measuring time; the measurement of the elapsed time begins when the actuation of the motor drive and thus the switching process of the corresponding tap changer is initiated.
- the total position or time range, which is run through each time the tap changer is completely switched over, is divided into sub-areas typical of the switching sequence. Such typical subregions are listed in FIG. 3; the times t 0 to t 7 each limit typical, sequential events of the switching sequence and thus define corresponding sub-areas.
- the corresponding characteristic values of the recorded measured value, in this case the torque are calculated in each expired partial area.
- This calculation of the characteristic value is carried out according to a predefined calculation rule. For example, the arithmetic mean or the average value can be calculated as the characteristic value. This is followed by the assignment of these determined characteristic values to a defined identifier.
- a parameter file which contains a classification rule and is not saved in advance.
- certain measured values that is to say certain torque values, are assigned to corresponding identifiers. It is particularly advantageous if these measured values are available as percentage deviations from the corresponding nominal value, that is to say from the nominal torque.
- the nominal value is determined and stored and serves as the basis for the classification specification of the parameter file.
- the zero measurement described makes it possible, despite this different starting position for a measured value comparison, to assign percentage deviations directly to the identifiers in the parameter file. Only these short identifiers are saved and ultimately used for function monitoring. The relevant messages or information then result from the respective identifier, which is derived from the described comparison of the characteristic values with the parameter file. This is also shown in Fig. 3; it can be seen that different identifiers can lead to the same message in this representation.
- FIG. 3 shows the entire physical sequence of the method for function monitoring.
- the upper part shows the measured value recording of the torque M d on the drive shaft of the motor drive. This measured value is linked to the position of the respective tap changer during the switching over the detected running time t.
- the switching process begins at time t 0 and is completed at time t 7 .
- This entire switching process is divided into seven sections, which are shown in the middle of FIG. 3 in a table with their corresponding functional sequences within the switching sequence.
- the maximum nominal torques M1 to M7 permissible in the corresponding time and thus position ranges are also shown schematically.
- the characteristic values m1 to m7 of each sub-area calculated according to the calculation rule used are also shown. In the lower part of FIG.
- a possible parameter file is shown as an example, in which a certain deviation of the measured torque M d from the corresponding nominal torque is assigned to respective identifiers.
- the different identifiers in turn generate different messages as a result of the function monitoring. It is shown that the "shutdown" message is generated for large deviations, which leads to immediate shutdown, and the "maintenance required” message is generated for less serious deviations, which does not hinder current operation. If there are slight deviations, the torque is recognized as still OK.
Landscapes
- Control Of Electric Motors In General (AREA)
- Testing Of Devices, Machine Parts, Or Other Structures Thereof (AREA)
- Protection Of Transformers (AREA)
- Emergency Protection Circuit Devices (AREA)
- Measurement Of Resistance Or Impedance (AREA)
- Arrangements For Transmission Of Measured Signals (AREA)
- Filters That Use Time-Delay Elements (AREA)
- Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
- Testing And Monitoring For Control Systems (AREA)
- Telephone Function (AREA)
- Semiconductor Lasers (AREA)
- Supply And Distribution Of Alternating Current (AREA)
- Input From Keyboards Or The Like (AREA)
- Testing Relating To Insulation (AREA)
- Testing, Inspecting, Measuring Of Stereoscopic Televisions And Televisions (AREA)
- Oscillators With Electromechanical Resonators (AREA)
- Testing Electric Properties And Detecting Electric Faults (AREA)
Abstract
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Funktionsüberwachung von Stufenschaltern, wobei eine für die Funktion relevante Meßgröße erfaßt, der jeweiligen Position des Stufenschalters während der Umschaltung zugeordnet und in anschließende Teilbereiche, die bei einer Umschaltung nacheinander ablaufenden Teilfunktionen entsprechen, unterteilt wird. Innerhalb jedes Teilbereiches wird nach einer bestimmten Rechenvorschrift ein einziger charakteristischer Wert gebildet, dieser mit einer Parameterdatei verglichen und ihm im Ergebnis eine Kennung zugeordnet. Nur diese Kennung wird weiterverarbeitet, gespeichert und dient zur Erzeugung kennungsabhängiger Meldungen bzw. Informationen.The invention relates to a method for monitoring the function of tap changers, a measured variable relevant to the function being detected, assigned to the respective position of the tap changer during the switchover, and divided into subsequent sub-areas which correspond to subfunctions that occur one after the other when the switchover takes place. Within each sub-area, a single characteristic value is formed according to a specific calculation rule, this is compared with a parameter file and an identifier is assigned to it in the result. Only this identifier is processed, saved and used to generate identifier-dependent messages or information.
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Funktionsüberwachung von Stufenschaltern, wobei erfaßte Meßwerte verglichen und klassifiziert werden.The invention relates to a method for monitoring the function of tap changers, wherein recorded measured values are compared and classified.
Aus der japanischen Patentveröffentlichung Hei-2-213105 ist bereits ein Verfahren zur
Funktionsüberwachung von Stufenschaltern bekannt, wobei unterschiedliche Meßwerte wie
Druck, Belastung der Betätigungsglieder, Strom und Ölverunreinigung erfaßt werden, die den
gegenwärtigen Ist-Zustand des Stufenschalters beschreiben, diese Meßwerte gespeichert und mit
vorab ebenfalls gespeicherten gerätespezifischen Sollwerten verglichen werden.
