EP0905815A1 - Mehrkeulenantenne und Strahlformungsnetzwerk - Google Patents

Mehrkeulenantenne und Strahlformungsnetzwerk Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0905815A1
EP0905815A1 EP97307249A EP97307249A EP0905815A1 EP 0905815 A1 EP0905815 A1 EP 0905815A1 EP 97307249 A EP97307249 A EP 97307249A EP 97307249 A EP97307249 A EP 97307249A EP 0905815 A1 EP0905815 A1 EP 0905815A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
output
coupled
signal
input
combiner
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP97307249A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Edward Hirshfield
Evert C. Nygren
Ernesto A. Balderrama
George S. Cohen
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Maxar Space LLC
Original Assignee
Space Systems Loral LLC
Loral Space Systems Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Space Systems Loral LLC, Loral Space Systems Inc filed Critical Space Systems Loral LLC
Priority to EP97307249A priority Critical patent/EP0905815A1/de
Publication of EP0905815A1 publication Critical patent/EP0905815A1/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture
    • H01Q3/2605—Array of radiating elements provided with a feedback control over the element weights, e.g. adaptive arrays
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/02—Waveguide horns
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q19/00—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
    • H01Q19/10—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces
    • H01Q19/12—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces wherein the surfaces are concave
    • H01Q19/17—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces wherein the surfaces are concave the primary radiating source comprising two or more radiating elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/0006—Particular feeding systems
    • H01Q21/0025—Modular arrays
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q25/00—Antennas or antenna systems providing at least two radiating patterns

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to antennas and devices for receiving and transmitting microwave signals.
  • the present invention relates to multiple beam or phased array antennas, antenna feeds, and beamforming networks.
  • the prior art typically forms antennas and beamforming networks from machined or electro-formed horns, separate filters and delay line or ferrite phase shifters. These devices are coupled to wave guides and coaxial transmission lines as well as other microwave components.
  • the configurations of the prior art are relatively large and heavy which is a particular disadvantage since the antennas are used in spacecraft where size and weight are critical because of the tremendous launch costs for spacecraft.
  • These prior art antennas and phased arrays are also very difficult and expensive to implement on a recurring basis because the horns, filters and phase shifters are individual devices with characteristics that vary from device to device. Additionally, it is difficult and expensive to assemble these devices into antennas that will have uniform characteristics throughout the array.
  • U.S. Patent No. 3,953,857 to Jenks discloses an planar phase array that is mechanically rotatable about an axis for providing wider scanning limits for the array;
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,521,781 to Campi et al. discloses a microstrip antenna array including spaced radiator elements for easy scanning;
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,652,880 to Moeller et al. discloses an antenna feed network including power dividers to distribute two microwave signals;
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,734,700 to Brunner discloses an omni-directional scanning group antenna with electronically phase-control beam for precise target location;
  • 4,766,438 to Tang discloses a lens antenna having four phased array apertures positioned for hemispherical coverage; and U.S. Patent No. 4,799,065 a reconfigurable beam antenna system including a focusing means, an plurality of antenna elements and a feed network. These devices disclose a variety of antennas, however, none disclose the ability to produce nulls in pattern coverage to decrease the impact of high power jamming signals.
  • antenna element and beamforming network comprises a plurality of radiators (12), a plurality of band pass filters (14), a plurality of test couplers (16), a plurality of monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC) (18), a stripline power combiner (20), calibration circuit (22), and a jammer detector and correlator (24).
  • the present invention receives and sends microwave signals with the plurality of radiators (12).
  • the output of each radiator (12) is coupled by a respective test coupler (16) and dedicated MMIC (18).
  • Each MMIC (18) is coupled to a co-located controller (73) and then to a computer (not shown) to receive control signals for independent control of each MMIC (18) to shape the antenna beams as desired for producing nulls in pattern coverage.
  • the output of each MMIC (18) is coupled to stripline combiner (20) which combines the signals to provide a single composite signal of all radiators (12).
  • a calibration circuit (22) is coupled to test coupler (16) to input calibration signals to test the primary signal paths.
  • a jammer detector and correlator (24) is also coupled to test couplers (16) by calibration circuit (22).
