EP0847666B1 - Panel-form loudspeakers - Google Patents
Panel-form loudspeakers Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0847666B1 EP0847666B1 EP96929404A EP96929404A EP0847666B1 EP 0847666 B1 EP0847666 B1 EP 0847666B1 EP 96929404 A EP96929404 A EP 96929404A EP 96929404 A EP96929404 A EP 96929404A EP 0847666 B1 EP0847666 B1 EP 0847666B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- panel
- transducer
- radiator
- form loudspeaker
- loudspeaker according
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 claims description 7
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- 239000012792 core layer Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 239000004763 nomex Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
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- 229920002430 Fibre-reinforced plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000106 Liquid crystal polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004977 Liquid-crystal polymers (LCPs) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000877 Melamine resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- MWCLLHOVUTZFKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl cyanoacrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(=C)C#N MWCLLHOVUTZFKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005041 Mylar™ Substances 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 230000002457 bidirectional effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010951 brass Substances 0.000 description 1
- LDVVMCZRFWMZSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N captan Chemical compound C1C=CCC2C(=O)N(SC(Cl)(Cl)Cl)C(=O)C21 LDVVMCZRFWMZSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- -1 card Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 1
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- JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N melamine Chemical compound NC1=NC(N)=NC(N)=N1 JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011101 paper laminate Substances 0.000 description 1
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenol group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=C1)O ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000012858 resilient material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R17/00—Piezoelectric transducers; Electrostrictive transducers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R3/00—Circuits for transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
- H04R3/04—Circuits for transducers, loudspeakers or microphones for correcting frequency response
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R7/00—Diaphragms for electromechanical transducers; Cones
- H04R7/02—Diaphragms for electromechanical transducers; Cones characterised by the construction
- H04R7/04—Plane diaphragms
- H04R7/045—Plane diaphragms using the distributed mode principle, i.e. whereby the acoustic radiation is emanated from uniformly distributed free bending wave vibration induced in a stiff panel and not from pistonic motion
Definitions
- the invention relates to loudspeakers and more particularly to loudspeakers comprising panel-form acoustic radiating elements.
- Embodiments of the present invention use members of nature, structure and configuration achievable generally and/or specifically by implementing teachings of our co-pending PCT publication No. WO97/09842 of even date herewith.
- Such members thus have capability to sustain and propagate input vibrational energy by bending waves in operative area(s) extending transversely of thickness often but not necessarily to edges of the member(s); are configured with or without anisotropy of bending stiffness to have resonant mode vibration components distributed over said area(s) beneficially for acoustic coupling with ambient air; and have predetermined preferential locations or sites within said area for transducer means, particularly operationally active or moving part(s) thereof effective in relation to acoustic vibrational activity in said area(s) and signals, usually electrical, corresponding to acoustic content of such vibrational activity.
- This invention is particularly concerned with active acoustic devices in the form of loudspeakers.
- Members as above are herein called distributed mode acoustic radiators and are intended to be characterised as in the above PCT application and/or otherwise as specifically provided herein.
- the invention is a panel-form loudspeaker having a member having capability to sustain and propagate input vibrational energy by bending waves in at least one operative area extending transversely of thickness to have resonant mode vibration components distributed over said at least one area and have predetermined preferential locations or sites within said area for transducer means and having a transducer mounted on said member at one of said locations or sites to vibrate the member to cause it to resonate forming an acoustic radiator which provides an acoustic output when resonating, and wherein the loudspeaker is also a microphone and comprises a second transducer mounted on the member at one of the locations or sites to produce an output signal in response to resonance of the member due to incident acoustic energy.
- the member may be mounted in a surrounding frame by means of an interposed resilient suspension.
- the member may comprise a stiff lightweight panel having a cellular core sandwiched between skins.
- the suspension may be attached to the edge of the panel.
- the first and second transducers may be mounted wholly and exclusively on the radiator. At least two said second transducers may be provided at predetermined preferential locations or sites on the radiator.
