EP0898688A1 - PROCESS FOR MINIMISING THE NOx CONTENT OF FLUE GASES - Google Patents

PROCESS FOR MINIMISING THE NOx CONTENT OF FLUE GASES

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Publication number
EP0898688A1
EP0898688A1 EP97923043A EP97923043A EP0898688A1 EP 0898688 A1 EP0898688 A1 EP 0898688A1 EP 97923043 A EP97923043 A EP 97923043A EP 97923043 A EP97923043 A EP 97923043A EP 0898688 A1 EP0898688 A1 EP 0898688A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
combustion
combustion zone
free space
furnace
flue gases
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP97923043A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0898688B1 (en
Inventor
Frank Stamer
Paul Ludwig
Peter Theis
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Infraserv GmbH and Co Hoechst KG
Original Assignee
Hoechst Research and Technology Deutschland GmbH and Co KG
Infraserv GmbH and Co Hoechst KG
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Publication date
Application filed by Hoechst Research and Technology Deutschland GmbH and Co KG, Infraserv GmbH and Co Hoechst KG filed Critical Hoechst Research and Technology Deutschland GmbH and Co KG
Publication of EP0898688A1 publication Critical patent/EP0898688A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0898688B1 publication Critical patent/EP0898688B1/en
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Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/30—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having a fluidised bed
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J1/00—Removing ash, clinker, or slag from combustion chambers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
    • F23G5/08—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating
    • F23G5/14—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating including secondary combustion
    • F23G5/16—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating including secondary combustion in a separate combustion chamber
    • F23G5/165—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor having supplementary heating including secondary combustion in a separate combustion chamber arranged at a different level
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G2209/00—Specific waste
    • F23G2209/12—Sludge, slurries or mixtures of liquids
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
    • F23L2900/00—Special arrangements for supplying or treating air or oxidant for combustion; Injecting inert gas, water or steam into the combustion chamber
    • F23L2900/07002—Injecting inert gas, other than steam or evaporated water, into the combustion chambers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
    • F23L2900/00—Special arrangements for supplying or treating air or oxidant for combustion; Injecting inert gas, water or steam into the combustion chamber
    • F23L2900/07009—Injection of steam into the combustion chamber

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for operating incinerators for combustion goods such as sewage sludge, garbage or coal, in which the combustion material is burned in a combustion zone of the furnace and the resulting flue gases are extracted via a free space which is located above the combustion zone.
  • a free space is a room with greatly reduced combustion. It serves to separate flue gases and dust as well as a small amount of post-combustion of CO and organic carbon and is also known as a calming room.
  • a method of the type mentioned at the outset is known, for example, from DE 3703568 A1.
  • a method for operating fluidized bed furnaces in which, for example, sewage sludge is burned in a fluidized bed which is located in the combustion zone of the fluidized bed furnace.
  • the fluidized bed is produced in this process by using a mixture of combustion air and flue gases as the fluidized air, the flue gases being admixed to the combustion air in a temperature and quantity-controlled manner.
  • the NO x concentration in the flue gas can be reduced. Nevertheless, a residual amount of NO x remains in the flue gas and therefore it is desirable in the context of environmental protection, especially air pollution control, to further reduce the NO x emissions.
  • the invention was therefore based on the object of further reducing the NO x content in flue gases.
  • the present object is therefore achieved by a method of the type mentioned at the outset, which is characterized in that the flue gases are set in a turbulent movement in the free space without the turbulence in the combustion zone being significantly increased thereby.
  • the invention thus relates to a method for operating combustion furnaces for combustion goods such as sewage sludge, garbage or coal, in which the combustion material is burned in a combustion zone of the furnace and the resulting flue gases are drawn off via a free space located above the combustion zone characterized in that the flue gases are set in a turbulent movement in the free space, without thereby significantly increasing the turbulence in the combustion zone.
  • the combustion itself can take place in one or two stages according to DE 3703568.
  • Fluidized bed furnaces which have a fluidized bed in the firing zone, deck furnaces or rust furnaces can be used as combustion furnaces.
  • the process is preferably suitable for the incineration of sewage sludge, since due to its protein content it can be expected that a lot of NO ⁇ will be burned.
  • the turbulent movement of the flue gases is advantageously generated by injecting gas, preferably inert gas or noble gas, particularly preferably by injecting water vapor or nitrogen.
  • Liquids or solids are also suitable for injection.
  • the injection takes place advantageously in the free space above the firing zone, in such a way that the turbulence in the combustion zone or fluidized bed is not significantly, preferably not increased.
  • the method is particularly suitable for incinerators with combustion zone areas greater than 5, preferably 40, particularly preferably 100 and very particularly preferably 200 m 2 .