  • the output of stripline combiner (20) is also coupled by a test coupler (46) to jammer detector and correlator (24). Using these signals, jammer detector and correlator (24) can be used to locate interfering signals for correlation with the combined output to establish nulls and gain in specific locations in the field of view.
  • Antenna element and beamforming network 10 of the present invention preferably comprises a plurality of radiators 12, a plurality of band pass filters 14, a plurality of test couplers 16, a plurality of monolithic microwave integrated circuits 18, a stripline power combiner 20, a calibration circuit 22, and a jammer detector and correlator 24. It should be understood that while the present invention includes a plurality of radiators 12, band pass filters 14, test couplers 16 and MMICs 18, Figure 1 only shows a single radiator 12, band pass filter 14, test coupler 16 and MMIC 18 for simplicity and ease of understanding.
  • the present invention radiates and receives microwave signals with radiator 12.
  • the present invention advantageously includes a plurality of radiators 12 to collect signals of interest and nullify noise.
  • the radiators 12 might be designed to illuminate a microwave mirror (reflector) or lens to direct the microwave energy to a geographical region on the surface of the earth.
  • MCA M ultiple B eam A ntenna
  • each radiating element illuminates a specific different region, so nulls may be generated over the location of a jammer by turning off an element or by combining the outputs of several elements (between 3 and 19) with relative phase relationships to cause localized cancellation of the signals in the region.
  • antenna element and beamforming network 10 includes 61 radiators.
  • the present invention also includes a plurality of band pass filters 14 to pass the desired band of frequencies and reject the undesired bands of frequencies.
  • Each radiator 12 is coupled to a respective band pass filter 14 which filters the signal produced by its respective radiator 12.
  • Each band pass filter 14 is preferably composed of high dielectric pucks and high "Q" resonators.
  • the dielectric may be constructed of zirconium-tin titanium dioxide and the resonators may be tuned to resonate at selected frequencies.
  • the resonating dielectric pucks 25 are placed in cavities which are electromagnetically coupled to one another to form two orthogonal band pass filters.
  • the filter would pass frequencies in the range of 7.25 GHz to 7.75 GHz and also reject signals in the 7.9 GHz and 8.4 GHz range. This is required to keep an adjacent transmitter from overloading the receiver channel. It should be understood to those skilled in the art that comparable materials that pass frequencies within the preferred range may also be used to construct band pass filter 14.
  • each radiator 12 and its respective band pass filter 14 are integrated into the structure shown in Figure 2.
  • Each radiator 12 is preferably a horn constructed of a lightweight material such as copper plated graphite epoxy or finely machined aluminum. Both circular, conical or square cross section inverted truncated pyramidal shapes with features for balanced E and H plane propagation are preferred with the band pass filter 14 formed in the base of the horn.
  • Band pass filter 14 comprises several poles including a dual mode elliptical filter which allows the horizontally and vertically polarized channels to be launched into the radiating horn with very little loss and enough isolation to enable dual polarization frequency reuse.
  • High Q dielectric resonators with high dielectric constant e.g., 10) can be used to reduce size and weight and improve temperature stability.
  • the frequency of the filter 14 is established by size of dielectric resonators 25 and to a lesser degree by the dimension of the cavities in which they are installed.
  • the bandwidth and resonant mode is established by the size and shape of the irises coupling one cavity to another, and the horn and probes coupling the first stage of the filter 14 to the MMICs 18.
  • Radiator 12 and band pass filter 14 advantageously support both right and left hand polarization. While radiator 12 and filter 14 shown in Figure 2 is configured to support both right and left hand polarization, it should be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that radiator 12 and filter 14 may be modified to support either only left hand polarization or only right hand polarization.
  • the appropriate output 26, 28 from filter 14 is coupled to the respective test coupler 16 and MMIC 18. To support both left and right hand polarization a test coupler 16 and MMIC 18 are needed for each output 26, 28.
  • each radiator 12 may comprise a patch array as shown in Figure 3.
  • Figure 3 illustrates an exploded view of a low profile array feed cluster cell 30.
  • the alternate embodiment of radiator 12, cluster cell 30, has four elements and comprises a first layer of radiating patch elements 32, a second layer of radiating patch elements 34, a layer of coupling slots 36 and a power distribution network 38.
