EP0906612A1 - Foam component for soundproofing hollow spaces - Google Patents
Foam component for soundproofing hollow spacesInfo
- Publication number
- EP0906612A1 EP0906612A1 EP97927125A EP97927125A EP0906612A1 EP 0906612 A1 EP0906612 A1 EP 0906612A1 EP 97927125 A EP97927125 A EP 97927125A EP 97927125 A EP97927125 A EP 97927125A EP 0906612 A1 EP0906612 A1 EP 0906612A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- foam
- foam element
- layer
- cavity
- spring layer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 80
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229920005830 Polyurethane Foam Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000011496 polyurethane foam Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000011796 hollow space material Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000013016 damping Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004026 adhesive bonding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003562 lightweight material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G10K11/00—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound in general; Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
- G10K11/16—Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
- G10K—SOUND-PRODUCING DEVICES; METHODS OR DEVICES FOR PROTECTING AGAINST, OR FOR DAMPING, NOISE OR OTHER ACOUSTIC WAVES IN GENERAL; ACOUSTICS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G10K11/00—Methods or devices for transmitting, conducting or directing sound in general; Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
- G10K11/16—Methods or devices for protecting against, or for damping, noise or other acoustic waves in general
- G10K11/162—Selection of materials
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/23—Sheet including cover or casing
- Y10T428/231—Filled with gas other than air; or under vacuum
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/23—Sheet including cover or casing
- Y10T428/233—Foamed or expanded material encased
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
- Y10T428/24942—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including components having same physical characteristic in differing degree
- Y10T428/24992—Density or compression of components
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
- Y10T428/249953—Composite having voids in a component [e.g., porous, cellular, etc.]
- Y10T428/249986—Void-containing component contains also a solid fiber or solid particle
Definitions
- the invention relates to a foam element for soundproofing cavities, in particular extruded profiles made of metal or plastic, which, before being introduced into a cavity, is welded into an airtight film in such a compressed manner that it can be inserted into the cavity through an opening in a cavity
- the foam element after being introduced into the cavity, expands by opening the film with the supply of air into a shape which acts on at least two walls of the cavity.
- foam elements made of a soft foam glued onto a cardboard to avoid airborne noise such as whistling noises and the like in cavities in the vicinity of axle bearings.
- the foam element is in a compressed state before being introduced into the cavity to be damped and is welded into an airtight film. In this compressed state, the foam element can easily be pushed into the cavity through an opening in the cavity. After introduction into the cavity, an air supply is made possible by opening the film (for example by tearing or piercing), so that the shape that acts on the foam element in at least two walls of the cavity expands.
- the known foam element is only suitable for damping airborne noise, but not for damping structure-borne noise, that is, for noise reduction.
- the object of the invention is to provide a foam element of the type mentioned at the outset which is suitable for damping sound phenomena occurring in cavities, in particular extruded profiles made of metal or plastic.
- a foam element for soundproofing cavities with the features of claim 1 is proposed.
- the inventive design of the foam element as an at least two-layer foam structure (foam sandwich) with a spring layer and at least one heavy layer arranged on the spring layer enables extrusion profiles made of metal or plastic, in particular made of light metal, to be deadened.
- the two heavy layers essentially lie flat against the light metal profile.
- the soft foam of the spring layer presses the at least one heavy layer against the walls of the cavity to be damped with a certain pressure.
- the pressurization of the heavy layer by the spring layer stems from an oversizing of the foam element with respect to the cavity to be damped in the direction of expansion of the foam element.
- the at least one heavy layer of the foam element according to the invention is thus in direct contact with the light metal extruded profile and follows every oscillating movement of the extruded profile. These vibrations are absorbed by the foam element, partly in the heavy layer and partly by forwarding into the spring layer and converted into heat. In the ideal case, vibration energy can also be destroyed by swinging the two light metal outer layers in opposite phases.
- Thermal convection rolling is also prevented by increasing the flow resistance. This also opens up the possibility of reducing the thermal insulation layer in the interior of the wagon. dimensioned ger, whereby a material and cost savings can be achieved.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic sectional illustration of a foam element according to the invention in a compressed state.
- FIG. 2 shows the foam element according to the invention from FIG. 1 in the expanded state.
- Figure 3 illustrates the installation of an inventive
- Foam element in a cavity of a light metal extruded profile Foam element in a cavity of a light metal extruded profile.
- Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of a cross section through a foam element 1 0 according to the invention.
- the foam element 1 0 comprises a spring layer 1 1 and two heavy layers 1 2, which are applied to opposite sides of the spring layer 1 1.