Ergibt dieser Vergleich Abweichungen, so werden Meldungen erzeugt, die sowohl zu Warnungen
als auch zum sofortigen Abschalten des Stufenschalters führen können.
Aus der DE 42 14 431 C2 ist weiterhin ein Verfahren zur Stellungserfassung bei einem
Stufenschalter bekannt, wobei mittels eines Stellungsgebers die jeweilige Stellung der
Antriebswelle des dem Stufenschalter zugeordneten Motorantriebes erfaßt und mittels einer
Auswerteeinheit in einen Binärwert umgewandelt wird, der wiederum redundant sowohl von einer
sogenannten Hardwaredecodierung als auch einem Mikrocontroller weiterverarbeitet werden
kann. Der Mikrocontroller überwacht damit über den Stellungsgeber die Bewegung der
Antriebswelle.
Aus der japanischen Patentanmeldung Sho-60-176213 ist es ferner bekannt, das Drehmoment der
Antriebswelle, die vom Motorantrieb zum Stufenschalter führt, bei jeder Betätigung des
Stufenschalters zu erfassen und zu speichern, um diesen tatsächlichen Drehmomentverlauf einem
charakteristischen typenspezifischen Soll-Drehmomentverlauf gegenüberzustellen.
Ein ähnliches Verfahren ist auch in der DD-Schrift 246 409 beschrieben; danach soll ebenfalls der
zeitliche Drehmomentenverlauf bei einer Umschaltung gemessen und das Ergebnis mit dem für
den jeweiligen Stufenschalter typischen zeitlichen Drehmomentenverlauf verglichen werden.From the Japanese patent publication Hei-2-213105, a method for function monitoring of tap changers is already known, wherein different measured values such as pressure, load on the actuators, current and oil contamination are recorded, which describe the current actual state of the tap changer, these measured values are stored and stored previously stored device-specific setpoints can be compared.
If this comparison reveals deviations, messages are generated which can lead to warnings as well as to the immediate switching off of the tap changer.
From DE 42 14 431 C2 a method for position detection in a tap changer is also known, the position of the drive shaft of the motor drive assigned to the tap changer being detected by means of a position transmitter and converted into a binary value by means of an evaluation unit, which in turn is redundant both by a so-called Hardware decoding and a microcontroller can be processed further. The microcontroller thus monitors the movement of the drive shaft via the position transmitter.
From Japanese patent application Sho-60-176213 it is also known to record and store the torque of the drive shaft, which leads from the motor drive to the tap changer, each time the tap changer is actuated, in order to compare this actual torque curve with a characteristic type-specific target torque curve.
A similar process is also described in DD 246 409; then the torque curve over time should also be measured during a switchover and the result should be compared with the torque curve typical for the respective tap changer.
Generell werden Meßwerte, die später mit Sollwerten verglichen werden sollen, in der Regel als
ASCII-Datei gespeichert.
In den wenigsten Fällen erfolgt eine Datenverdichtung, um den Raum auf den zur Verfügung
stehenden Speichermedien maximal ausnutzen zu können.
Die Meßwerte werden als eine Reihe von Absolutwerten zum Zeitpunkt der Aufzeichnung im
Speichermedium abgelegt. Eine Aussage über die Wichtung dieser Werte wird anhand der zur
Verfügung stehenden Parametrierung des Eingangskanals getroffen.In general, measured values that are later to be compared with setpoints are usually saved as an ASCII file.
In very few cases, data is compressed in order to make maximum use of the space on the available storage media.
The measured values are stored in the storage medium as a series of absolute values at the time of recording. A statement about the weighting of these values is made on the basis of the available parameterization of the input channel.
Aus der Firmenschrift Hydro TEC HT2000 der Firma Deltatronic Instruments GmbH, AT ist ein
Verfahren bekannt, bei dem die Informationen über Höhe und Zeitdauer eines anliegenden
Meßwertes als ASCII-Datei abgelegt werden, die im folgenden Beispiel einen Speicherplatz von
30 Byte beansprucht:
Eine weitere Variante zur Speicherung von Meßdaten ist aus der Dissertation Viereck: Einsatz von Sensoren in Transformatoren, TU Dresden, 1992 bekannt. Dabei wird über einen festgelegten Zeitraum, der in definierte Zeitintervalle zerlegt wird, bei konstantem Analogwert neben diesen die Zahl der Zeitintervalle als hexadezimaler Wert abgelegt, so daß auf nur zwei Adressen im Speichermedium variable Zeiträume erfaßt werden können.Another variant for storing measurement data is from the dissertation Viereck: Einsatz of sensors in transformers, TU Dresden, 1992 known. It is determined by a Period of time, which is broken down into defined time intervals, with a constant analog value next to these the number of time intervals is stored as a hexadecimal value, so that only two addresses in the Storage medium variable periods can be recorded.