  • First layer of radiating patch elements 32 is placed in a parallel plane above second layer of radiating patch elements 34.
  • Both the first and second layers 32, 34 are placed in a parallel plane above layer of coupling slots 36.
  • these three layers 32, 34 and 36 are positioned above power distribution network 38.
  • the structure of the distribution network 38 establishes the polarizations launched from the patches.
  • the signals to and from cluster cell 30 are then output by power distribution network 38 through band pass filter 14 to test coupler 16.
  • band pass filter 14 As with the preferred embodiment, a plurality of cluster cells 30 each having a respective band pass filter 14 is used to receive microwave signals.
  • the patches are analogous to the horns described above.
  • test coupler 16 is coupled between each band pass filter 14 and its respective MMIC 18.
  • Each test coupler 16 is constructed in strip line.
  • a Lange coupler or unbalanced resistive divider may be used.
  • Each test coupler 16 is also coupled to calibration circuit 22.
  • Test couplers 16 allow measurement of the incoming signal at each beam or radiator 12.
  • Test couplers 16 also permit a calibrated test signal to be input into the respective MMIC 18 and through the other circuitry such as stripline combiner 20, and jammer detector and correlator 24 to test all primary signal paths or detect jammers in the geographical region illuminated by each respective radiator 12.
  • each test coupler 16 is coupled to the input of a MMIC 18.
  • the present invention provides a dedicated MMIC 18 for each radiator 12 to establish the noise figure, phase and amplitude of the channel before the loss embodied in the combining network to improve system sensitivity 12.
  • Each MMIC 18 is a monolithic microwave integrated circuit including a low noise amplifier, mixer IF amplifier, and phase shifter.
  • the MMICs 18 are co-located with a controller 73 that contains a universal synchronous asynchronous receiver/transmitter (USART), digital to analog converters, a microprocessor, buffers and memory.
  • the MMICs 18 amplify, frequency convert, phase shift and attenuate the input signal in response to control signals sent to the MMIC 18.
  • Each controller 73 has inputs for receiving control signals.
  • the present invention also couples each MMIC 18 to receive a local oscillator signal from a stripline splitter 40.
  • the present invention also includes a control bus 42 for sending control signals to each MMIC 18, calibration circuit 22 and jammer detector and correlator 24.
  • Control bus 42 is coupled to the control inputs of all 61 MMICs 18, as well as the control inputs of calibration circuit 22 and jammer detector and correlator 24.
  • control bus 42 is also coupled to a computer (not shown) that provides digital signals to control the amplification, attenuation and phase shift performed by each MMIC 18.
  • Control bus 42 is preferably a planar pattern of leads interconnecting MMICs 18. This planar pattern of leads in a ribbon like structure permits the conductors to pass under all MMICs with only one or two layer of etched copper.
  • Each MMIC 18 has a unique address determined by a pattern of open or shorted connections to ground. All the commands travel along control bus 42 to all MMICs 18. Each individual MMIC 18 is able to determine if it is the intended recipient of the control signal by comparing the address of the command signal to the pattern of open and shorted connections for a match. If there is no match the particular MMIC 18 ignores the signal on control bus 42. On the other hand, if there is a match in between the address of MMIC 18 and the command signal on control bus 42 then MMIC 18 executes the command signal by modifying the signal received from its respective radiators 12.
  • the present invention provides a plurality of MMICs 18 each of which is independently controllable to amplify and nullify signals from radiators 12 thereby allowing areas of interest in the antenna feed 10 to be focused upon.
  • each MMIC 18 is coupled to a respective input on stripline power combiner 20.
  • stripline combiner 20 has 61 inputs and a single output.
  • Stripline combiner 20 forms a composite signal from all 61 signals input by MMICs 18.
  • the output of stripline combiner 20 is coupled to a lead 44 that provides the output of the present invention with the desired pattern coverage.
  • Test coupler 46 is also coupled to the output of stripline combiner 20.
  • Test coupler 46 passes the signal from stripline combiner 20 to the output of the present invention and also provides the output of stripline combiner 20 to jammer detector and correlator 24.
  • Jammer detector and correlator 24 preferably includes a MMIC 50, a correlation processor 52, analog to digital converters 54, amplifiers 56 and 66, power splitter 58, phase detectors 60, integrators 62, and a hybrid 64.