- the spring layer 1 1 consists in particular of flexible polyurethane foam
- the heavy layers 1 2 consist in particular of polyurethane flake composite foam.
- the foam element 10 according to the invention is present in the compressed state in the state shown in FIG. 1 and is welded into an airtight film 13.
- opening the film 1 3 for example by tearing or piercing, air can enter the interior penetrate the film 1 3, so that the three-layer foam structure of the foam element 1 0 according to the invention expands.
- This expanded state 10 ' is also shown in FIG. 2 in a schematic sectional illustration. The expansion of the foam element 10 takes place in the expansion direction illustrated by the double arrow.
- the spring layer 11 consisting of soft foam primarily expands, while the two heavy layers 1 2 made of flake composite foam applied to the spring layer expand only insignificantly.
- the heavy layers 1 2 made of composite flake foam have a very dense structure, so that they are hardly compressible.
- the soft foam of the spring layer 11 has an open-cell structure that can be compressed and compressed to a high degree. This compressed state is obtained by welding into the airtight film 1 3, and only after opening the film 1 3 does the spring layer expand into its original size and shape with the supply of air.
- the density of the flake composite foam of the heavy layers 12 is approximately 100 to 700 kg / m 3 , preferably between 300 and 400 kg / m 3 .
- the density of the soft foam of the spring layer 11 is approximately 10 to 80 kg / m 3 , preferably between 40 and 60 kg / m 3 .
- the thickness of the heavy layers 12 is approximately 2 to 10 mm, preferably between 4 and 5 mm.
- the thickness of the spring layer 11 is measured as a function of the size of the cavity to be damped. Typically, the thickness of the spring layer 11 is approximately 5 to 15 mm in the compressed state (FIG. 1) and approximately 30 to 70 mm in the expanded state (FIG. 2).
- the airtight film 13 is preferably a diffusion-tight polyethylene sandwich film, its thickness is about 50 to 300 ⁇ m, preferably between 1 50 and 200 ⁇ m.
- the foam strips for the spring layer and the heavy layers are glued to one another and inserted into an airtight, in particular bag-shaped film.
- the foam element in the airtight film is then compressed from the outside by being compressed.
- the inside of the film is evacuated and the film is welded closed, as a result of which the compressed state of the foam element is maintained.
- FIG. 3 shows a schematic perspective illustration of an extruded profile 20 with a cavity 22. Openings 21 leading into the cavity 22 are provided along a narrow side 24 of the extruded profile 20. Foam elements 10 according to the invention are inserted through these openings 21 for soundproofing the cavity 22.
- the foam elements 10 according to the invention have an elongated strip shape in their compressed state.
- the foam elements 1 0 are introduced into the cavity 22 in the direction of the arrow drawn in such a way that the heavy layers 1 2 come to lie parallel to the two longitudinal sides 23 of the extruded profile 20 which delimit the cavity 22.
- the foam elements 10 are narrower than the thickness d of the extruded profile 20 and than the clear width of the openings 21, so that they can be pushed through the openings 21 without problems.
- the airtight film 13 is opened. This can be done by piercing or tearing open.
- a is not on the film 1 3 Means described in more detail provided that allows easy opening of the film 1 3. This can be, for example, a tear thread or the like welded into the film.
- the spring layer 1 1 of the foam element 1 0 expands such that the heavy layers 1 2 of the foam element 10 against the side walls 23 of the extrusion which delimit the cavity 22 ⁇ profile 20 are pressed.
- the spring layer 11 is accordingly dimensioned such that its thickness in the expanded state corresponds at least to the thickness d of the cavity 22 of the extruded profile 20.
- the heavy layers 1 2 made of flake composite foam therefore lie substantially flat against the side walls 23 of the light metal extruded profile 20 when the foam element 10 is installed, so that vibratory movements of the extruded profile are transmitted to the heavy layers 1 2 and from these partially to the spring layer 1 1 be forwarded. Both in the heavy layer 1 2 and in the spring layer 1 1, the vibrations are absorbed and converted into heat. As a result, according to the invention, a deadening, i.e. the structure-borne noise occurring in an extruded profile is damped.
- the flow resistance in the cavity 22 of the extruded profile is increased by the foam element according to the invention, as a result of which the collapse in coincidence described above is significantly reduced in the sound insulation. Furthermore, thermal convection rolling is prevented by increasing the flow resistance.
- the good thermal insulation properties of the soft foam of the spring layer 1 1 (thermal conductivity at 20 ° C: ⁇ «0.040 W / mK) also considerably reduces the heat exchange from outside to inside and vice versa.
