EP0908678A2 - Method and device for delaying the burner start of a heating boiler - Google Patents

Abstract

The boiler is operated according to a process where the startup of the burner is delayed over an at least substantially constant period greater than 15 minutes following on from the burner startup request. Independent claims are also included for: (a) a boiler operation process where a variable time delay in between subsequent burner startups of at least 3 minutes is employed; (b) a boiler operation process where the startup of the burner is delayed over a variable period greater than 3 minutes following on from the burner startup request; (c) a boiler operation process where the lower temperature limit is controlled and varied; (d) a boiler operation process where the fall in water temperature is a variable control parameter; (e) a system for providing a boiler plant with the means for carrying out the processes described previously; and (f) a boiler plant containing this system.

Description

The invention relates to methods for operating a boiler system which are suitable for the generation of heat, for heating domestic water and / or for heating delayed and / or regulated via the lowered boiler water temperature Burner start-up behavior, a device for delaying the start of the burner a boiler system and a boiler system with a device for decelerating the Burner starts.

Boiler systems such as Heating and / or domestic water heating systems usually still with an unnecessarily high energy consumption - predominantly due to an unfavorable number of burner starts / hours per hour - and thereby an increased pollutant emissions. Usually the number is Burner starts far too high and the number of burner hours due to the always too high Claim performance too low when energy consumption is too high.

The regulation of such systems is usually quite simple. The regulation takes place with them usually with a two-point controller (thermostat) via one of the Outside temperature dependent shift of the boiler water temperature or above two limit temperatures specified for the boiler water. When falling below the lower temperature limit, the burner is requested: the burner starts, and reheating begins. When the upper temperature limit, the the burner is usually 7 to 12 ° C above the lower temperature limit switched off. The boiler water gradually cools down during burner downtime from. When the lower temperature limit is reached, the burner starts again, and the next cycle begins. A sequence of burner run and Burner shutdown designated. The switch-on temperature is not lower for steel boilers 50 ° C due to the risk of condensation, since the dew point is around 48 ° C and condensation forms on the steel walls below this temperature and can contribute to rust formation and corrosion; such is the case with cast iron boilers System usually operated between 30 ° C and 90 ° C.

To the knowledge of the applicant, the temperature limit values are almost always closed set high. On the one hand, you obviously want to be on the safe side for that Heating temperature and offer a high level of comfort; on the other hand, it is obvious the entire possible control behavior has not yet been examined and understood. An adequate supply of heat is called comfort, which applies to everyone Outside temperatures and times of day are felt to be pleasant and sufficient.

Most heating and / or hot water systems come with more than 20,000 burner starts per year and that with less than 1,300 burner operating hours operated in the year. This is usually more than 20 burner starts per burner operating hour, because a maximum power requirement is only in 3 - 5% of the total Annual term required. Even the most modern heating systems are still working such a high starting frequency per burner operating hour. Sometimes they run Heating systems even in times of high outside temperatures, although not would be imperative just because they have unnecessarily high temperature limits are set. Many heating systems are still on a lower one today Temperature limit of about 70 ° C set to the customer in any case clearly noticeable and also e.g. ensure tangible comfort on the radiator, although a far lower lower temperature limit for an equivalent Comfort without excessive energy consumption would suffice. An excessive one Energy consumption is often referred to as a loss of supply.

Every time the burner is started, i.e. every time the combustible mixture is ignited a very large amount of pollutants over about 30 to 60 seconds incomplete combustion released and because of extreme exhaust gas speeds Energy wasted (start-up losses). The entire start-up phase lasts for heating and / or Domestic water heating systems mostly about 1 to 2 minutes until Usually stable conditions and a clean, low carbon monoxide Stop combustion. The pollutant emissions in the start-up phase are often by the factor 100 to 500 larger than in the subsequent stable combustion phase.

In the patent application DE-A-195 34 319 various boiler systems as well Processes to operate such boiler systems are described in order to Show energy savings and pollutant reduction. Here is a ceramic insert used in the boiler, which is called HeizCeram. On this publication is expressly referred to; due to the quote it is considered included in the description. In the following, "regulated" is also used as "controlled" meant and no distinction is made between regulation and control.

The utility model DE 297 07 099 describes a heating system in which a Delay element between the control and burner is arranged and in which the Delay the control command to switch on the burner by one constant amount of time, especially delayed by 4 to 15 minutes.

Based on the knowledge that the current heating and domestic water heating systems because of the excessive standby temperatures and the unfavorable burner start number / burner hour ratio too much energy consume, the task was procedures for operating boiler systems propose a significant energy saving for the operator without Allow impairment of comfort and the environment of Relieve harmful start-up pollutants. In addition, the Task, a device, which if necessary. As an additional device to a regulated or controlled boiler system can serve, with a corresponding control or Influencing the regulation or control as well as a working accordingly Propose boiler system for realizing the operation of the invention.

a) bei dem konstante oder im wesentlichen konstante Zeiten von durchschnittlich mehr als 15 Minuten für die Verzögerung des Brennerstarts ab Brennerstartanforderung einer geregelten Kesselanlage vorgegeben werden,

b) bei dem variierte Zeitabstände von einem Brennerstart zum nächsten Brennerstart von im Durchschnitt mindestens 3 Minuten vorgegeben werden,

c) bei dem variierte Zeiten für die Verzögerung des Brennerstarts ab Brennerstartanforderung von im Durchschnitt mindestens 1 Minute vorgegeben werden,

d) bei dem der untere Temperaturgrenzwert geregelt und variiert vorgegeben wird oder/und

e) bei dem die Absenkung der Kesselwassertemperatur als Regelgröße verwendet und variiert wird.