  • Jammer detector and correlator 24 receives signals from each individual radiator 12 via coupler 16 and switches 76 and 78. These signals are amplified by amplifier 66 and coupled to MMIC 50.
  • the output of MMIC 50 is applied to a 90 degree hybrid 64 which drives the pair of phase detectors 60.
  • the second input to each of the phase detectors 60 is derived from the output of combiner 20 via coupler 46.
  • the phase detector 60 outputs are coupled to integrators 62.
  • MMIC 50 is also coupled to control bus 42 to receive control signals and return data. MMIC 50 is also coupled to the system local oscillator input on line 72 by a coupler 70. Coupler 70 provides the system local oscillator input signal to MMIC 50 and stripline splitter 40.
  • the calibration circuit 22 preferably includes a calibration signal generator 74, a switch and bus interface 76 and a calibration switch 78.
  • Signal generator 74, interface 76 and calibration switch 78 are coupled to control bus 42 to receive control signals.
  • the signal generator 74 produces and outputs a test signal for testing the setting of the MMICs 18.
  • the output of signal generator 74 is also coupled to calibration switch 78.
  • Calibration switch 78 is coupled to the input of jammer detector and correlator 24. Thus, depending on the position of calibration switch 78 there is either a path between signal generator 74 and interface 76, or between correlator 24 and interface 76.
  • Interface 76 is preferably a 64 to 1 test switch and bus interface, and coupled to the 61 test couplers 16 dedicated to radiators 12, respectively.
  • Interface 76 selectively couples calibration switch 78 to one of the 61 test couplers 16 in response to control signal on control bus 42. Therefore, bus interface 76 and calibration switch 78 may be positioned to send a test signal from signal generator 74 to any one of the 61 test couplers 16, and its respective MMIC 18 and radiator 12. In the alternative, bus interface 76 and calibration switch 78 may be positioned to send the signal received by any one of the 61 radiators 12 and its respective band pass filter 14 to correlator 24 for comparison with the composite output signal on line 44.
  • Figure 4 shows a perspective view of a preferred embodiment with the plurality of radiators or horns 12. Most of the remaining portions of the present invention are constructed in the layers supporting the plurality of radiators 12.
  • the present invention advantageously reduces the size and weight of antenna feed and beam forming network 10 by constructing the stripline combiner 20, calibration circuit 22, and correlator 24 with a beamforming network 80.
  • the preferred embodiment of the present invention supports both left and right hand circular polarization.
  • the cross-sectional side view of Figure 5 illustrates antenna feed and beam forming network 10 with two sets of MMICs 18 and beamforming networks 80 (one for each polarization).
  • beamforming networks 80 have calibration circuit 22 placed on the top layer and MMICs placed on the bottom layers.
  • Each beam forming network 80 is comprised of several layers of circuitry including (from top to bottom) a calibration and aperture reuse switch layer, a ground plane, a calibration and aperture reuse switch interconnect layer, a ground plane, a control distribution interconnect layer, a control distribution layer, a ground plane, a L.O. distribution interconnect layer a ground plane, a L.O. distribution layer, a ground plane, a combiner interconnect layer, a ground plane, and a combiner layer.
  • the RF combiner layer is a series of interconnected stripline 2 to 1 combiners.
  • the L.O. Distribution layer is a series interconnected stripline 1 to 2 dividers.
  • FIG 8 illustrates a preferred layout for MMICs 18 of the present invention.
  • Each MMIC 18 has similar semiconductor chip packaging and is mounted to the beam forming layers 80 by semi-rigid coaxial cable and solder points.
  • FIG. 9 illustrates the calibration switch layer.
  • the calibration switch 78 is preferably a single pole double throw voltage controlled MMIC switch.
  • each radiator consists of six layers.
  • the bottom or first layer 90 contains the exciter that provides quadrature excitation which is in line with the crossed slots in a next layer 92.
  • the second layer 92 is preferably copper clad.
  • a third layer 94 provides the necessary spacing between the radiation excitation layer 90 and the first copper radiating patch 98 on a fourth layer 96.
  • a spacer is used for a fifth layer 100 that separates the second radiating copper patch 102 from the first copper patch 98.