Damit enthält das Speichermedium unter Adresse 03H und 04H die Information, daß für 14
Intervalle (0E H) der Wert 28 (1C H) gemessen wurde.The storage medium at
Durch Kenntnis der Startzeit des Meßvorganges im Steuerrechner und unter der Annahme, daß ein Meßintervall einer bestimmten Zeit, etwa fünf Minuten, entspricht, lassen sich relativ große Zeitabschnitte bei konstanter Messung überstreichen.By knowing the start time of the measuring process in the control computer and assuming that a measuring interval corresponds to a certain time, about five minutes, can be relatively large Cover periods with constant measurement.
Diese bekannten Verfahren besitzen eine Reihe von Nachteilen.
Erfolgt eine Datenkomprimierung mit herkömmlichen Verfahren der Datenverarbeitung, so sind
die Werte untereinander nicht mehr direkt ohne Dekomprimierung vergleichbar.
Die gespeicherten Daten enthalten ferner nur eine Aussage über ihren Absolutwert und sind damit
nur über diesen mit Meßwerten anderer Meßreihen korrelierbar.
Weiterhin erfordert eine Aussage über die Überschreitung von Grenzwerten bei
exemplarspezifischen Meßdaten eine individuelle Definition dieser Grenzwerte. Beispielsweise ist
es bei Stufenschaltern, bei denen das Drehmoment als Indiz für den Zustand erfaßt und bewertet
wird, sinnvoll, Grenzwerte in Abhängigkeit vom Nennwert festzulegen, bei deren Überschreitung
Meldungen generiert werden sollen. So kann beispielsweise festgelegt werden, daß eine 300 %ige These known methods have a number of disadvantages.
If data is compressed using conventional data processing methods, the values can no longer be compared directly without decompression.
The stored data also contain only a statement about their absolute value and can therefore only be correlated with measured values from other series of measurements.
Furthermore, a statement about the exceeding of limit values for sample-specific measurement data requires an individual definition of these limit values. For example, in the case of tap changers where the torque is recorded and evaluated as an indication of the condition, it makes sense to set limit values depending on the nominal value, which, if exceeded, are to be used to generate messages. For example, it can be specified that a 300%
Überschreitung des Nenndrehmomentes aufjeden Fall das Abschalten des Antriebes erfordert;
eine Überschreitung von mehr als 150 % des Nenndrehmomentes jedoch bereits eine Meldung
"nicht mehr zulässig" bewirkt, die zwar nicht sofort zum Abschalten führt, aber im Rahmen des
Monitoringsystems aufgezeichnet und bewertet wird, beispielsweise auf eine fälligwerdende
Wartung hinweist. Den Grenzwerten liegt in jedem Fall der Nennwert des Drehmomentes
zugrunde, dieser Nennwert, der 100 % repräsentiert, kann jedoch durchaus schalterspezifisch
differieren. Ein Vergleich der Absolutwerte führt dabei nicht zum Ergebnis.
Schließlich besteht ein Nachteil der bekannten Verfahren im großen Speicherbedarf, der
erforderlich ist, um die jeweiligen Meßwerte zu erfassen und zu bewerten.Exceeding the nominal torque in any case requires the drive to be switched off; an excess of more than 150% of the nominal torque, however, already causes a message "no longer permitted", which does not immediately lead to a shutdown, but is recorded and evaluated within the monitoring system, for example to indicate that maintenance is due. In any case, the limit values are based on the nominal value of the torque, this nominal value, which represents 100%, can, however, differ depending on the switch. A comparison of the absolute values does not lead to the result.
Finally, a disadvantage of the known methods is the large memory requirement which is required in order to record and evaluate the respective measured values.
Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, ein Verfahren anzugeben, das eine Bewertung exemplarspezifisch
individuell zu definierender Grenzwerte ermöglicht, wobei auch gestattet sein soll, eine
Datenverdichtung vorzunehmen, derart, daß mit geringstmöglichem Speicherbedarf eine
Erfassung, ein Vergleich und eine Speicherung von für den zu überwachenden Stufenschalter
repräsentativen Meß- und Vergleichswerten und daraus abgeleiteten Aussagen möglich ist.
Erfindungsgemäß wird diese Aufgabe durch ein Verfahren mit den Merkmalen des ersten
Patentanspruches gelöst.
Die Unteransprüche betreffen besonders vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen dieses Verfahrens.The object of the invention is to provide a method which enables evaluation of limit values which are individually specific to the specimen, and which should also be permitted to carry out data compression in such a way that detection, comparison and storage of the tap changer to be monitored takes place with the least possible memory requirement representative measured and comparative values and statements derived from them is possible. According to the invention, this object is achieved by a method having the features of the first claim.
The subclaims relate to particularly advantageous developments of this method.
Durch das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren erfolgt eine mehrfache Verdichtung der zur
Funktionsüberwachung erfaßten Meß- bzw. Vergleichswerte.
Eine erste Verdichtung erfolgt zunächst einmal dadurch, daß die jeweiligen Meßwerte mit der
Position, d.h. der aktuellen Stellung des Stufenschalters während der Umschaltung, verknüpft
werden. Diese Position kann sowohl direkt, z.B. über einen Resolver, als auch indirekt über eine
Zeitmessung erfaßt werden.