The object is achieved with a method for operating a boiler system which is suitable for generating heat, for heating domestic water and / or for heating,

a) at which constant or essentially constant times of an average of more than 15 minutes are specified for the delay of the burner start from the burner start request of a regulated boiler system,

b) at which varied intervals of time from one burner start to the next burner start of an average of at least 3 minutes are specified,

c) at which varied times for delaying the burner start from the burner start request of an average of at least 1 minute are specified,

d) in which the lower temperature limit value is regulated and varied or / and

e) in which the lowering of the boiler water temperature is used as a controlled variable and varied.

a) zur Verzögerung des Brennerstarts einer geregelten Kesselanlage ab Brennerstartanforderung um konstante oder im wesentlichen konstante Zeiten von durchschnittlich mehr als 15 Minuten,

b) zur Variation der Zeitabstände von einem Brennerstart zum nächsten Brennerstart von im Durchschnitt mindestens 3 Minuten,

c) zur Variation der Verzögerung des Brennerstarts ab Brennerstartanforderung von im Durchschnitt mindestens 1 Minute,

d) zur Regelung des unteren Temperaturgrenzwertes und zur variierten Vorgabe des unteren Temperaturgrenzwertes oder/und

e) zur Absenkung der Kesselwassertemperatur mit der Temperaturabsenkung als Regelgröße unter Variation.

The object is further achieved with a device for a boiler system which is suitable for generating heat, for heating domestic water and / or for heating, the device being equipped with components

a) to delay the burner start of a regulated boiler system from the burner start request by constant or essentially constant times of on average more than 15 minutes,

b) to vary the time intervals from one burner start to the next burner start by an average of at least 3 minutes,

c) to vary the burner start delay from the burner start request by an average of at least 1 minute,

d) for regulating the lower temperature limit value and for variably specifying the lower temperature limit value or / and

e) to reduce the boiler water temperature with the temperature reduction as a controlled variable with variation.

a) durch Verzögerung des Brennerstarts einer geregelten Kesselanlage ab Brennerstartanforderung um konstante oder im wesentlichen konstante Zeiten von durchschnittlich mehr als 15 Minuten,

b) durch Variation der Zeitabstände von einem Brennerstart zum nächsten Brennerstart von im Durchschnitt mindestens 3 Minuten,

c) durch Variation der Verzögerung des Brennerstarts ab Brennerstartanforderung von im Durchschnitt mindestens 1 Minute,

d) durch Regelung des unteren Temperaturgrenzwertes und durch variierte Vorgabe des unteren Temperaturgrenzwertes oder/und

e) durch Absenkung der Kesselwassertemperatur mit der Temperaturabsenkung als Regelgröße unter Variation.

Finally, the object is achieved with a boiler system which is suitable for generating heat, for heating domestic water and / or for heating and which is provided with a device which influences the regulation or control

a) by delaying the burner start of a regulated boiler system from the burner start request by constant or essentially constant times of on average more than 15 minutes,

b) by varying the time intervals from one burner start to the next burner start of on average at least 3 minutes,

c) by varying the burner start delay from the burner start request by an average of at least 1 minute,

d) by regulating the lower temperature limit and by varying the lower temperature limit or / and

e) by lowering the boiler water temperature with the temperature lowering as a controlled variable with variation.

Boiler systems that can be operated according to the invention are all Boiler systems that are old or new, those with small (≤ 70 kW), medium (70 to 500 kW) or high output (> 500 kW) or operated in one or more stages can and possibly with a ceramic insert to save energy such as the so-called HeizCeram of the Gesellschaft für Sparsames Heizen mbH in Nuremberg are provided. The boiler systems can be used as small or large combustion systems small, medium or large heating and / or process water heating systems, as Reactors, incinerators and afterburners are used. This Boiler plants can run on gas, oil and / or solids with a solid particle size of substantially less than 1 mm. The boiler systems are often already be provided with a regulation or control if it with a Additional device to delay the start of the burner. Alternatively, you can already during initial assembly or when retrofitting with a device Burner start delay, to change the time intervals from a burner start to the next burner start, to influence the lower temperature limit or / and be equipped to lower the boiler water temperature, too can contain a two-point controller or similar regulation or control. The device according to the invention can enable a program selection for different types of programs for delay, for varying time intervals, to vary the delay, regulate and vary the lower Temperature limit value and / or for lowering the boiler water temperature and their variation.