  • the invention also relates to an incinerator which has a combustion zone and a free space above the combustion zone, characterized in that the incinerator has means by which the flue gases in the free space can be set in turbulent motion without thereby significantly increasing the turbulence in the combustion zone becomes.
  • This can be a fluidized bed furnace which has nozzles and / or flow disrupters in the free space above the fluidized bed. Baffles, for example, are suitable as flow disrupters.
  • pipes that are installed for steam generation are also possible.
  • NO ⁇ minimization through comparatively simple measures.
  • secondary measures such as the SNCR or SCR process (Selective (Non-) Catalytic Reduction) are not required.
  • the CO produced during combustion may act as a reducing agent, which is why it seems favorable not to reduce the CO formation in the fluidized bed.
  • a reducing agent is also added.
  • the pure water vapor is injected to increase the turbulence of the flue gases and this also improves the cross-mixing of the flue gases.
  • the method according to the invention is also suitable for combustion furnaces with a low heat output down to 2000, even 1000 and even 500 kJ / (kg of fuel).
  • the nitrogen contained in the sewage sludge is essentially converted to NH 3 , N 2 and to a small extent to fuel NO x in the fluidized bed.
  • the N0 2 portion of total nitrogen is approximately 5%.
  • Increasing the concentration of a reducing agent in the flue gas e.g. increasing the CO concentration
  • increasing the residence time Improve turbulence and response speed
  • Industrial sewage sludge 3 is burned in a two-stage fluidized bed furnace 1 with a combustion zone 2, in which the fluidized bed 11 is located.
  • the combustion zone 2 with the fluidized bed 11 is located above an inflow floor 9 through which combustion air 7 is introduced into the fluidized bed 11 via an air distributor device (not shown).
  • the sewage sludge 3 is burned in the fluidized bed 11 to reduce the fuel NO x formation at 0 2 contents in the combustion air 7 (primary air) of approximately 1% by volume.
  • the resulting flue gases 1 2 enter a free space 4 above the fluidized bed and are withdrawn via this free space 4 and fed to a second combustion stage.
  • the after-reaction zone 6 the CO formed by the reducing combustion conditions is afterburned by feeding in secondary air 8 to C0 2 (0 2 contents in the after-reaction zone> 6% by volume).
  • the injection of Water vapor 10 takes place via one or more nozzles 5 directly into the free space 4.
  • the turbulence of the fluidized bed 11 is not or only slightly influenced by this injection.
  • the sewage sludge 3 is preferably added from above, from a height which ensures that the sewage sludge 3 is still dried while falling through the hot flue gases 4 into the fluidized bed 11.
  • Sewage sludge feed rate approx. 10 t / h (40% dry substance)
  • Flue gas quantity approx. 45000 Nm 3 / h (wet), approx. 35000 Nm 3 / h (dry)
  • Fluid bed temperature 750 - 850 ° C
  • NO x concentration in free space approx. 3000 mg / Nm 3
  • Fluid bed furnace height 10.6 m

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Fluidized-Bed Combustion And Resonant Combustion (AREA)
  • Incineration Of Waste (AREA)
  • Treating Waste Gases (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a process for operating incineration furnaces (1) for sludge, rubbish or coal, in which the incineration product is burnt in a combustion chamber (2) of the furnace (1) and the flue gases (12) produced are discharged via an open area (4) above the combustion chamber (2). A turbulent motion is imparted to the flue gases (12) in the open area (4) without substantially increasing the turbulence in the combustion chamber (2). The process of the invention has the advantage that the NOx content of the flue gases can be further reduced by relatively simple means. Figures of about 100 mg/m3 have been attained in a large industrial sludge incineration plant.

Description

Beschreibungdescription
Verfahren zur Minimierung des NOx-Gehaltes in RauchgasenProcess for minimizing the NO x content in flue gases
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Betrieb von Verbrennungsöfen für Verbrennungsgüter wie Klärschlamm, Müll oder Kohle, bei dem das Verbrennungsgut in einer Brennzone des Ofens verbrannt wird und die entstehenden Rauchgase über einen Freiraum, der sich über der Brennzone befindet, abgezogen werden.The invention relates to a method for operating incinerators for combustion goods such as sewage sludge, garbage or coal, in which the combustion material is burned in a combustion zone of the furnace and the resulting flue gases are extracted via a free space which is located above the combustion zone.
Ein Freiraum ist dabei ein Raum mit stark Verminderter Verbrennung. Er dient der Trennung von Rauchgasen und Staub sowie einer geringfügigen Nachverbrennung von CO und organischem Kohlenstoff und wird auch als Beruhigungsraum bezeichnet.A free space is a room with greatly reduced combustion. It serves to separate flue gases and dust as well as a small amount of post-combustion of CO and organic carbon and is also known as a calming room.