Eine zweite Verdichtung erfolgt dadurch, daß die gesamte Position, die bei einer kompletten
Lastumschaltung des Stufenschalters durchlaufen wird, in einzelne Positionsbereiche unterteilt
wird und für jeden dieser Positionsbereiche nach bestimmten Rechenvorschriften ein einziger
charakteristischer Wert der Meßgröße ermittelt wird.
Eine dritte Verdichtung erfolgt schließlich dadurch, daß dieser charakteristische Wert mit einer
vorab festgelegten Parameterdatei verglichen und klassifiziert wird und im Ergebnis nur die
klassifizierten Daten gespeichert werden bzw. zur Ausgabe von korrespondierenden Meldungen
bzw. Warnungen dienen.
Das Ergebnis des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens sind also kryptische Daten, die selbst keinen
Rückschluß mehr auf die zugrundeliegenden Meßgrößen geben.The method according to the invention results in a multiple compression of the measurement or comparison values recorded for function monitoring.
A first compression takes place first of all by linking the respective measured values with the position, ie the current position of the tap changer during the changeover. This position can be recorded directly, for example via a resolver, or indirectly via a time measurement.
A second compression takes place in that the entire position, which is run through when the tap changer is completely switched, is divided into individual position ranges and a single characteristic value of the measured variable is determined for each of these position ranges according to certain calculation rules.
Finally, a third compression is carried out by comparing and classifying this characteristic value with a predefined parameter file and in the result only storing the classified data or serving to output corresponding messages or warnings.
The result of the method according to the invention is therefore cryptic data, which itself no longer allow any conclusions to be drawn about the underlying measured variables.
Nach einer besonders vorteilhaften Weiterbildung ist dieses Verfahren selbst in der Lage, die
exemplarspezifischen Grenzwerte festzulegen, indem eine Erfassung des jeweiligen Nennwertes
erfolgt und danach, anhand der prozentualen Vorgaben für die Grenzwerte, deren absolute Höhe
ermittelt und gespeichert wird.
Damit beinhaltet die notwendige Parametrierung nur noch relative Werte, die in Bezug zu den
Nennwerten stehen.According to a particularly advantageous development, this method itself is able to determine the specimen-specific limit values by recording the respective nominal value and then, based on the percentage specifications for the limit values, the absolute amount of which is determined and stored.
The necessary parameterization now only contains relative values that are related to the nominal values.
Zusammenfassend läßt sich das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren folgendermaßen charakterisieren:
Eine Klassifizierung der Daten erfolgt innerhalb eines Zeit- oder Positionsbereichs durch
Berechnung eines charakteristischen Wertes der aufgezeichneten Meßwerte und Zuordnung des in
der Parameterdatei für diesen charakteristischen Wert abgelegten Kennwertes, der diesen Zeit- oder
Positionsbereich repräsentiert.
Gespeichert werden nur die aus der Parameterdatei herangezogenen Kennwerte, die die
charakteristischen Werte der einzelnen Abschnitte des Vorganges beschreiben. Die eigentlichen
Meßdaten der Ausgabedatei erhalten dadurch einen kryptischen Charakter.
Das Verfahren gestattet durch den Bezug auf Werte, die beim Ermitteln der jeweiligen
Nennwerte, d.h. der 100 %-Werte, ermittelt wurden, einen direkten Vergleich mit den Daten
anderer Geräte.
Die Originalwerte sind jedoch bei Kenntnis der Parameterdatei und der Klassifizierungsvorschrift
wieder reproduzierbar.In summary, the method according to the invention can be characterized as follows:
The data is classified within a time or position range by calculating a characteristic value of the recorded measured values and assigning the characteristic value stored in the parameter file for this characteristic value, which represents this time or position range.
Only the characteristic values from the parameter file that describe the characteristic values of the individual sections of the process are saved. The actual measurement data in the output file are therefore cryptic.
The method allows a direct comparison with the data of other devices by referring to values that were determined when determining the respective nominal values, ie the 100% values.
However, the original values are reproducible once the parameter file and the classification rule are known.
Dieses Verfahren soll nachfolgend beispielhaft noch näher erläutert werden. Es zeigen:
- Fig. 1
- eine schematische Darstellung der erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrensschritte
- Fig. 2
- eine schematische Darstellung eines um zusätzliche Verfahrensschritte ergänzten, weitergebildeten Verfahrens
- Fig. 3
- den physischen Ablauf der Bewertung von Meßwerten im Zeitbereich beim in Fig. 2 dargestellten Verfahren
- Fig. 1
- is a schematic representation of the method steps according to the invention
- Fig. 2
- is a schematic representation of a further developed method supplemented by additional method steps
- Fig. 3
- the physical sequence of the evaluation of measured values in the time domain in the method shown in FIG. 2
Zunächst soll das in Fig. 1 schematisch dargestellte Verfahren beschrieben werden.
Dabei wird ein für die Funktionsüberwachung des jeweiligen Stufenschalters typischer Meßwert in
kurzen Intervallen erfaßt und aufgezeichnet. Als Beispiel ist hier die Erfassung des Drehmomentes
an der Antriebswelle des Motorantriebes, der den jeweiligen Stufenschalter betätigt, gewählt. Die
Erfindung ist jedoch nicht auf die Meßwertaufzeichnung des Drehmomentes begrenzt.