The device according to the invention can be a microprocessor or the like working electronic unit for the determination and / or specification of the delay, the Time intervals, the lower temperature limit or the temperature reduction and possibly a memory for one or more modulations and / or one Program unit for one or more programs and possibly sensors for the Outside temperature, inside temperature and / or boiler water temperature and one Operating hours counter, a burner start counter, a device for recording the Burner runtime within a cycle and / or a device for choosing one Program.

A device has proven to be particularly advantageous for single-stage Boiler systems is provided, which is simply via a standardized plug-in device can be connected to the existing boiler system and immediately without Adaptation can be put into operation by a specialist. For multi-stage boiler systems in which two or three output levels as required have been selected, however, has previously been wiring by a specialist instead of simple plug-in device required.

A boiler system, which also contains regulation or control of the burner, will usually operated according to the invention, if that of the control device reported impulse that would conventionally request the burner to start for the Triggering a time delay of at least one, preferably of is used for at least 2 to 25 minutes. If this delay over many or all cycles are the same size and if the other operating conditions are not change, the control behavior of the boiler system will change after some time import these conditions and a constant or essentially constant Result in cycle behavior. As a result, the energy consumption of oil, gas or similar primary energies can already be reduced by several percent.

If constant or substantially constant times for delaying the Burner starts of a regulated boiler system specified from the burner start request the delays are more than 15 minutes, preferably at least 16 minutes, in particular at least 18 minutes, particularly preferred at least 20 minutes, preferably up to 40 minutes, in particular up to 30 Minutes, possibly even up to 25 or 20 minutes.

The term "essentially constant" mainly refers to fluctuations within the controlled system, approximately in the range of ± 1 minute.

Surprisingly, the reduction in energy consumption for this process is usually already about 2 to 18%, in heating systems mostly at least 6%; it This process often results in a lower boiler water temperature level. In this area there is an optimal energy saving. A particularly strong permanent lowering of the boiler water temperature level - in particular in large systems and then by more than about 5 ° C or about 8 ° C - can have a noticeable effect on comfort, since the upper temperature limit only is still reached at certain points and the main water volume is reduced to a Temperature level, the lowering operating temperature, settles and the Burner downtime reduced to the pure forced delay time; the then requires excessively long burner runtimes and therefore an excessively long one Primary energy consumption to only briefly exceed the upper burner shutdown temperature limit to reach. The optimal energy saving range is then already exceeded.

However, an even greater reduction in energy consumption will Surprisingly achieved when the time intervals from a burner start to next burner start or the times for delaying the burner start Burner start request in a series of or on all consecutive cycles are not the same size, but are varied, preferably varied frequently, in particular regular or irregular, modulating, statistical, quasi-statistical - e.g. reckoning with stored random numbers that are always the same Start random numbers again - or according to different calculation rules. A particularly high one Energy saving is surprisingly achieved when the time interval from one burner start to the next burner start or the delay of the Burner starts are constantly varied according to the thermostat request, i.e. from cycle to Cycle. Preferably, the time interval and / or the delay time for each Burner start request redefined. The variation in the delay may change the boiler system does not have to adapt to a constant control behavior, but must adapt itself often or constantly individually depending on different amounts of water to be heated Adjust time unit; the unit of time here comprises 1 or up to 6 cycles around the To be able to perceive adaptation of the system.

If there are varied time intervals from one burner start to the next burner start the intervals are at least 3 on average Minutes, preferably at least 5 minutes, in particular at least 8 minutes, particularly preferably at least 10 minutes, still more preferably at least 14 or at least 16 minutes, usually up to 120 minutes, preferably up to 60 Minutes, in particular up to 40 minutes, particularly preferably up to 25 minutes. It however, longer time intervals such as on average at least 12 or come into effect at least 15 minutes.

When varied burner start delay times Burner start request are given, so the additional Time intervals on average at least 1 minute, preferably at least 2 Minutes, in particular at least 4 minutes, particularly preferably at least 10 Minutes, most preferably at least 16 minutes, usually up to 40 Minutes, preferably up to 30 minutes, in particular up to 15 minutes, if necessary. even up to 12 minutes. In large systems, the delay in starting the burner is delayed from the burner start request, preferably on the order of 2.5 on average up to 6.5 minutes, particularly preferably at 3.5 to 5 minutes, but in small systems preferably on the order of 6 to 12 minutes on average, especially preferably at 7 to 10 minutes.

If there are varied time intervals from one burner start to the next burner start or varied times for the delay in starting the burner If the burner start request is specified, the variable time intervals vary by the mean of these time intervals by at least ± 1 minute, preferably by at least ± 2 minutes, especially by at least ± 4 minutes, especially preferably by at least ± 6 minutes, very particularly preferably by at least ± 8 or by up to ± 30 minutes, usually by up to ± 20 minutes, preferably by up to ± 15 minutes, especially up to ± 10 minutes.

The reduction in energy consumption for a method with varied Intervals usually 3 to 35%. Here, the number of cycles per 24 h mostly reduced by 25 to 50%.