- the embodiment of a foam element according to the invention described above and shown in the drawing relates to a foam structure with an essentially rectangular cross section. In practice, the use of such a rectangular cross section is an ideal case, since the foam elements have to be adapted to the given cavity geometry of the extruded profiles used.
- foam elements with an essentially trapezoidal cross-section can be found more frequently in practice.
- Foam elements with a triangular cross section are also conceivable.
- the manufacture and use of foam elements according to the invention with such cross sections corresponds to the manufacture and use described above using a rectangular cross section. It is not absolutely necessary for two heavy layers to be arranged on opposite sides of the spring layer. Rather, only the use of a heavy layer is conceivable, for example with a triangular cross section. It is also possible to apply the heavy layers on two adjoining sides of a spring layer with a triangular or trapezoidal cross section.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Multimedia (AREA)
- Vehicle Interior And Exterior Ornaments, Soundproofing, And Insulation (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Soundproofing, Sound Blocking, And Sound Damping (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Porous Articles, And Recovery And Treatment Of Waste Products (AREA)
- Building Environments (AREA)
- Diaphragms For Electromechanical Transducers (AREA)
- Glass Compositions (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19624314A DE19624314C1 (en) | 1996-06-18 | 1996-06-18 | Foam element for soundproofing cavities |
DE19624314 | 1996-06-18 | ||
PCT/EP1997/002886 WO1997049082A1 (en) | 1996-06-18 | 1997-06-04 | Foam component for soundproofing hollow spaces |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0906612A1 true EP0906612A1 (en) | 1999-04-07 |
EP0906612B1 EP0906612B1 (en) | 1999-09-01 |
Family
ID=7797279
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP97927125A Expired - Lifetime EP0906612B1 (en) | 1996-06-18 | 1997-06-04 | Foam component for soundproofing hollow spaces |
Country Status (15)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5993932A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0906612B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2000512774A (en) |
KR (1) | KR100393754B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE184125T1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU711216B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2257600C (en) |
CZ (1) | CZ289645B6 (en) |
DE (2) | DE19624314C1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2138867T3 (en) |
GR (1) | GR3032000T3 (en) |
ID (1) | ID17171A (en) |
PL (1) | PL330716A1 (en) |
RU (1) | RU2155689C1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1997049082A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19741766A1 (en) * | 1997-09-22 | 1999-03-25 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag | Foamed structure |
JP3488865B2 (en) * | 2000-10-19 | 2004-01-19 | 森六株式会社 | Foam molded products for glove box impact mitigation |
US6459211B1 (en) * | 2001-08-28 | 2002-10-01 | Wintek Corporation | Damping/muffling structure for electroluminescent cell |
US20030082357A1 (en) * | 2001-09-05 | 2003-05-01 | Cem Gokay | Multi-layer core for vacuum insulation panel and insulated container including vacuum insulation panel |
US6696795B1 (en) * | 2003-01-10 | 2004-02-24 | Wintek Corporation | Damping and muffling structure for EL device |
FR2866852B1 (en) * | 2004-02-26 | 2006-05-26 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | DEVICE AND METHOD FOR SOUNDPROOFING AND HOLLOW ELEMENT OBTED BY THIS DEVICE |
US20060003148A1 (en) * | 2004-06-30 | 2006-01-05 | Zwynenburg James L | Interlocking polymeric foam floor underlayment and process for making |
WO2007078296A1 (en) * | 2006-01-03 | 2007-07-12 | Gary Richard Wilkes | Interlocking polymeric foam floor underlayment |
DE102007021806B3 (en) * | 2007-05-07 | 2008-04-30 | Hanno-Werk Gmbh & Co. Kg | Foam body insertion process for cavity in vehicle bodywork involves inserting release device into cavity not later than introduction of foam body |
DE102007051276A1 (en) * | 2007-10-26 | 2009-04-30 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Method for filling cavity in body shell of motor vehicle with acoustic damping material, involves filling cavity with flakes of acoustic damping material, where polyurethane foam is used for flakes injected into cavity |