- a further transducer may be provided on the radiator at a predetermined location or site to produce a signal in response to resonance of the radiator due to incident acoustic energy, and means may be provided for comparing the signal generated by the said further transducer with that of those generated by the said second transducer(s).
- the comparison means may comprise a signal receiver and conditioner and signal output means.
- a panel-form loudspeaker (81) of the kind described and claimed in our co-pending International publication No. WO97/09842 of even date herewith comprising a rectangular frame (1) carrying a resilient suspension (3) round its inner periphery which supports a distributed mode sound radiating panel (2).
- a transducer (9) e.g as described in detail with reference to our co-pending International publication Nos. WO97/09859, WO97/09861, WO97/09858 of even date herewith, is mounted wholly and exclusively on or in the panel (2) at a predetermined location defined by dimensions x and y , the position of which location is calculated as described in our co-pending International publication No. WO97/09842 of even date herewith, to launch bending waves into the panel to cause the panel to resonate to radiate an acoustic output.
- the transducer (9) is driven by a signal amplifier (10), e.g. an audio amplifier, connected to the transducer by conductors (28).
- a signal amplifier (10) e.g. an audio amplifier
- Amplifier loading and power requirements can be entirely normal, similar to conventional cone type speakers, sensitivity being of the order of 86 - 88dB/watt under room loaded conditions.
- Amplifier load impedance is largely resistive at 6 ohms, power handling 20-80 watts. Where the panel core and/or skins are of metal, they may be made to act as a heat sink for the transducer to remove heat from the motor coil of the transducer and thus improve power handling.
- Figures 2 a and 2 b are partial typical cross-sections through the loudspeaker (81) of Figure 1.
- Figure 2 a shows that the frame (1), surround (3) and panel (2) are connected together by respective adhesive-bonded joints (20).
- Suitable materials for the frame include lightweight framing, e.g. picture framing of extruded metal e.g. aluminium alloy or plastics.
- Suitable surround materials include resilient materials such as foam rubber and foam plastics.
- Suitable adhesives for the joints (20) include epoxy, acrylic and cyano-acrylate etc. adhesives.
- Figure 2 b illustrates, to an enlarged scale, that the panel (2) is a rigid lightweight panel having a core (22) e.g. of a rigid plastics foam (97) e.g. cross linked polyvinylchloride or a cellular matrix (98) i.e. a honeycomb matrix of metal foil, plastics or the like, with the cells extending transversely to the plane of the panel, and enclosed by opposed skins (21) e.g. of paper, card, plastics or metal foil or sheet.
- the skins are of plastics, they may be reinforced with fibres e.g. of carbon, glass, Kevlar (RTM) or the like in a manner known per se to increase their modulus.
- RTM Kevlar
- Envisaged skin layer materials and reinforcements thus include carbon, glass, Kevlar (RTM), Nomex (RTM) i.e. aramid etc. fibres in various lays and weaves, as well as paper, bonded paper laminates, melamine, and various synthetic plastics films of high modulus, such as Mylar (RTM), Kaptan (RTM), polycarbonate, phenolic, polyester or related plastics, and fibre reinforced plastics, etc. and metal sheet or foil.
- Investigation of the Vectra grade of liquid crystal polymer thermoplastics shows that they may be useful for the injection moulding of ultra thin skins or shells of smaller size, say up to around 30cm diameter. This material self forms an orientated crystal structure in the direction of injection, a preferred orientation for the good propagation of treble energy from the driving point to the panel perimeter.
- thermoplastics allow for the mould tooling to carry location and registration features such as grooves or rings for the accurate location of transducer parts e.g. the motor coil, and the magnet suspension. Additional with some weaker core materials it is calculated that it would be advantageous to increase the skin thickness locally e.g. in an area or annulus up to 150% of the transducer diameter, to reinforce that area and beneficially couple vibration energy into the panel. High frequency response will be improved with the softer foam materials by this means.
- Envisaged core layer materials include fabricated honeycombs or corrugations of aluminium alloy sheet or foil, or Kevlar (RTM), Nomex (RTM), plain or bonded papers, and various synthetic plastics films, as well as expanded or foamed plastics or pulp materials, even aerogel metals if of suitably low density.