Alternatively, it is also possible to use a method for operating a boiler system choose at which the lower temperature limit is regulated and varies is specified, in particular from the burner start request or / and the Lowering the boiler water temperature is used as a controlled variable and varies is specified. These procedures basically have the same effect as that The method according to the invention described above and can also be based on the delay the same way. The regulation or influencing or modification however, the regulation or control by these methods requires a higher one Expenditure.

If the lower temperature limit or / and the boiler water temperature decrease is regulated, then it works with small temperature drops Well. However, the energy saving is usually less than that of the time delay according to the invention.

If the lower temperature limit is regulated and / or the Boiler water temperature reduction is specified as a controlled variable, so is the temperature decrease compared to the conventional process in Average at least 2 ° C, preferably at least 3 ° C, especially at least 5 ° C, possibly at least 7 ° C, mostly up to 10 ° C, preferably up to 8 ° C. When the lower temperature limit and / or the temperature drop varies the temperature variation is at least 1 ° C on average, preferably at least 2 ° C, especially at least 4 ° C, possibly at least 6 ° C, mostly up to 10 ° C, preferably up to 8 ° C.

However, the control in these methods according to the invention is more difficult than in the time delay. It is specific to the system and its operating conditions adapt.

Basically, the time until the burner starts, the lower temperature limit or / and the boiler water temperature used for a control according to the invention to a greater reduction in boiler water temperature using a greater time delay until burner start, both of which are coupled, to achieve. The degree of lowering the boiler water temperature can be preferred proportional to the outside temperature and / or the heat requirement. If the Lowering the boiler water temperature is used as a control variable and if varied values for the lowering can be specified, any varied lowering can be used. Lowering the boiler water temperature can be varied in the same ways as the variation in delay.

Preferably, the lower temperature limit, the lowering of the Boiler water temperature or the variation in the lowering of the Boiler water temperature redetermined for each burner start request.

The previous attempts have indicated that the regulation on the temporal Influencing or delaying is more efficient and / or easier than the regulation above the lower temperature limit or the temperature drop. Furthermore seems to be a regulation of the lower temperature limit or the Lowering the temperature is more difficult to do technically than that Time Delay.

With all of these methods according to the invention, it is possible to save energy to achieve; an optimum energy saving can be achieved here. The Energy saving is usually with a reduction in the cycles every 24 h and one Extension of the burner runtime per cycle connected. Because of the longer times the boiler water temperature drops until the next burner start. The The greater the latent heat, the greater the energy savings in all processes including the nuclear heat, which is rebuilt within a short period of time can be. If this heat withdrawal of the nuclear heat is too strong over several cycles is and cannot be replaced quickly, it can restrict the Comfort come. The methods according to the invention are preferably so used that the respective values are varied, so that on the one hand briefly Nuclear heat is removed, but can then be quickly replaced. One of the modulating methods is particularly preferred for this.

Basically, one system can be combined at the same time, alternately or different processes according to the invention are used in succession. This affects or regulates the regulation or control only more complex, without a significantly higher energy saving than one expect individual, much energy-saving method according to the invention to be able to.

The varied time intervals, the varied delay times, the varied lower ones Temperature limits or the varied temperature drops vary from Maximum value from frequently by at least 5%, preferably at least on average every 20 firing cycles, particularly preferably at least every 12 Firing cycles, especially on average at least every 8 firing cycles all average at least every 5 firing cycles. The depth of modulation with which the differ between the maximum and minimum values at least 5% e.g. the initial value of the burner start point without time Delay or without lowering the temperature for the maximum variation of time delay or temperature reduction, preferably at least 15 %, particularly preferably at least 25%, possibly even at least 40% of the Maximum value of the delay, possibly even up to 100%. The modulation can predefined for example via a program unit or a microprocessor become. The modulation can be used to operate the boiler system, at which the operating conditions fluctuate constantly, which can be seen in several ways has an advantageous effect. The modulation results in a performance-adapted mode of operation of the Boiler system, possibly the use of the most economical mode of operation.

It is preferable to vary the modulation and at the latest after 5 cycles with the same Value such as Delay value a changed (= varied) value can be selected, especially after 3 cycles of the same value at the latest. The modulation depth should over 5 cycles, preferably a total of at least 10%, in particular at least 20%, particularly preferably at least 30%.

Experiments have shown that with a modulation over 100 or more cycles, after which the same modulation is started again, or with always irregularly varied values usually no advantage is achieved compared to a comparable modulation e.g. over 12 cycles that followed always starts in the same way for 12 cycles.

Table 1 shows examples of modulations for varying the delay or a temperature reduction, in which the 100% value can correspond to a time delay, for example 6 or 17 minutes, or the 100% value can correspond to a temperature reduction, for example 2 or 10 ° C. After 8, 12 or 16 cycles, for example, the same values are repeated from the beginning. Examples for the modulation of different delays, variable regulation of the lower temperature limit or the varied temperature reduction: Modulation A (8 cycles): 100% - 70% - 88% - 65% - 92% - 75% - 89% - 72% ... Modulation B (16 cycles): 100% - 65% - 85% - 50% - 65% - 30% - 80% - 55% -90% - 45% - 80% - 35% - 65% - 30% - 75% - 60% ... Modulation C (12 cycles): 100% - 85% - 70% - 79% - 88% - 76% - 65% - 77% -92% - 83% - 75% - 88% ... Modulation D (16 cycles): 100% - 70% - 70% - 88% - 88% - 65% - 65% - 92% -92% - 75% - 75% - 89% - 89% - 72% - 72% - 100% ... Modulation E (12 cycles): 100% - 45% - 75% - 30% - 90% - 50% - 70% - 40% -80% - 35% - 85% - 20% ...