HUE034577T2 (en) * | 2011-08-01 | 2018-02-28 | Faist Chem Tec Gmbh | Acoustic baffling sandwich board with perforation |
US8770340B2 (en) * | 2011-11-16 | 2014-07-08 | Huntair, Inc. | Sound-absorptive panel for an air handling system |
DE102011122568A1 (en) * | 2011-12-23 | 2013-06-27 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Method for introducing compressible filler into cavity of chassis of motor vehicle e.g. motor car, involves compressing filler into cavity enclosed by casing for expansion of cavity due to ambient air flow through gas exchange aperture |
CN104723980B (en) * | 2013-12-20 | 2017-04-19 | 上海新安汽车隔音毡有限公司 | Waterproof deadening felt in automobile metal plate cavity and production method of waterproof deadening felt |
CN105691326B (en) * | 2014-11-24 | 2017-09-05 | 上海新安汽车隔音毡有限公司 | Sound-absorbing sound insulation damping water-proof part and preparation method thereof in a kind of body of a motor car metal plate |
CN105003046A (en) * | 2015-07-30 | 2015-10-28 | 常州南夏墅建设有限公司 | Light-weight and sound-insulating wall facing tile |
CN112477894A (en) * | 2020-12-09 | 2021-03-12 | 中车青岛四方机车车辆股份有限公司 | Noise reduction structure and noise reduction design method for aluminum alloy section of vehicle body and vehicle body |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3506004A1 (en) * | 1985-02-21 | 1986-08-21 | Irbit Research + Consulting Ag, Freiburg/Fribourg | Filling body consisting of open-cell foam |
DE3637334A1 (en) * | 1986-11-03 | 1988-05-11 | Metzeler Schaum Gmbh | Soundproofing element and process for producing a soundproofing element |
DE8707140U1 (en) * | 1987-05-18 | 1987-09-10 | Pelzer, Helmut, 58313 Herdecke | Filling elements for acoustic sealing of tubular bodies |
JP2519493B2 (en) * | 1987-12-21 | 1996-07-31 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Thermosetting foam seal material |
DE3909017C1 (en) * | 1989-03-18 | 1990-04-12 | Metzeler Schaum Gmbh, 8940 Memmingen, De | |
DE4139858A1 (en) * | 1991-12-03 | 1993-06-09 | Stankiewicz Gmbh, 3101 Adelheidsdorf, De | FILLED BODY AS A MOLDED PART FOR SEALING DIFFICULT ACCESSIBLE CAVES |
FR2690379B1 (en) * | 1992-04-22 | 1995-05-24 | Lorraine Laminage | Sandwich sheet. |
US5504282A (en) * | 1994-08-24 | 1996-04-02 | Foamex L.P. | Sound transmission and absorption control media |
-
1996
- 1996-06-18 DE DE19624314A patent/DE19624314C1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1997
- 1997-06-04 AT AT97927125T patent/ATE184125T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-06-04 CA CA 2257600 patent/CA2257600C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-06-04 AU AU31724/97A patent/AU711216B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1997-06-04 RU RU99100713A patent/RU2155689C1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-06-04 WO PCT/EP1997/002886 patent/WO1997049082A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1997-06-04 CZ CZ19984199A patent/CZ289645B6/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-06-04 JP JP50218298A patent/JP2000512774A/en active Pending
- 1997-06-04 PL PL33071697A patent/PL330716A1/en unknown
- 1997-06-04 EP EP97927125A patent/EP0906612B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-06-04 KR KR10-1998-0709807A patent/KR100393754B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-06-04 ES ES97927125T patent/ES2138867T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-06-04 DE DE59700401T patent/DE59700401D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-06-18 ID ID972084A patent/ID17171A/en unknown
-
1998
- 1998-12-18 US US09/216,308 patent/US5993932A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1999
- 1999-11-30 GR GR990403093T patent/GR3032000T3/en unknown
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO9749082A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0906612B1 (en) | 1999-09-01 |
WO1997049082A1 (en) | 1997-12-24 |
GR3032000T3 (en) | 2000-03-31 |
PL330716A1 (en) | 1999-05-24 |
DE59700401D1 (en) | 1999-10-07 |
ATE184125T1 (en) | 1999-09-15 |
ID17171A (en) | 1997-12-04 |
US5993932A (en) | 1999-11-30 |
RU2155689C1 (en) | 2000-09-10 |
CA2257600C (en) | 2002-03-05 |
AU711216B2 (en) | 1999-10-07 |
CZ289645B6 (en) | 2002-03-13 |
ES2138867T3 (en) | 2000-01-16 |
KR20000016236A (en) | 2000-03-25 |
CA2257600A1 (en) | 1997-12-24 |
JP2000512774A (en) | 2000-09-26 |
CZ419998A3 (en) | 1999-06-16 |
KR100393754B1 (en) | 2003-12-01 |
AU3172497A (en) | 1998-01-07 |
DE19624314C1 (en) | 1998-01-08 |
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