Anschließend wird der aufgezeichnete Meßwert, hier also das jeweilige Drehmoment, mit der
jeweils aktuellen Position des Stufenschalters während einer Umschaltung verknüpft.
Die Erfassung der jeweiligen Position kann dabei entweder direkt erfolgen, z.B. durch einen
Resolver an der Antriebswelle. Sie kann auch indirekt erfolgen, beispielsweise durch eine
Zeitmessung; dabei beginnt die Messung der verstrichenen Zeit in dem Moment, in dem die
Betätigung des Motorantriebes und damit der Umschaltvorgang des entsprechenden
Stufenschalters eingeleitet ist.
Nachfolgend wird der Gesamtpositions- bzw. -zeitbereich, der bei jeder vollständigen
Umschaltung des Stufenschalters durchlaufen wird, in für den Schaltablauf typische Teilbereiche
unterteilt. In Fig. 3 sind solche typischen Teilbereiche aufgeführt; die Zeiten t0 bis t7 begrenzen
jeweils typische, nacheinander ablaufende Ereignisse der Schaltsequenz und legen damit
entsprechende Teilbereiche fest.
Anschließend wiederum werden in jedem abgelaufenen Teilbereich die entsprechenden
charakteristischen Werte des aufgezeichneten Meßwertes, hier also des Drehmomentes,
berechnet. Diese Berechnung des charakteristischen Wertes erfolgt nach einer vorab festgelegten
Rechenvorschrift. Beispielsweise kann hierbei als charakteristischer Wert der arithmetische
Mittelwert bzw. der Durchschnittswert berechnet werden.
Im Anschluß daran erfolgt die Zuordnung dieser ermittelten charakteristischen Werte zu einer
definierten Kennung. Dazu wird eine Parameterdatei benutzt, die eine Klassifizierungsvorschrift
beinhaltet und vorab nicht flüchtig gespeichert ist. In dieser Parameterdatei sind bestimmte
Meßwerte, also bestimmte Drehmomentwerte, entsprechenden Kennungen zugeordnet.
Besonders vorteilhaft ist es, wenn diese Meßwerte als prozentuale Abweichungen vom
entsprechenden Nennwert, also vom Nenndrehmoment, vorliegen. Dazu ist es in Weiterbildung
des Verfahrens sinnvoll, eine Nullmessung des entsprechenden Meßwertes vorzunehmen, bei der
dessen Nennwert ermittelt und gespeichert wird und als Grundlage der Klassifizierungsvorschrift
der Parameterdatei dient. Wie bereits weiter oben ausgeführt, ist es durchaus möglich, daß dieser
Nennwert der Meßgröße, hier das Nenndrehmoment, typenspezifisch bzw. exemplarspezifisch in
weiten Grenzen unterschiedlich ist. Durch die beschriebene Nullmessung ist es trotz dieser
unterschiedlichen Ausgangsposition für einen Meßwertvergleich möglich, in der Parameterdatei
prozentuale Abweichungen direkt den Kennungen zuzuordnen.
Nur diese kurzen Kennungen werden gespeichert und letztendlich für die Funktionsüberwachung
herangezogen.
Aus der jeweiligen Kennung, die aus dem beschriebenen Vergleich der charakteristischen Werte
mit der Parameterdatei abgeleitet sind, ergeben sich dann die notwendigen Meldungen bzw.
Informationen. Dies ist ebenfalls in Fig. 3 dargestellt; es ist ersichtlich, daß bei dieser Darstellung
unterschiedliche Kennungen zur gleichen Meldung führen können.The method shown schematically in FIG. 1 will first be described.
A measured value typical of the function monitoring of the respective tap changer is recorded and recorded at short intervals. The detection of the torque on the drive shaft of the motor drive, which actuates the respective tap changer, is selected here as an example. However, the invention is not limited to the measurement of the torque.
The recorded measured value, here the respective torque, is then linked to the current position of the tap changer during a switchover.
The respective position can either be recorded directly, for example by a resolver on the drive shaft. It can also be done indirectly, for example by measuring time; the measurement of the elapsed time begins when the actuation of the motor drive and thus the switching process of the corresponding tap changer is initiated.
In the following, the total position or time range, which is run through each time the tap changer is completely switched over, is divided into sub-areas typical of the switching sequence. Such typical subregions are listed in FIG. 3; the times t 0 to t 7 each limit typical, sequential events of the switching sequence and thus define corresponding sub-areas.
Then, in turn, the corresponding characteristic values of the recorded measured value, in this case the torque, are calculated in each expired partial area. This calculation of the characteristic value is carried out according to a predefined calculation rule. For example, the arithmetic mean or the average value can be calculated as the characteristic value.
This is followed by the assignment of these determined characteristic values to a defined identifier. For this purpose, a parameter file is used, which contains a classification rule and is not saved in advance. In this parameter file, certain measured values, that is to say certain torque values, are assigned to corresponding identifiers.
It is particularly advantageous if these measured values are available as percentage deviations from the corresponding nominal value, that is to say from the nominal torque. To this end, in a further development of the method it makes sense to carry out a zero measurement of the corresponding measured value, in which the nominal value is determined and stored and serves as the basis for the classification specification of the parameter file. As already explained above, it is entirely possible that this nominal value of the measured variable, here the nominal torque, differs within wide limits depending on the type or the specific example. The zero measurement described makes it possible, despite this different starting position for a measured value comparison, to assign percentage deviations directly to the identifiers in the parameter file.