Ein Verfahren der eingangs genannten Art ist beispielsweise aus der DE 3703568 A1 bekannt. In dieser Schrift wird ein Verfahren zum Betrieb von Wirbelschichtöfen offenbart, bei dem beispielsweise Klärschlamm in einer Wirbelschicht, die sich in der Brennzone des Wirbelschichtofens befindet, verbrannt wird. Die Wirbelschicht wird bei diesem Verfahren dadurch erzeugt, daß als Wirbelluft eine Gemisch aus Verbrennungsluft und Rauchgasen verwendet wird, wobei die Rauchgase temperatur- und mengengeregelt der Verbrennungsluft zugemischt werden. Mit diesem Verfahren läßt sich die NOx- Konzentration im Rauchgas reduzieren. Dennoch verbleibt ein Rest an NOx im Rauchgas und daher ist es im Rahmen des Umweltschutzes, speziell der Luftreinhaltung wünschenswert, die Emissionen an NOx weiter zu senken.A method of the type mentioned at the outset is known, for example, from DE 3703568 A1. In this document, a method for operating fluidized bed furnaces is disclosed, in which, for example, sewage sludge is burned in a fluidized bed which is located in the combustion zone of the fluidized bed furnace. The fluidized bed is produced in this process by using a mixture of combustion air and flue gases as the fluidized air, the flue gases being admixed to the combustion air in a temperature and quantity-controlled manner. With this method the NO x concentration in the flue gas can be reduced. Nevertheless, a residual amount of NO x remains in the flue gas and therefore it is desirable in the context of environmental protection, especially air pollution control, to further reduce the NO x emissions.
Der Erfindung lag daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, den NOx-Gehalt in Rauchgasen weiter zu senken.The invention was therefore based on the object of further reducing the NO x content in flue gases.
Es wurde nun beim Betrieb einer Klärschlamm-Verbrennungsanlage überraschend gefunden, daß sich der NOx-Gehalt weiter senken läßt ohne daß sich dadurch das Verhalten der Verbrennungsanlage nachteilig ändert, wenn die Rauchgase im Freiraum über der Brennzone in turbulente Bewegung versetzt werden, ohne daß dadurch die Turbulenz in der Brennzone wesentlich erhöht wird. Dies überrascht um so mehr, als die Rauchgase im Freiraum über der Brennzone üblicherweise in laminarer Strömung gehalten werden sollen, damit möglichst wenig grobe Staub¬ oder Rußteilchen aus der Brennzone mit ausgetragen werden.It was now surprising when operating a sewage sludge incineration plant found that the NO x content can be further reduced without thereby adversely changing the behavior of the incinerator if the flue gases are set in turbulent motion in the free space above the combustion zone without the turbulence in the combustion zone being significantly increased thereby. This is all the more surprising since the flue gases in the free space above the combustion zone are usually to be kept in a laminar flow, so that as little coarse dust or soot particles as possible are removed from the combustion zone.
Die vorliegende Aufgabe wird also durch ein Verfahren der eingangs genannten Art gelöst, das dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, daß die Rauchgase in dem Freiraum in eine turbulente Bewegung versetzt werden, ohne daß dadurch die Turbulenz in der Brennzone wesentlich erhöht wird.The present object is therefore achieved by a method of the type mentioned at the outset, which is characterized in that the flue gases are set in a turbulent movement in the free space without the turbulence in the combustion zone being significantly increased thereby.
Gegenstand der Erfindung ist somit ein Verfahren zum Betrieb von Verbrennungsöfen für Verbrennungsgüter wie Klärschlamm, Müll oder Kohle, bei dem das Verbrennungsgut in einer Brennzone des Ofens verbrannt wird und die entstehenden Rauchgase über einen Freiraum, der sich über der Brennzone befindet, abgezogen werden, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Rauchgase in dem Freiraum in eine turbulente Bewegung versetzt werden, ohne daß dadurch die Turbulenz in der Brennzone wesentlich erhöht wird.The invention thus relates to a method for operating combustion furnaces for combustion goods such as sewage sludge, garbage or coal, in which the combustion material is burned in a combustion zone of the furnace and the resulting flue gases are drawn off via a free space located above the combustion zone characterized in that the flue gases are set in a turbulent movement in the free space, without thereby significantly increasing the turbulence in the combustion zone.