- Some suitable core layer materials effectively exhibit usable self-skinning in their manufacture and/or otherwise have enough inherent stiffness for use without lamination between skin layers.
- a high performance cellular core material is known under the trade name 'Rohacell' which may be suitable as a radiator panel and which is without skins. In practical terms, the aim is for an overall lightness and stiffness suited to a particular purpose, specifically including optimising contributions from core and skin layers and transitions between them.
- piezo and electro dynamic transducers have negligible electromagnetic radiation or stray magnet fields.
- Conventional speakers have a large magnetic field, up to 1 metre distant unless specific compensation counter measures are taken.
- electrical connection can be made to the conductive parts of an appropriate DML panel or an electrically conductive foam or similar interface may be used for the edge mounting.
- the suspension (3) may damp the edges of the panel (2) to prevent excessive edge movement of the panel. Additionally or alternatively, further damping may be applied, e.g. as patches, bonded to the panel in selected positions to damp excessive movement to distribute resonance equally over the panel.
- the patches may be of bitumen-based material, as commonly used in conventional loudspeaker enclosures or may be of a resilient or rigid polymeric sheet material. Some materials, notably paper and card, and some cores may be self-damping. Where desired, the damping may be increased in the construction of the panels by employing resiliently setting, rather than rigid setting adhesives.
- Effective said selective damping includes specific application to the panel including its sheet material of means permanently associated therewith. Edges and corners can be particularly significant for dominant and less dispersed low frequency vibration modes of panels hereof. Edge-wise fixing of damping means can usefully lead to a panel with its said sheet material fully framed, though their corners can often be relatively free, say for desired extension to lower frequency operation. Attachment can be by adhesive or self-adhesive materials. Other forms of useful damping, particularly in terms of more subtle effects and/or mid- and higher frequencies can be by way of suitable mass or masses affixed to the sheet material at predetermined effective medial localised positions of said area.
- An acoustic panel as described above is bidirectional.
- the sound energy from the back is not strongly phase related to that from the front. Consequently there is the benefit of overall summation of acoustic power in the room, sound energy of uniform frequency distribution, reduced reflective and standing wave effects and with the advantage of superior reproduction of the natural space and ambience in the reproduced sound recordings.
- Figure 3 illustrates a distributed mode panel (2) according to the present invention e.g. of the kind shown in Figures 1 and 2, intended for use both as a loudspeaker and as a sound receiver or microphone, e.g. for use in an interactive environment.
- the panel (2) is mounted in a surrounding frame (1) and is attached to the frame via a resilient suspension (3) in the manner shown in Figures 1 and 2.
- the frame is suspended on a pair of wires (33), e.g. from a ceiling or on a floor standing frame (not shown).
- the panel is driven to resonate and produce an acoustic output by a transducer (9) of the kind described above with reference to our co-pending International publication Nos. WO97/09859, WO97/09861, WO97/09858 which in turn is connected to and driven by an amplifier (10).
- the panel also carries a pair of vibration transducers (63) which may be piezo-electric transducers of the kind shown in Figure 4 which are coupled in parallel to drive a signal receiver and conditioner (65) connected to an output (66).
- Another vibration transducer (63) on the panel (2) e.g. of the kind shown in Figure 4, is coupled to drive a filter/correlator the output from which is fed to the signal receiver and conditioner (65), to provide signal correction.
- FIG 4 shows a transducer (9) for a distributed mode panel (2) in the form of a crystalline disc-like piezo bender (27) mounted on a disc (118), e.g. of brass, which is bonded to a face of the panel (2), e.g. by an adhesive bond (20).
- a transducer (9) for a distributed mode panel (2) in the form of a crystalline disc-like piezo bender (27) mounted on a disc (118), e.g. of brass, which is bonded to a face of the panel (2), e.g. by an adhesive bond (20).