Only these short identifiers are saved and ultimately used for function monitoring.
The relevant messages or information then result from the respective identifier, which is derived from the described comparison of the characteristic values with the parameter file. This is also shown in Fig. 3; it can be seen that different identifiers can lead to the same message in this representation.
In Fig. 2 ist ein weitergebildetes Verfahren dargestellt. Dabei erfolgt nach der bereits beschriebenen Verknüpfung mit der jeweiligen Position im Ergebnis der Positions- bzw. Zeitmessung noch - als eingeschobener weiterer Verfahrensschritt - ein zusätzlicher Vergleich des aufgezeichneten Meßwertes mit den zulässigen Parametern im Positionsbereich. Dies erfolgt dadurch, daß auch maximal zulässige Grenzwerte Bestandteil der Parameterdatei sind. Beim Überschreiten dieser maximal zulässigen Grenzwerte erfolgt in jedem Fall eine sofortige Gefahrenmeldung, die in der Regel zum sofortigen Abschalten des Motorantriebes dient.2 shows a further developed method. This is done after the described link with the respective position in the result of the position or Time measurement - as an inserted further process step - an additional comparison of the recorded measured value with the permissible parameters in the position range. this happens in that maximum permissible limit values are also part of the parameter file. At the If these maximum permissible limit values are exceeded, there is an immediate one in any case Danger message, which is usually used to switch off the motor drive immediately.
Fig. 3 zeigt den gesamten physischen Ablauf des Verfahrens zur Funktionsüberwachung. Im
oberen Teil ist die Meßwertaufzeichnung des Drehmomentes Md an der Antriebswelle des
Motorantriebes dargestellt. Dieser Meßwert wird über die erfaßte Laufzeit t mit der Position des
jeweiligen Stufenschalters während der Umschaltung verknüpft. Der Umschaltvorgang beginnt
zum Zeitpunkt t0 und ist zum Zeitpunkt t7 abgeschlossen. Dieser gesamte Umschaltvorgang ist in
sieben Teilbereiche unterteilt, die in der Mitte von Fig. 3 tabellarisch mit ihren entsprechenden
Funktionsabläufen innerhalb der Schaltsequenz dargestellt sind. Ebenfalls schematisch dargestellt
sind die in den entsprechenden Zeit- und damit Positionsbereichen zulässigen maximalen
Nenndrehmomente M1 bis M7. Schließlich sind auch die nach der jeweils angewandten
Rechenvorschrift berechneten charakteristischen Werte m1 bis m7 jedes Teilbereiches dargestellt.
Im unteren Teil von Fig. 3 ist beispielhaft eine mögliche Parameterdatei dargestellt, bei der eine
bestimmte Abweichung des gemessenen Drehmomentes Md vom entsprechenden
Nenndrehmoment jeweiligen Kennungen zugeordnet ist. Die unterschiedlichen Kennungen
ihrerseits erzeugen wiederum verschiedene Meldungen im Ergebnis der Funktionsüberwachung.
Es ist gezeigt, daß bei großen Abweichungen die Meldung "Stillegen" erzeugt wird., die zur
sofortigen Abschaltung führt, und bei weniger gravierenden Abweichungen die Meldung
"Wartung notwendig" erzeugt wird, die den gegenwärtigen Betrieb nicht behindert. Bei geringen
Abweichungen wird das Drehmoment als noch in Ordnung erkannt.3 shows the entire physical sequence of the method for function monitoring. The upper part shows the measured value recording of the torque M d on the drive shaft of the motor drive. This measured value is linked to the position of the respective tap changer during the switching over the detected running time t. The switching process begins at time t 0 and is completed at time t 7 . This entire switching process is divided into seven sections, which are shown in the middle of FIG. 3 in a table with their corresponding functional sequences within the switching sequence. The maximum nominal torques M1 to M7 permissible in the corresponding time and thus position ranges are also shown schematically. Finally, the characteristic values m1 to m7 of each sub-area calculated according to the calculation rule used are also shown. In the lower part of FIG. 3, a possible parameter file is shown as an example, in which a certain deviation of the measured torque M d from the corresponding nominal torque is assigned to respective identifiers. The different identifiers in turn generate different messages as a result of the function monitoring.
It is shown that the "shutdown" message is generated for large deviations, which leads to immediate shutdown, and the "maintenance required" message is generated for less serious deviations, which does not hinder current operation. If there are slight deviations, the torque is recognized as still OK.
Claims (6)
gekennzeichnet durch folgende Merkmale:
characterized by the following features:
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß nach der Verknüpfung des jeweiligen Meßwertes mit der Position noch eine Bewertung erfolgt, derart, daß der jeweilige Meßwert mit maximal zulässigen Grenzwerten (M1 ― M7), die ebenfalls in der Parameterdatei nicht flüchtig gespeichert sind, verglichen wird und bei Überschreiten des Grenzwertes eine sofortige Gefahrmeldung erfolgt.Method according to claim 1,
characterized,
that after the respective measured value has been linked to the position, an evaluation is carried out in such a way that the respective measured value is compared with maximum permissible limit values (M1 - M7), which are also not stored in the parameter file, and an immediate one when the limit value is exceeded Hazard report is made.