Die Verbrennung selbst kann dabei einstufig oder zweistufig gemäß DE 3703568 erfolgen. Als Verbrennungsöfen können u.a. Wirbelschichtöfen, die in der Brennzone eine Wirbelschicht aufweisen, Etagenöfen oder Rostöfen verwendet werden. Das Verfahren eignet sich vorzugsweise zur Verbrennung von Klärschlamm, da dieser infolge seines Eiweißgehaltes bei der Verbrennung relativ viel NOχ erwarten läßt. Die turbulente Bewegung der Rauchgase erzeugt man vorteilhafterweise durch Eindüsen von Gas, bevorzugt von Inertgas oder Edelgas, besonders bevorzugt durch Eindüsen von Wasserdampf oder Stickstoff. Zum Eindüsen eignen sich aber auch Flüssigkeiten oder Feststoffe. Die Eindüsung erfolgt vorteilhafterweise in den Freiraum über der Brennzone, und zwar so, daß die Turbulenz in der Brennzone bzw. Wirbelschicht nicht wesentlich, vorzugsweise nicht erhöht wird. Das Verfahren eignet sich besonders für Verbrennungsöfen mit Brennzonenflächen größer als 5, bevorzugt 40, besonders bevorzugt 100 und ganz besonders bevorzugt 200 m2.The combustion itself can take place in one or two stages according to DE 3703568. Fluidized bed furnaces which have a fluidized bed in the firing zone, deck furnaces or rust furnaces can be used as combustion furnaces. The process is preferably suitable for the incineration of sewage sludge, since due to its protein content it can be expected that a lot of NO χ will be burned. The turbulent movement of the flue gases is advantageously generated by injecting gas, preferably inert gas or noble gas, particularly preferably by injecting water vapor or nitrogen. Liquids or solids are also suitable for injection. The injection takes place advantageously in the free space above the firing zone, in such a way that the turbulence in the combustion zone or fluidized bed is not significantly, preferably not increased. The method is particularly suitable for incinerators with combustion zone areas greater than 5, preferably 40, particularly preferably 100 and very particularly preferably 200 m 2 .
Gegenstand der Erfindung ist außerdem Verbrennungsofen, der eine Brennzone und einen Freiraum über der Brennzone aufweist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Verbrennungsofen Mittel aufweist, durch die die Rauchgase im Freiraum in turbulente Bewegung versetzt werden können, ohne daß dadurch die Turbulenz in der Brennzone wesentlich erhöht wird. Das kann ein Wirbelschichtofen sein, der im Freiraum über der Wirbelschicht Düsen und/oder Strömungsstörer aufweist. Als Strömungsstörer eignen sich beispielsweise Leitbleche. Es kommen aber auch Rohre, die zur Dampferzeugung eingebaut sind, in Frage.The invention also relates to an incinerator which has a combustion zone and a free space above the combustion zone, characterized in that the incinerator has means by which the flue gases in the free space can be set in turbulent motion without thereby significantly increasing the turbulence in the combustion zone becomes. This can be a fluidized bed furnace which has nozzles and / or flow disrupters in the free space above the fluidized bed. Baffles, for example, are suitable as flow disrupters. However, pipes that are installed for steam generation are also possible.
Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahrens bietet im wesentlichen folgende Vorteile:The method according to the invention essentially offers the following advantages:
NOχ-Minimierung durch vergleichsweise einfache Maßnahmen. In Kombination mit der zweistufigen Verbrennung entfallen Sekundärmaßnahmen wie beim SNCR- oder SCR-Verfahren (Selective (Non-)Catalytic Reduction). Als Reduktionsmittel wirkt möglicherweise das bei der Verbrennung entstehende CO, weshalb es günstig erscheint, die CO-Bildung in der Wirbelschicht nicht zu vermindern. Beim SNCR- oder SCR-Verfahren wird ein Reduktionsmittel zusätzlich zugegeben.NO χ minimization through comparatively simple measures. In combination with the two-stage combustion, secondary measures such as the SNCR or SCR process (Selective (Non-) Catalytic Reduction) are not required. The CO produced during combustion may act as a reducing agent, which is why it seems favorable not to reduce the CO formation in the fluidized bed. With the SNCR or SCR process, a reducing agent is also added.
Entfall der Nachteile des SNCR- bzw SCR-Verfahrens: u.a. NH3-Schlupf, Korrosion in der Anlage und Wiederauf heizung der Rauchgase (SCR-Verfahren).Eliminates the disadvantages of the SNCR or SCR process: including NH 3 slip, corrosion in the system and reheating of the flue gases (SCR process).
Reduzierung von Betriebskosten durch Einsparung von Reduktionsmitteln.Reduction of operating costs by saving reducing agents.
Weitergehende Senkung der NOx- und org. C-Frachten im Rauchgas. Verbesserung des Ausbrandverhaltens der Flugasche. Erhöhung der Konstanz der Verbrennungsbedingungen durch besseres Regelverhalten des Wirbelschichtofens.Further reduction of the NO x and org. C loads in flue gas. Improve the burnout behavior of the fly ash. Increase the constancy of the combustion conditions through better control behavior of the fluidized bed furnace.