Modulations in which the values of cycle increase have proven particularly useful Cycle can be varied. The values preferably vary between one Maximum and a minimum value from cycle to cycle. Very particularly preferred the sum of two successive values is 100 to 170%, in particular 110 to 150%.

The aim of the modulation is to keep the temperature curve as flat as possible over time to be set, i.e. without major temperature peaks and without lower temperature troughs.

Similarly, e.g. in regularly or irregularly recurring Sequence, varying regularly or irregularly within a sequence, modulating, statistical, quasi-statistical or according to other calculation rules a similar sequence of values be specified for delay times. The variation can alternatively or in addition to a modulation when the limit values are fallen below and / or exceeded e.g. the burner runtime by lengthening or shortening e.g. the delay time respectively.

A simple and effective method according to the invention is based on the Evaluate a specific variation of the time intervals as long as the burner running time certain time intervals not less than or not exceed. When falling below one Burner runtime of e.g. The varied delay time is 320 seconds average e.g. Put up for 2 or 3 minutes, e.g. by transition from one Modulation to a higher. This variation in delay time is then used for the following cycles. If a burner runtime of e.g. 720 Seconds the selected variation of the delay time is then average e.g. 3 or 2 minutes down. That variation in delay time will then maintained for the following cycles. When falling below or exceeding the set Burner runtime limits will be the varied average delay time extended or shortened accordingly. This procedure can be done accordingly modified way also used for the other inventive methods become.

In general, it applies to the processes according to the invention that all of these are listed above Time intervals or their variability depending on the boiler size and Operating conditions are different. They also vary a lot depending on the outside or fluctuating over the course of the day and the weather cycle Internal temperatures, the temperature reduction phases, the heat demand, especially the number of heated rooms, etc. The delay is individual Plant size, the current operating conditions, the outside temperature, the Comfort requirements, the room equipment and also the boiler water consumption, so to adapt to the heat requirement. All of these according to the invention Procedures lead to a reduction in the number of burner starts per unit of time and to even out the temperatures inside the boiler or for a long time Periods. For boiler systems that are used for heating and domestic water heating, it may be that only the heating method is carried out according to the invention.

By a longer constant or essentially constant or by a varied one Delay of burner start from burner start request by varying the Time intervals from one burner start to the next burner start, through a regulation and varied specification of the lower temperature limit or by a varied Temperature reduction control is achieved that the boiler water temperature preferably around 1 to 25 ° C, in particular around 2 to 10 ° C, mostly around 3 to 6 ° C for the lower ones usually chosen under comparable conditions Temperature limit and thus below the switch-on point usually selected for the burner drops before the burner is started.

In principle, the temperature at the burner switch-on point can vary according to the invention are between 10 and 100 ° C depending on the system and operating conditions. At Heating systems with a cast iron boiler can start due to the burner Burner start delay initiated at boiler water temperatures of 10 to 100 ° C are, especially at 25 to 90 ° C, especially at 45 to 75 ° C, particularly preferably at 50 to 70 ° C. In the case of domestic water heating systems, the ignition of the burner due to the burner start delay at boiler water temperatures preferably from 40 to 80 ° C, in particular at 45 to 75 ° C, particularly preferred at 50 to 70 ° C - depending on the needs for a particular Water quantity and temperature, depending on the system and operating conditions. For plants with a steel boiler, however, the burner is operated at boiler water temperatures of preferably started at least 50 ° C. The burner start temperatures are up Continuous operation related. The burner is used in systems with an aluminum boiler preferably operated as in systems with a steel boiler.

However, the method according to the invention does not impair the Comfort, i.e. not to lower the room temperature or the Domestic hot water temperature as long as the delay times or time intervals do not extremely long or the regulation of the lower temperature limit or the Temperature reduction can be chosen very large. All of these procedures have one Optimal energy savings with the optimal equalization of the Temperature curve is connected.

The burner running time is preferably in one cycle with one of the method according to the invention extends as long as possible. Here it can be special be advantageous to the burner output during the burner runtime to each adjust required power so that the power within the burner run time is continuously reduced.

Preferably, the latent heat including the core heat of the Water supply used during the burner downtime. With the According to the method of the invention, the latently stored heat is often increased Extent used. The latent heat is particularly in the core heat of the Heating water, but also stored in the system and in the rooms to be heated. The core heat is the heat in the mass of the water supply of the plant. Both The method according to the invention should normally be the core heat of the water supply cannot be lowered. The greater the performance of the plant and the Water flow rate per unit of time, the more a large is recommended Boiler water supply (buffer storage) from which the latent heat can be used. The boiler water supply for small heating systems is around 15 to 100 l, at medium-sized heating systems about 60 to 300 l and in large heating systems about 250 to 1000 l.