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß in der Parameterdatei die Abweichungen (-30 % bis 1 + 100 %) des Meßwertes prozentual zum Nennwert (0) abgelegt und entsprechenden Kennungen (00H ― 0DH) zugeordnet sind.The method of claim 1 or 2,
characterized,
that the deviations (-30% to 1 + 100%) of the measured value as a percentage of the nominal value (0) are stored in the parameter file and corresponding identifiers (00H - 0DH) are assigned.
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß vor Beginn der Funktionsüberwachung eine Nullmessung am funktionsfähigen Stufenschalter erfolgt, bei der der Nennwert (0) der Meßgröße ermittelt und als Ausgangswert für die Parameterdatei verwendet wird.Method according to claim 3,
characterized,
that before the start of the function monitoring, a zero measurement is carried out on the functional tap changer, in which the nominal value (0) of the measured variable is determined and used as the initial value for the parameter file.
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß das Drehmoment an der Antriebswelle zwischen Motorantrieb und Stufenschalter als Meßwert dient.Method according to one of the preceding claims,
characterized,
that the torque on the drive shaft between the motor drive and the tap changer serves as a measured value.
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß durch die Rechenvorschrift der arithmetische Mittelwert gebildet wird.Method according to one of the preceding claims,
characterized,
that the arithmetic mean is formed by the calculation rule.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19746574A DE19746574C1 (en) | 1997-10-22 | 1997-10-22 | Method of functional monitoring of step switches |
| DE19746574 | 1997-10-22 |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0911842A2 true EP0911842A2 (en) | 1999-04-28 |
| EP0911842A3 EP0911842A3 (en) | 2000-04-05 |
| EP0911842B1 EP0911842B1 (en) | 2003-10-08 |
Family
ID=7846240
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP98116788A Expired - Lifetime EP0911842B1 (en) | 1997-10-22 | 1998-09-05 | Method for monitoring a tap changer |
Country Status (17)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6100674A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0911842B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JPH11225437A (en) |
| KR (1) | KR100474643B1 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1109945C (en) |
| AT (1) | ATE251793T1 (en) |
| BG (1) | BG63481B1 (en) |
| BR (1) | BR9805104B1 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2250625A1 (en) |
| CZ (1) | CZ295387B6 (en) |
| DE (2) | DE19746574C1 (en) |
| DK (1) | DK0911842T3 (en) |
| ES (1) | ES2203862T3 (en) |
| HK (1) | HK1020800A1 (en) |
| HU (1) | HU221833B1 (en) |
| RU (1) | RU2199809C2 (en) |
| UA (1) | UA52654C2 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2001092978A1 (en) * | 2000-05-26 | 2001-12-06 | Abb Ab | A driving mechanism and a tap-changer comprising such a driving mechanism |
| CN106255892A (en) * | 2014-07-02 | 2016-12-21 | 欧米克朗电子仪器有限公司 | For testing the method and device of the tap transducer of transformator |
Families Citing this family (21)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE19720617C2 (en) * | 1997-05-16 | 1999-03-18 | Reinhausen Maschf Scheubeck | Position reporting arrangement for motor drives |
| DE19744465C1 (en) * | 1997-10-08 | 1999-03-11 | Reinhausen Maschf Scheubeck | Means for regulation of a multi-contact switch for tapped transformer |
| DE19907834C1 (en) * | 1999-02-24 | 2000-05-18 | Reinhausen Maschf Scheubeck | Monitoring method for step switches involves selecting characteristic motor torque values for identical times in two switching processes, and comparing corresponding switch torques with limits |
| US20040144142A1 (en) * | 1999-11-18 | 2004-07-29 | Strattec Security Corporation | Modular vehicle door lock and latch system and method |
| DE10003918C1 (en) * | 2000-01-29 | 2001-07-05 | Reinhausen Maschf Scheubeck | Monitoring step switch contact burning involves deriving contact burning rates from switching currents, summing, converting to contact thickness, comparing with stored limit values |
| US6472850B2 (en) * | 2000-12-01 | 2002-10-29 | General Electric Company | Method and apparatus for determining voltage regulator tap position |
| WO2005026860A2 (en) * | 2003-09-08 | 2005-03-24 | Cooper Technologies Company | Preventive maintenance tapping and duty cycle monitor for voltage regulator |
| US7408275B2 (en) * | 2003-09-08 | 2008-08-05 | Cooper Technologies Company | Preventive maintenance tapping and duty cycle monitor for voltage regulator |
| US7319309B1 (en) | 2003-11-20 | 2008-01-15 | Cannon Technologies/Cooper Power | Load tap change monitoring system and method |
| WO2006120919A1 (en) * | 2005-05-09 | 2006-11-16 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Change action monitoring device for on-load tap changers |
| BRPI0601093A (en) | 2006-02-17 | 2007-11-06 | Eduardo Pedrosa Santos | voltage regulating, control, protection and status monitoring system for on-load tap-changers of power transformers, voltage regulators, capacitor banks and the like |