Im Gegensatz zur Dampfdruckzerstäubung {wie z. B. Eindüsung von Heizöl) und bei einigen SNCR-Verfahren, bei welchen die Eindüsung von Wasserdampf in das Rauchgas lediglich die Funktion der Zerstäubung eines im Rauchgas zu verteilenden Mediums ausübt, wird im erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren der reine Wasserdampf zur Erhöhung der Turbulenz der Rauchgase eingedüst und dadurch auch die Quervermischung der Rauchgase verbessert.In contrast to vapor pressure atomization {such as e.g. B. injection of heating oil) and in some SNCR processes, in which the injection of water vapor into the flue gas only has the function of atomizing a medium to be distributed in the flue gas, the pure water vapor is injected to increase the turbulence of the flue gases and this also improves the cross-mixing of the flue gases.
Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren eignet sich auch für Verbrennungsöfen mit niedriger Wärmeleistung bis hinab zu 2000, auch 1000 und sogar 500 kJ/(kg Brennstoff).The method according to the invention is also suitable for combustion furnaces with a low heat output down to 2000, even 1000 and even 500 kJ / (kg of fuel).
Die Wirkung der erfindungsgemäßen Maßnahme erklärt sich vermutlich folgendermaßen.The effect of the measure according to the invention is probably explained as follows.
Der im Klärschlamm enthaltene Stickstoff wird in der Wirbelschicht im wesentlichen zu NH3, N2 und zu einem geringen Anteil zu Brennstoff-NOx umgewandelt. Der N02-Anteil von Gesamtstickstoff beträgt ca. 5%. Durch Minimierung des 02-Angebotes bei der Klärschlammverbrennung wird die Brennstoff NO-Bildung weitgehend unterdrückt, während die CO-Bildung begünstigt wird.The nitrogen contained in the sewage sludge is essentially converted to NH 3 , N 2 and to a small extent to fuel NO x in the fluidized bed. The N0 2 portion of total nitrogen is approximately 5%. By minimizing the 0 2 supply in sewage sludge incineration, the formation of NO fuel is largely suppressed, while the formation of CO is favored.
Im Freiraum über der Wirbelschicht wird das bei der Klärschlammverbrennung gebildete NOx vermutlich durch Anwesenheit von C, CO und NH3 unter der katalytischen Wirkung der Asche zu N2 reduziert. Die Reduktion von NOx ließe sich demnach durch folgende Maßnahmen verbessern:In the free space above the fluidized bed, the NO x formed during sewage sludge incineration is presumably reduced to N 2 by the presence of C, CO and NH 3 under the catalytic effect of the ash. The reduction of NO x could therefore be improved by the following measures:
Erhöhung der Konzentration eines Reduktionsmittels im Rauchgas (z. B. Erhöhung der CO-Konzentration), Erhöhung der Verweilzeit, Verbesserung der Turbulenz und der ReaktionsgeschwindigkeitIncreasing the concentration of a reducing agent in the flue gas (e.g. increasing the CO concentration), increasing the residence time, Improve turbulence and response speed
Die Eindüsung von Wasserdampf in den Freiraum über der Wirbelschicht führt vermutlich infolge verbesserter Turbulenz und Quervermischung zu ausgeglichenen Konzentrations- und Temperaturgradienten im Rauchgas. Damit wird die Reduktion von NOx zu N2 deutlich verbessert. Ohne die Eindüsung liegen im Freiraum über der Brennzone laminare Strömungsverhältnisse vor, so daß die NOx-Reduktion unvollständiger abläuft. Würde man in die Wirbelschicht eindüsen und dadurch - oder auch durch andere Maßnahmen - die Turbulenz und Verbrennung in der Wirbelschicht erhöhen, würde in der Wirbelschicht weniger CO entstehen, welches im Freiraum die Reduktion des NOx unterstützt.The injection of water vapor into the free space above the fluidized bed presumably leads to balanced concentration and temperature gradients in the flue gas as a result of improved turbulence and cross-mixing. This significantly improves the reduction of NO x to N 2 . Without the injection, there are laminar flow conditions in the free space above the combustion zone, so that the NO x reduction is incomplete. If one injected into the fluidized bed and thereby - or also by other measures - increased turbulence and combustion in the fluidized bed, less CO would be generated in the fluidized bed, which would support the reduction of NO x in the free space.
Im folgenden wird das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren und der erfindungsgemäße Wirbelschichtofen anhand der Figur 1 in beispielhafter Ausführung näher erläutert. Eine Beschränkung der Erfindung in irgendeiner Weise ist dadurch nicht beabsichtigt.The method according to the invention and the fluidized bed furnace according to the invention are explained in more detail below with reference to FIG. It is not intended to limit the invention in any way.