The saving of primary energy is often less in large plants because of the high one Heating water throughput per unit of time, i.e. high pumping capacity, and the comparatively lower supply of latent heat (heat buffer). Basically the primary energy saved in a particular system is greater, the greater the System is used, the more heat is required. It is also higher, ever constant heat is demanded.

• die Pumpgeschwindigkeit des Kesselwassers an die Höhe der Wassersäule innerhalb eines Anlagenkreislaufes angepaßt werden, z.B. über Druckgesteuerte Pumpen, wodurch die Pumpleistung der Heizkreispumpe elektronisch an den jeweiligen Druck (Höhe der Wassersäule) angepaßt werden kann,
• der Brenner innerhalb einer Brennerlaufzeit je nach Temperaturaufbau des Kesselwassers mit unterschiedlicher Brennerleistung gefahren werden,
• das Kesselvolumen oder/und die Kesselnennleistung der Leistungsanforderung innerhalb eines Zyklus angepaßt werden,
• der Öl- bzw. Gasdruck oder/und die Luftmenge innerhalb eines Zyklus an die jeweilige Leistungsanforderung angepaßt werden,
• bei einer kombinierten Heizungs- und Brauchwassererwärmungsanlage das Heizungs- und das Brauchwasser im Parallelbetrieb und nicht im Warmwasservorrangbetrieb genutzt werden.

In a further advantageous embodiment of the method according to the invention

• the pumping speed of the boiler water can be adapted to the height of the water column within a system cycle, eg via pressure-controlled pumps, which means that the pumping capacity of the heating circuit pump can be electronically adapted to the respective pressure (height of the water column),
• the burner can be operated with different burner output within one burner runtime depending on the temperature of the boiler water,
• the boiler volume and / or the nominal boiler output are adapted to the power requirement within a cycle,
• the oil or gas pressure and / or the air volume are adapted to the respective performance requirement within a cycle,
• In a combined heating and hot water heating system, the heating and hot water can be used in parallel operation and not in hot water priority mode.

• geringerer Primärenergieverbrauch durch insgesamt weniger Brennerstunden pro Jahr
• trotz gleichen Komforts bezüglich Heizungswärme, Brauchwasser usw.
• bessere Nutzung der latenten, bereits vorhandenen Wärme
• bessere Abgaswerte durch längere Brennerlaufzeiten pro Zyklus mit insgesamt geringerem Primärenergieverbrauch,
• weniger Startemissionen, weil weniger Brennerstarts,
• ggbfs. geringere Verrußung der Anlage durch weniger Brennerstarts,
• stärkere Schonung der Anlage durch geringere Zahl an Brennerstarts und vergleichmäßigte Temperaturen innerhalb des Kessels bzw. über lange Zeiträume.

The invention offers the following advantages:

• lower primary energy consumption due to fewer burner hours per year
• despite the same comfort in terms of heating, service water, etc.
• better use of the latent, already existing heat
• better exhaust gas values due to longer burner run times per cycle with lower primary energy consumption overall,
• less start-up emissions because fewer burner starts,
• possibly less sooting of the system due to fewer burner starts,
• Greater protection of the system due to a lower number of burner starts and more even temperatures within the boiler or over long periods.

Examples:

All tests listed in this application were carried out over an operating time of 2 up to 4 hours without a reduction in performance and on a 24-hour operation extrapolated. The extrapolated values therefore give an estimate about behavior in long-term continuous operation. Exact values are in Comparative tests with long-term continuous operation difficult to record, because the Operating conditions already in 24 h operation depending on the over 24 h fluctuating outside and inside temperatures, the lowering control and the Vary the heat demand relatively strongly. The temperature values were in all Experiments measured digitally on the boiler flow - except for Examples 21 to 23, at which they were measured on the heating flow behind the mixer, in the cooler return water had been added to the hot boiler flow water.

The results of tests on heating systems are given in Table 2 as examples to indicate the influence of different heating systems and operating conditions.