| DE102010033195B3 (en) * | 2010-08-03 | 2011-11-10 | Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen Gmbh | Method for monitoring a tap changer |
| EP2691967B1 (en) | 2011-03-27 | 2017-03-01 | ABB Technology AG | Tap changer with an improved drive system |
| BR112013025007B1 (en) | 2011-03-27 | 2021-05-25 | Abb Schweiz Ag | tap switch with an improved monitoring system |
| DE102011104887A1 (en) | 2011-06-18 | 2012-12-20 | Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen Gmbh | Method for monitoring a tap changer |
| BRPI1106471B1 (en) * | 2011-10-17 | 2020-12-22 | Companhia Hidro Elétrica Do São Francisco - Chesf | voltage regulation method and parallelism between different models of voltage sources and / or energized high voltage spans |
| JP6077361B2 (en) * | 2012-03-30 | 2017-02-08 | 株式会社ダイヘン | Pillar transformer with automatic tap switching function |
| ES2576352T3 (en) | 2012-04-16 | 2016-07-07 | Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen Gmbh | Procedure for controlling a stepped contact switch |
| DE102012103736A1 (en) | 2012-04-27 | 2013-10-31 | Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen Gmbh | Method for monitoring the operation of a tap changer |
| DE102012104089A1 (en) * | 2012-04-27 | 2013-10-31 | Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen Gmbh | Method for evaluating an on-load tap-changer |
| US9679710B1 (en) | 2016-05-04 | 2017-06-13 | Cooper Technologies Company | Switching module controller for a voltage regulator |
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| DD246409A1 (en) * | 1986-01-17 | 1987-06-03 | Liebknecht Transformat | PROCESS FOR PROTECTION OF STAGE SWITCHES AGAINST MECHANICAL OVERLOAD |
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-
1997
- 1997-10-22 DE DE19746574A patent/DE19746574C1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1998
- 1998-09-05 ES ES98116788T patent/ES2203862T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-09-05 DE DE59809854T patent/DE59809854D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-09-05 DK DK98116788T patent/DK0911842T3/en active
- 1998-09-05 EP EP98116788A patent/EP0911842B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-09-05 AT AT98116788T patent/ATE251793T1/en active
- 1998-09-15 BG BG102769A patent/BG63481B1/en unknown
- 1998-10-05 HU HU9802215A patent/HU221833B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-10-13 CZ CZ19983289A patent/CZ295387B6/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-10-16 KR KR10-1998-0043306A patent/KR100474643B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-10-16 US US09/174,566 patent/US6100674A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-10-16 CA CA002250625A patent/CA2250625A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-10-20 JP JP10298738A patent/JPH11225437A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1998-10-21 UA UA98105542A patent/UA52654C2/en unknown
- 1998-10-21 CN CN98121399A patent/CN1109945C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-10-21 RU RU98119075/09A patent/RU2199809C2/en active
- 1998-10-22 BR BRPI9805104-0A patent/BR9805104B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
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| JPS60176213A (en) * | 1984-02-23 | 1985-09-10 | Toshiba Corp | On-load tap changer |
| DD246409A1 (en) * | 1986-01-17 | 1987-06-03 | Liebknecht Transformat | PROCESS FOR PROTECTION OF STAGE SWITCHES AGAINST MECHANICAL OVERLOAD |
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2001092978A1 (en) * | 2000-05-26 | 2001-12-06 | Abb Ab | A driving mechanism and a tap-changer comprising such a driving mechanism |
| CN106255892A (en) * | 2014-07-02 | 2016-12-21 | 欧米克朗电子仪器有限公司 | For testing the method and device of the tap transducer of transformator |
| US10663516B2 (en) | 2014-07-02 | 2020-05-26 | Omicron Electronics Gmbh | Method and device for testing a tap changer of a transformer |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BG102769A (en) | 1999-04-30 |
| CZ328998A3 (en) | 1999-05-12 |
| ATE251793T1 (en) | 2003-10-15 |
| HUP9802215A2 (en) | 1999-05-28 |
| DE59809854D1 (en) | 2003-11-13 |
| KR100474643B1 (en) | 2005-06-02 |
| DE19746574C1 (en) | 1999-02-04 |
| JPH11225437A (en) | 1999-08-17 |
| EP0911842B1 (en) | 2003-10-08 |
| HU9802215D0 (en) | 1998-12-28 |
| BR9805104A (en) | 1999-11-09 |
| BG63481B1 (en) | 2002-02-28 |
| EP0911842A3 (en) | 2000-04-05 |
| HU221833B1 (en) | 2003-01-28 |
| CZ295387B6 (en) | 2005-07-13 |
| UA52654C2 (en) | 2003-01-15 |
| ES2203862T3 (en) | 2004-04-16 |
| HK1020800A1 (en) | 2000-05-19 |
| DK0911842T3 (en) | 2004-02-16 |
| US6100674A (en) | 2000-08-08 |
| KR19990037153A (en) | 1999-05-25 |
| RU2199809C2 (en) | 2003-02-27 |
| BR9805104B1 (en) | 2010-12-14 |
| HUP9802215A3 (en) | 2001-01-29 |
| CN1222695A (en) | 1999-07-14 |
| CA2250625A1 (en) | 1999-04-22 |
| CN1109945C (en) | 2003-05-28 |
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