In einem zweistufig konzipierten Wirbelschichtofen 1 mit einer Brennzone 2, in der sich die Wirbelschicht 1 1 befindet, wird industrieller Klärschlamm 3 verbrannt. Die Brennzone 2 mit der Wirbelschicht 1 1 befindet sich oberhalb eines Anströmbodens 9, durch den Verbrennungsluft 7 über eine nicht gezeichnete Luftverteilereinrichtung in die Wirbelschicht 1 1 eingeleitet wird. Hierbei erfolgt in einer ersten Verbrennungsstufe die Verbrennung des Klärschlammes 3 in der Wirbelschicht 1 1 zur Verminderung der Brennstoff-NOx-Bildung bei 02-Gehalten in der Verbrennungsluft 7 (Primärluft) von ca. 1 Vol.-%. Die entstehenden Rauchgase 1 2 gelangen in einen Freiraum 4 über der Wirbelschicht und werden über diesen Freiraum 4 abgezogen und einer zweiten Verbrennungsstufe zugeleitet. In dieser zweiten Verbrennungsstufe, der Nachreaktionszone 6, wird das durch die reduzierenden Verbrennungsbedingungen entstandene CO durch Einspeisung von Sekundärluft 8 zu C02 nachverbrannt (02-Gehalte in der Nachreaktionszone > 6 Vol.-%). Die erfindungsgemäße Eindüsung von Wasserdampf 10 erfolgt über eine oder mehrere Düsen 5 direkt in den Freiraum 4. Die Turbulenz der Wirbelschicht 1 1 wird durch diese Eindüsung nicht bzw nur wenig beeinflußt.Industrial sewage sludge 3 is burned in a two-stage fluidized bed furnace 1 with a combustion zone 2, in which the fluidized bed 11 is located. The combustion zone 2 with the fluidized bed 11 is located above an inflow floor 9 through which combustion air 7 is introduced into the fluidized bed 11 via an air distributor device (not shown). In a first combustion stage, the sewage sludge 3 is burned in the fluidized bed 11 to reduce the fuel NO x formation at 0 2 contents in the combustion air 7 (primary air) of approximately 1% by volume. The resulting flue gases 1 2 enter a free space 4 above the fluidized bed and are withdrawn via this free space 4 and fed to a second combustion stage. In this second combustion stage, the after-reaction zone 6, the CO formed by the reducing combustion conditions is afterburned by feeding in secondary air 8 to C0 2 (0 2 contents in the after-reaction zone> 6% by volume). The injection of Water vapor 10 takes place via one or more nozzles 5 directly into the free space 4. The turbulence of the fluidized bed 11 is not or only slightly influenced by this injection.
Die Zugabe des Klärschlammes 3 erfolgt vorzugsweise von oben, aus einer Höhe, die gewährleistet, daß der Klärschlamm 3 während des Herunterfallens durch die heißen Rauchgase 4 in die Wirbelschicht 1 1 noch getrocknet wird.The sewage sludge 3 is preferably added from above, from a height which ensures that the sewage sludge 3 is still dried while falling through the hot flue gases 4 into the fluidized bed 11.
Die vorteilhafte Wirkung belegt der nachfolgend beschriebene Betriebsversuch.The operating test described below proves the advantageous effect.
In einer industriellen Großanlage entsprechend der Figur 1 wurde Klärschlamm unter folgenden Bedingungen verbrannt:In a large industrial plant according to FIG. 1, sewage sludge was burned under the following conditions:
Klärschlamm-Eintragsmβnge: ca. 10 t/h (40% Trockensubstanz) Rauchgasmenge: ca. 45000 Nm3/h (feucht), ca. 35000 Nm3/h (trocken)Sewage sludge feed rate: approx. 10 t / h (40% dry substance) Flue gas quantity: approx. 45000 Nm 3 / h (wet), approx. 35000 Nm 3 / h (dry)
Wirbelschichttemperatur: 750 - 850 °CFluid bed temperature: 750 - 850 ° C
Temp. im Freiraum: 900 - 1000 °CTemp. In free space: 900 - 1000 ° C
Temp. in der Nachreaktionszone: 860 - 900 °CTemp. In the post-reaction zone: 860 - 900 ° C
Wirbelgasmenge (Primärluft): ca. 20000 Nm3/hEddy gas volume (primary air): approx. 20,000 Nm 3 / h
NOx-Konzentration im Freiraum: ca. 3000 mg/Nm3 NO x concentration in free space: approx. 3000 mg / Nm 3
CO-Konzentration: ca. 0,5 Vol-%CO concentration: approx. 0.5 vol%
Wassergehalt im Rauchgas: ca. 30 Vol.-%Water content in the flue gas: approx. 30 vol.%
Fläche des Anströmbodens: 1 6,6 m2 Inflow floor area: 1 6.6 m 2
Wirbelschichtofen-Durchmesser: 5,65 mFluid bed furnace diameter: 5.65 m
Wirbelschichtofen-Höhe: 10,6 mFluid bed furnace height: 10.6 m
Im Rahmen eines Betriebsversuches wird in den Freiraum über der Wirbelschicht ca. 500 Nm3/h überhitzter Wasserdampf (4,2 barabs) eingedüst und die NOx Konzentration gemessen und aufgezeichnet. Das Ergebnis ist in dem Diagramm der Fig. 2 dargestellt, in dem die NOx Konzentration vor, während und nach der Dampfeindüsung im Verlauf der Zeit (min) wiedergegeben ist. Kurz nach der Dampfeindüsung fällt die N0X Konzentration von ca. 220 auf 100 mg/m3, um nach der Abschaltung der Eindüsung wieder auf den ursprünglichen Wert anzusteigen. Mit im Diagramm der Fig. 2 eingezeichnet ist außerdem noch die 02 Konzentration, die während des Versuches bei ca. 0,5 Vol.-% lag. As part of an operational test, about 500 Nm 3 / h of superheated steam (4.2 bar abs ) is injected into the free space above the fluidized bed and the NO x concentration is measured and recorded. The result is shown in the diagram in FIG. 2, in which the NO x concentration before, during and after the steam injection is shown over the course of time (min). Shortly after the Steam injection reduces the N0 X concentration from approx. 220 to 100 mg / m 3 in order to rise to the original value again after the injection has been switched off. Also shown in the diagram in FIG. 2 is the 0 2 concentration, which was approximately 0.5% by volume during the test.