The amount of primary energy saved depends primarily on the operating conditions of the heating. The lowest primary energy consumption and the lowest pollutant pollution generally occur in operation according to the invention with an energy-saving use in the boiler. Temperature-time behavior in tests without delay and with constant or modulatingly varied delay in comparison. example 11 12th 13 21 22 23 Boiler system oil-fired 30 kW heating system G with hot water preparation, with HeizCeram 1000 kW system H with water heating, with HeizCeram delay a) none b) 10 min c) modulating a) none b) 6.5 min c) modulating ° C min ° C min ° C min ° C min ° C min ° C min Burner start 58 5.1 58 5.1 58 5.1 51.5 2.4 51.2 2.5 51.6 2.5 Burner stop 69 12.2 69 21.9 69 22.0 54.7 5.1 54.6 10.5 54.8 10.4 Burner start 58 5.1 53 6.9 53 6.8 51.4 2.4 47.0 4.1 47.2 3.6 Burner stop 70 12.4 69 20.9 70 18.0 54.4 4.8 54.3 9.9 54.5 8.4 Burner start 57 5.4 52 7.1 55 6.3 50.4 2.5 46.5 5.2 47.8 3.4 Burner stop 69 12.7 68 19.7 69 18.9 54.5 4.7 53.8 9.8 54.8 9.7 Burner start 58 5.0 51 7.4 54 6.5 50.8 2.4 46.1 5.6 47.1 3.5 Burner stop 68 12.1 68 19.5 68 16.4 54.8 4.8 53.6 9.5 54.2 7.6 Burner start 59 5.1 50 7.6 55 5.8 51.2 2.5 45.9 5.9 48.9 3.0 Burner stop 70 12.2 68 19.1 69 20.8 54.9 5.1 53.5 9.1 55.0 10.2 Burner start 58 5.1 49 7.7 53 6.7 50.9 2.4 45.6 6.3 47.2 3.8 Burner stop 69 12.3 67 18.7 68 17.6 54.6 4.9 53.2 8.9 54.6 7.9 Burner start 59 5.1 49 7.9 54 6.6 51.0 2.5 45.0 6.7 47.8 3.2 Burner stop 69 12.2 68 18.3 69 19.0 54.1 4.9 53.3 8.5 55.0 9.1 Burner start - - - - - - 51.2 2.6 44.7 6.9 47.5 3.5 Burner stop - - - - - - 54.0 5.1 53.1 8.5 54.9 6.8

In Examples 11 and 21 (comparative examples), the temperatures of the delayed burner start point and the upper temperature limit at which the burner is switched off are maintained approximately over the duration of the experiment. Due to the forced delay of 10 and 6.5 minutes in Examples 12 and 22 (comparative examples), despite a certain optimization of the test conditions over the duration of the test, there is a significant temperature drop in the delayed burner start point and a slight temperature drop in the upper temperature limit. The significant drop in temperature of the delayed burner start point is disadvantageous because the switch-on temperature drops continuously and thus the comfort decreases a little in the long run and the primary energy consumption increases continuously. The burner runtime per cycle increases sharply, while the burner downtime usually continues to decrease from cycle to cycle. Nevertheless, there is a 10% saving in primary energy consumption for the 30 kW system. In the 1000 kW system, the constant delay of 6.5 minutes in each case, despite optimized test conditions, is even a considerable disadvantage, since the amount of water passed through per hour is very large and the latent heat available is not sufficient, so that the primary energy consumption compared to the example 21 even increased by 12%. In Examples 13 and 23 according to the invention, the temperature drop is not constantly the same and thus influences a constantly changing amount of heating water, which can thus be kept at almost the same temperature level, which means constant comfort with a lower use of primary energy. Due to the use of modulation E, in which significantly longer and shorter delay times are always alternately specified, a constant change from a longer to a shorter burner runtime per cycle and vice versa and from a shorter to a longer burner downtime from cycle to cycle and vice versa can be seen. The determined savings in primary energy consumption in these tests were as high as 16 and 12%, respectively. Results on heating systems that were operated with a constant or modulating delay. In addition to Table 3. example 11 12th 13 21 22 23 Oil heating system with water heating, with HeizCeram 30 kW system G 1000 kW system H Delay: a) none b) constant 10 min c) 10 min a) none b) constant 6.5 min c) 3.5 min b) constant c) modulating average % Burner runtime over 24 h 29.4% 26.4% 24.8% 33.3% 36.5% 27.3% Number of cycles over 24 h 83 54 57 195 98 119 average burner runtime / cycle, min 5.1 7.1 6.3 2.5 5.4 3.3 middle Burner downtime / cycle, min 12.3 19.7 18.9 4.9 9.3 8.8 average cycle length, min 17.4 26.8 25.2 7.4 14.7 12.1 Burning time over 24 h, h 7.08 6.38 5.94 8.02 8.78 6.57 Improvement: 12 to 11 13 to 12 13 to 11 22 to 21 23 to 22 23 to 21 shorter burner runtime over 24 h, h 0.70 0.44 1.14 - 0.76 2.21 1.45 % fewer cycles over 24 h 35% - 6% 31% 50% - 21% 39% fewer cycles over 24 h 29 - 3rd 26 97 - 21 76 % longer burner runtime / cycle 39% - 11% 24% 116% - 20% 32% longer burner runtime / cycle, min 2.0 - 0.8 1.2 2.9 - 1.1 0.8 % larger average Cycle length 54% - 6% 45% 99% - 18% 64% longer average cycle length, min 9.4 - 1.6 7.8 7.3 - 2.6 4.7 % less primary energy consumption 10% 7% 16% - 12% 21% 12%

The test results in Table 4 show that an extension of the average (= average) burner downtime per cycle compared to conventional operation with no time lag is beneficial, but under certain Operating conditions also a little shortening of these times a little can be advantageous.