- a transducer (9) via leads (28) will cause the piezo disc (27) to bend and thus locally resiliently deform the panel (2) to launch bending waves into the panel.
- the invention thus provides a simple loudspeaker/microphone e.g. for use in an interactive environment.
Abstract
Description
Claims (8)
- A panel-form loudspeaker (81) having a member (2) having capability to sustain and propagate input vibrational energy by bending waves in at least one operative area extending transversely of thickness to have resonant mode vibration components distributed over said at least one area and have predetermined preferential locations or sites within said area for transducer means and having a transducer (9) mounted on said member at one of said locations or sites to vibrate the member to cause it to resonate forming an acoustic radiator which provides an acoustic output when resonating, and wherein the loudspeaker is also a microphone and comprises a second transducer (63) mounted on the member (2) at one of the locations or sites to produce an output signal in response to resonance of the member due to incident acoustic energy.
- A panel-form loudspeaker according to claim 1, characterised in that the member (2) is mounted in a surrounding frame (1) by means of an interposed resilient suspension (3).
- A panel-form loudspeaker according to claim 1 or claim 2, characterised in that the member (2) comprises a stiff lightweight panel having a cellular core (22) sandwiched between skins (21).
- A panel-form loudspeaker according to claim 3, characterised in that the suspension (3) is attached to the edge of the panel (2).
- A panel-form loudspeaker according to any preceding claim, characterised in that the first and second transducers (9,63) are mounted wholly and exclusively on the radiator.
- A panel-form loudspeaker according to any preceding claim, characterised by at least two said second transducers (63) at predetermined preferential locations or sites on the radiator.
- A panel-form loudspeaker according to claim 6, characterised by a further transducer (63) on the radiator at a preferential location or site (2) to produce a signal in response to resonance of the radiator due to incident acoustic energy, and by means (64,65) for comparing the signal generated by the said further transducer with that of those generated by the said second transducer(s).
- A panel-form loudspeaker according to claim 7, characterised in that the comparison means comprises a signal receiver and conditioner (65) and signal output means (66).
Applications Claiming Priority (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB9517918 | 1995-09-02 | ||
GBGB9517918.0A GB9517918D0 (en) | 1995-09-02 | 1995-09-02 | Acoustic device |
GB9522281 | 1995-10-31 | ||
GBGB9522281.6A GB9522281D0 (en) | 1995-10-31 | 1995-10-31 | Acoustic device |
GBGB9606836.6A GB9606836D0 (en) | 1996-03-30 | 1996-03-30 | Acoustic device |
GB9606836 | 1996-03-30 | ||
PCT/GB1996/002163 WO1997009847A1 (en) | 1995-09-02 | 1996-09-02 | Panel-form loudspeakers |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0847666A1 EP0847666A1 (en) | 1998-06-17 |
EP0847666B1 true EP0847666B1 (en) | 1999-03-03 |
Family
ID=34865249
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP96929404A Expired - Lifetime EP0847666B1 (en) | 1995-09-02 | 1996-09-02 | Panel-form loudspeakers |
Country Status (13)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0847666B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH11512258A (en) |
CN (1) | CN1195459A (en) |
AT (1) | ATE177281T1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU703065B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2230701A1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE69601647T2 (en) |
DK (1) | DK0847666T3 (en) |
EA (1) | EA000929B1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2131409T3 (en) |
HK (1) | HK1008650A1 (en) |
RO (1) | RO119047B1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1997009847A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (16)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