Claims

Patentansprüche Patent claims
1 . Verfahren zum Betrieb von Verbrennungsöfen ( 1 ) für Verbrennungsgüter wie Klärschlamm, Müll oder Kohle, bei dem das Verbrennungsgut in einer Brennzone (2) des Ofens (1 ) verbrannt wird und die entstehenden Rauchgase (1 2) über einen Freiraum (4), der sich über der Brennzone (2) befindet, abgezogen werden, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Rauchgase (1 2) in dem Freiraum (4) in eine turbulente Bewegung versetzt werden, ohne daß dadurch die Turbulenz in der Brennzone (2) wesentlich erhöht wird.1 . Method for operating incineration furnaces (1) for combustion materials such as sewage sludge, garbage or coal, in which the combustion material is burned in a combustion zone (2) of the furnace (1) and the resulting flue gases (1 2) over a free space (4). located above the combustion zone (2), are drawn off, characterized in that the flue gases (1 2) in the free space (4) are set into a turbulent movement without the turbulence in the combustion zone (2) being significantly increased.
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 , dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Verbrennungsgut Klärschlamm (3) ist.2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the material to be burned is sewage sludge (3).
3. Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Verbrennung zweistufig erfolgt.3. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 2, characterized in that the combustion takes place in two stages.
4. Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die turbulente Bewegung der Rauchgase (1 2) durch Eindüsen eines Gases ( 10) oder einer Flüssigkeit oder eines Feststoffes in der Freiraum (4) über der Brennzone (2) erzeugt wird.4. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the turbulent movement of the flue gases (1 2) by injecting a gas (10) or a liquid or a solid into the free space (4) above the combustion zone (2 ) is produced.
5. Verfahren nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß ein Inertgas eingedüst wird.5. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that an inert gas is injected.
6. Verfahren nach Anspruch 4 oder 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß Wasserdampf oder Stickstoff oder ein Edelgas eingedüst wird.6. The method according to claim 4 or 5, characterized in that steam or nitrogen or a noble gas is injected.
7. Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Verbrennungsofen (1 ) ein Wirbelschichtofen ist, in dessen Brennzone (2) sich eine Wirbelschicht (1 1 ) befindet.7. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the combustion furnace (1) is a fluidized bed furnace, in the combustion zone (2) there is a fluidized bed (1 1).
8. Verbrennungsofen (1 ), insbesondere zur Durchführung des Verfahrens nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, der eine Brennzone (2) und einen Freiraum (4) über der Brennzone (2) aufweist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Verbrennungsofen ( 1 ) Mittel (5) aufweist, durch die die Rauchgase im Freiraum (4) in turbulente Bewegung versetzt werden können, ohne daß dadurch die Turbulenz in der Brennzone wesentlich erhöht wird.8. Combustion furnace (1), in particular for carrying out the method according to one or more of claims 1 to 7, which has a combustion zone (2) and a free space (4) above the combustion zone (2), characterized in that the combustion furnace (1 ) Has means (5) through which the flue gases in the free space (4) can be set in turbulent motion without significantly increasing the turbulence in the combustion zone.
9. Verbrennungsofen nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Verbrennungsofen (1 ) ein Wirbelschichtofen ist, mit einer Wirbelschicht (1 1 ) in der Brennzone (2), und daß die Mittel (5) Düsen für Gase oder Flüssigkeiten sind, die oberhalb der Brennzone angeordnet und in den Freiraum (4) gerichtet sind.9. Combustion furnace according to claim 8, characterized in that the combustion furnace (1) is a fluidized bed furnace, with a fluidized bed (1 1) in the combustion zone (2), and that the means (5) are nozzles for gases or liquids which are above are arranged in the combustion zone and directed into the free space (4).