The system H is designed for such large outputs that the to be heated and flow of water for heating and hot water supply of approx. 150 residential units are sufficient. Due to the large amounts of water, such shows System a significantly different behavior than a comparable system with e.g. 30 kW Performance that is often used for single or two-family houses. However, would a system with 30 kW output even under suitable conditions for four to five Housing units are sufficient. Even an extension of the constant time delay from 6.5 (example 22) to e.g. 10 minutes would be more for system H worse results because of the heat supply including the latent Heat is no longer sufficient for this.

Claims (24)

Process for operating a boiler system used for heat generation Heating of domestic water and / or suitable for heating is thereby characterized in that constant or substantially constant times of on average more than 15 minutes for the delay in starting the burner Burner start request of a regulated boiler system can be specified. Process for operating a boiler system used for heat generation Heating of domestic water and / or suitable for heating is thereby characterized in that varied time intervals from a burner start to next burner start of at least 3 minutes on average become. Process for operating a boiler system used for heat generation Heating of domestic water and / or suitable for heating is thereby characterized that varied times for the delay of the burner start from Burner start request of at least 1 minute on average become. Process for operating a boiler system used for heat generation Heating of domestic water and / or suitable for heating is thereby characterized in that the lower temperature limit is regulated and varies is specified. Process for operating a boiler system used for heat generation Heating of domestic water and / or suitable for heating is thereby characterized in that the lowering of the boiler water temperature than Controlled variable is used and is varied. Method according to one of claims 2 to 5, characterized in that varied time intervals, delay times, temperature limit values or Boiler water temperature reductions are specified, which by the Average of these time intervals, delay times, temperature limit values or Varying the boiler water temperature drops by at least ± 1 minute. Method according to one of claims 2 to 6, characterized in that the varied values from the maximum value often vary by at least 5%. Method according to one of claims 2 to 7, characterized in that the Burner start delay times from burner start request that Time intervals from one burner start to the next burner start, the Temperature limit values or the boiler water temperature drops regular or irregular, statistical, quasi-statistical, modulating or according to other calculation rules and / or when falling below or / and exceeding Limit values can be varied Method according to one of claims 2 to 8, characterized in that the Time interval, the delay time, the lower temperature limit or / and the lowering of the boiler water temperature or its variation for everyone Burner start request is redetermined. Method according to one of claims 2 to 9, characterized in that the Time interval, the delay time, the lower temperature limit or / and the lowering of the boiler water temperature is modulated and that after 5 cycles at the latest a changed time, a changed Temperature limit or / and a changed lowering is selected. Method according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that the latent heat is used during the burner downtime. Method according to one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that the Pumping speed of the boiler water to the height of the water column is adjusted within an investment cycle. Method according to one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that the Burner within one burner runtime depending on the temperature build-up of the Boiler water is operated with different burner output. Method according to one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that the boiler volume and / or the nominal boiler output of the power request is adjusted within a cycle. Method according to one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that the Oil or gas pressure or / and the amount of air within a cycle to the respective performance requirement is adjusted. Method according to one of claims 1 to 15, characterized in that at a combined heating and hot water system Heating and domestic water in parallel operation and not in Hot water priority mode can be used. Method according to one of claims 1 to 16, characterized in that the Burner running time is extended as long as possible in one cycle. Device for a boiler system used to generate heat, for heating of service water and / or is suitable for heating, characterized in that that the device is equipped with components a) to delay the Burner starts of a regulated or controlled boiler system by constant or essentially constant times averaging over 15 minutes, b) to vary the time intervals from one burner start to the next Burner start of at least 3 minutes on average, c) to vary the Burner start delay from average burner start request at least 1 minute, d) to regulate the lower temperature limit and for the variable specification of the lower temperature limit or / and e) for Reduction and variation of the boiler water temperature with the Temperature reduction as a controlled variable. Apparatus according to claim 18, characterized in that it is a Electronic unit for the determination and / or specification of the delay, the Time interval, the lower temperature limit or Lowering the temperature and possibly a storage for one or more Modulations or / and a program unit for one or more programs includes. Apparatus according to claim 18 or 19, characterized in that it over a plug-in device can be connected to a boiler system. Boiler system used to generate heat, for heating domestic water or / and is suitable for heating, characterized in that it has a Device is provided that affects the regulation or control a) by Delay in starting the burner of a regulated boiler system Burner start request at constant or essentially constant times of more than 15 minutes on average, b) by varying the time intervals from one burner start to the next burner start of on average at least 3 minutes, c) by varying the delay in starting the burner Burner start request of at least 1 minute on average, d) Regulation of the lower temperature limit and by varying the specification of the lower temperature limit or / and e) by lowering and varying the Boiler water temperature with the temperature reduction as a controlled variable. Boiler system according to claim 21, characterized in that the device an electronic unit for determining the delay, the time intervals, the lower temperature limit or the temperature reduction and if necessary. a memory for one or more modulations or / and one Program unit for one or more programs includes. Boiler system according to claim 21 or 22, characterized in that it has a large boiler water supply. Boiler system according to one of claims 21 to 23, characterized in that it has an energy-saving use in the boiler.