  • the radiators 12 are positioned in a planar array as shown in Figure 11. Below the array, there are a series of layers that form the beamforming network. For each of the individual patches, the first six layers are as described in Figure 10. The next four layers are made up of the necessary hybrids, band pass filters, amplifiers and phase shifters required for dual polarization operation with a phased array.

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EP97307249A 1997-09-18 1997-09-18 Mehrkeulenantenne und Strahlformungsnetzwerk Withdrawn EP0905815A1 (de)

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ITRM20120003A1 (it) * 2012-01-03 2013-07-04 Univ Degli Studi Roma Tre Antenna ad apertura a bassa figura di rumore
CN111869005A (zh) * 2018-03-27 2020-10-30 维尔塞特公司 用于相控阵天线的分布式复用控制信号与元件信号的电路架构
CN112162160A (zh) * 2020-09-15 2021-01-01 武汉凡谷电子技术股份有限公司 一种Massive MIMO AFU的测试方法
CN115173069A (zh) * 2022-08-10 2022-10-11 北京星英联微波科技有限责任公司 高增益滤波喇叭天线

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5353031A (en) * 1993-07-23 1994-10-04 Itt Corporation Integrated module controller
EP0620613A2 (de) * 1993-04-15 1994-10-19 Hughes Aircraft Company Gruppengitterschichten von klein herstellbaren Abmessungen
EP0624008A2 (de) * 1993-05-07 1994-11-09 Space Systems / Loral, Inc. Nutzlast eines Satelliten für mobiles Kommunikationssystem
US5412414A (en) * 1988-04-08 1995-05-02 Martin Marietta Corporation Self monitoring/calibrating phased array radar and an interchangeable, adjustable transmit/receive sub-assembly
US5517203A (en) * 1994-05-11 1996-05-14 Space Systems/Loral, Inc. Dielectric resonator filter with coupling ring and antenna system formed therefrom

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5412414A (en) * 1988-04-08 1995-05-02 Martin Marietta Corporation Self monitoring/calibrating phased array radar and an interchangeable, adjustable transmit/receive sub-assembly
EP0620613A2 (de) * 1993-04-15 1994-10-19 Hughes Aircraft Company Gruppengitterschichten von klein herstellbaren Abmessungen
EP0624008A2 (de) * 1993-05-07 1994-11-09 Space Systems / Loral, Inc. Nutzlast eines Satelliten für mobiles Kommunikationssystem
US5353031A (en) * 1993-07-23 1994-10-04 Itt Corporation Integrated module controller
US5517203A (en) * 1994-05-11 1996-05-14 Space Systems/Loral, Inc. Dielectric resonator filter with coupling ring and antenna system formed therefrom

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ITRM20120003A1 (it) * 2012-01-03 2013-07-04 Univ Degli Studi Roma Tre Antenna ad apertura a bassa figura di rumore
EP2613408A1 (de) * 2012-01-03 2013-07-10 Università Degli Studi Roma Tre Aperturantenne mit niedrigem Rauschpegel
JP2013141251A (ja) * 2012-01-03 2013-07-18 Universita Degli Studi Roma Tore 低雑音指数開口アンテナ
US9246225B2 (en) 2012-01-03 2016-01-26 Universita' Degli Studi Roma Tre Low-noise-figure aperture antenna
CN111869005A (zh) * 2018-03-27 2020-10-30 维尔塞特公司 用于相控阵天线的分布式复用控制信号与元件信号的电路架构
US11831077B2 (en) 2018-03-27 2023-11-28 Viasat, Inc. Circuit architecture for distributed multiplexed control and element signals for phased array antenna
CN112162160A (zh) * 2020-09-15 2021-01-01 武汉凡谷电子技术股份有限公司 一种Massive MIMO AFU的测试方法
CN112162160B (zh) * 2020-09-15 2024-05-17 武汉凡谷电子技术股份有限公司 一种Massive MIMO AFU的测试方法
CN115173069A (zh) * 2022-08-10 2022-10-11 北京星英联微波科技有限责任公司 高增益滤波喇叭天线
CN115173069B (zh) * 2022-08-10 2024-05-07 北京星英联微波科技有限责任公司 高增益滤波喇叭天线

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