10. Verbrennungsofen nach Anspruch 8 oder 9 dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Verbrennungsofen (1 ) einem Anströmboden (9) unterhalb der Brennzone (2) und eine unter dem Anströmboden (9) liegende Luftverteilereinrichtung aufweist.10. Combustion furnace according to claim 8 or 9, characterized in that the combustion furnace (1) has an inflow base (9) below the combustion zone (2) and an air distribution device located under the inflow base (9).
1 1 . Verbrennungsofen nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 8 bis 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß im Freiraum (4) über der Brennzone (2) Strömungsstörer angebracht sind.1 1 . Combustion furnace according to one or more of claims 8 to 10, characterized in that flow disruptors are mounted in the free space (4) above the combustion zone (2).
1 2. Verbrennungsofen nach Anspruch 1 1 , dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Strömungsstörer Leitbleche sind. GEÄNDERTE ANSPRUCHE1 2. Combustion furnace according to claim 1 1, characterized in that the flow disruptors are baffles. CHANGED CLAIMS
[beim Internationalen Büro am 10. Oktober 1997 ( 10. 10.97) ei ngegangen , ursprüngl icher Anspruch 2 gestrichen ; ursprüngl icher Anspruch 1 geändert ; a l le weiteren Ansprüche unverändert ( 1 Seite ) ][received by the International Bureau on October 10, 1997 (10/10/97), original claim 2 deleted; original claim 1 changed; all other claims unchanged (1 page)]
1 . Verfahren zum Betrieb von Verbrennungsöfen (1 ) für Klärschlamm (3), bei dem der Klärschlamm (3) in einer Brennzone (2) des Ofens (1 ) verbrannt wird und die entstehenden Rauchgase (12) über einen Freiraum (4), der sich über der Brennzone (2) befindet, abgezogen werden, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Rauchgase (12) in dem Freiraum (4) in eine turbulente Bewegung versetzt werden, ohne daß dadurch die Turbulenz in der Brennzone (2) wesentlich erhöht wird.1 . Method for operating incineration furnaces (1) for sewage sludge (3), in which the sewage sludge (3) is burned in a combustion zone (2) of the furnace (1) and the resulting flue gases (12) over a free space (4) which located above the combustion zone (2), are drawn off, characterized in that the flue gases (12) in the free space (4) are set into a turbulent movement without the turbulence in the combustion zone (2) being significantly increased.
3. Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Verbrennung zweistufig erfolgt.3. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 2, characterized in that the combustion takes place in two stages.
4. Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die turbulente Bewegung der Rauchgase (1 2) durch Eindüsen eines Gases ( 10) oder einer Flüssigkeit oder eines Feststoffes in der Freiraum (4) über der Brennzone (2) erzeugt wird.4. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the turbulent movement of the flue gases (1 2) by injecting a gas (10) or a liquid or a solid into the free space (4) above the combustion zone (2 ) is produced.
5. Verfahren nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß ein Inertgas eingedüst wird.5. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that an inert gas is injected.
6. Verfahren nach Anspruch 4 oder 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß Wasserdampf oder Stickstoff oder ein Edelgas eingedüst wird.6. The method according to claim 4 or 5, characterized in that steam or nitrogen or a noble gas is injected.
7. Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Verbrennungsofen (1 ) ein Wirbelschichtofen ist, 7. The method according to one or more of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the combustion furnace (1) is a fluidized bed furnace,
EP97923043A 1996-05-17 1997-05-09 PROCESS FOR MINIMISING THE NOx CONTENT OF FLUE GASES Expired - Lifetime EP0898688B1 (en)

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DE19619764A DE19619764C2 (en) 1996-05-17 1996-05-17 Process for minimizing the NO¶x¶ content in flue gases
DE19619764 1996-05-17
PCT/EP1997/002389 WO1997044620A1 (en) 1996-05-17 1997-05-09 PROCESS FOR MINIMISING THE NOx CONTENT OF FLUE GASES

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DE10051733B4 (en) * 2000-10-18 2005-08-04 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Process for the gradual combustion of fuels
JP2014500942A (en) 2010-11-12 2014-01-16 キャボット コーポレイション Method and apparatus for reducing NOx emissions in exhaust gas incineration
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CN107448953A (en) * 2017-09-16 2017-12-08 张文瀚 A kind of fixed-end forces device
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CN110793043B (en) * 2019-11-20 2021-03-12 上海华谊新材料有限公司 System for incinerating high-salinity organic wastewater and wastewater treatment method
CN112432183B (en) * 2020-10-23 2021-12-14 清华大学 Waste incineration coupling boiler system
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