ID27400A (en) | 1998-06-22 | 2001-04-05 | Slab Technology Ltd | LOUDSPEAKER |
GB9914507D0 (en) * | 1999-06-23 | 1999-08-25 | New Transducers Ltd | Acoustic device |
US7157649B2 (en) * | 1999-12-23 | 2007-01-02 | New Transducers Limited | Contact sensitive device |
GB0116310D0 (en) | 2001-07-04 | 2001-08-29 | New Transducers Ltd | Contact sensitive device |
US6871149B2 (en) | 2002-12-06 | 2005-03-22 | New Transducers Limited | Contact sensitive device |
US11431312B2 (en) | 2004-08-10 | 2022-08-30 | Bongiovi Acoustics Llc | System and method for digital signal processing |
US10848118B2 (en) | 2004-08-10 | 2020-11-24 | Bongiovi Acoustics Llc | System and method for digital signal processing |
US8116506B2 (en) | 2005-11-02 | 2012-02-14 | Nec Corporation | Speaker, image element protective screen, case of terminal and terminal |
FR2895617A1 (en) * | 2005-12-26 | 2007-06-29 | Jacques Gerald Foin | Audio communication system for use in prison, has loud speakers utilized in two directions as loudspeaker or microphone using diaphragm of loud speaker, and local outed network managing audio decentralized on bus cabling system |
US11202161B2 (en) | 2006-02-07 | 2021-12-14 | Bongiovi Acoustics Llc | System, method, and apparatus for generating and digitally processing a head related audio transfer function |
US10848867B2 (en) | 2006-02-07 | 2020-11-24 | Bongiovi Acoustics Llc | System and method for digital signal processing |
FR2943880A1 (en) * | 2009-03-30 | 2010-10-01 | Activacoustic | ACOUSTIC PANEL FOR RECEIVING, TRANSMITTING OR ABSORBING SOUNDS. |
US9906858B2 (en) | 2013-10-22 | 2018-02-27 | Bongiovi Acoustics Llc | System and method for digital signal processing |
US10820883B2 (en) | 2014-04-16 | 2020-11-03 | Bongiovi Acoustics Llc | Noise reduction assembly for auscultation of a body |
CN115428474A (en) * | 2020-04-29 | 2022-12-02 | 惠普发展公司,有限责任合伙企业 | Modification of audio signals based on ambient noise collected by loudspeakers |
FR3128903A1 (en) * | 2021-11-10 | 2023-05-12 | Saint-Gobain Glass France | Vehicle glazing adapted for acoustic emission and/or reception |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2241942B1 (en) * | 1973-08-24 | 1976-05-07 | Tretiakoff Oleg | |
JPS5748153Y2 (en) * | 1977-11-26 | 1982-10-22 | ||
DE2819615A1 (en) * | 1978-05-05 | 1979-11-08 | Messerschmitt Boelkow Blohm | METHOD FOR ACHIEVING EVEN SOUND DISTRIBUTION PROPERTIES |
WO1986001362A1 (en) * | 1984-08-03 | 1986-02-27 | Motorola, Inc. | Piezoelectric loudspeaker having a feedback transducer |
DE3429147A1 (en) * | 1984-08-08 | 1986-02-20 | Friedrich 6650 Homburg Müller | ARRANGEMENT FOR ACOUSTIC COUPLING OF SPEAKERS |
US4654546A (en) * | 1984-11-20 | 1987-03-31 | Kari Kirjavainen | Electromechanical film and procedure for manufacturing same |
US4751419A (en) * | 1986-12-10 | 1988-06-14 | Nitto Incorporated | Piezoelectric oscillation assembly including several individual piezoelectric oscillation devices having a common oscillation plate member |
EP0541646B1 (en) * | 1990-08-04 | 1995-01-11 | The Secretary Of State For Defence In Her Britannic Majesty's Government Of The United Kingdom Of Great Britain And Northern | Panel-form loudspeaker |
-
1996
- 1996-09-02 DK DK96929404T patent/DK0847666T3/en active
- 1996-09-02 CA CA002230701A patent/CA2230701A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1996-09-02 DE DE69601647T patent/DE69601647T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-09-02 EP EP96929404A patent/EP0847666B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-09-02 JP JP9510964A patent/JPH11512258A/en active Pending
- 1996-09-02 WO PCT/GB1996/002163 patent/WO1997009847A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-09-02 AU AU68819/96A patent/AU703065B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1996-09-02 AT AT96929404T patent/ATE177281T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-09-02 CN CN96196711.0A patent/CN1195459A/en active Pending
- 1996-09-02 EA EA199800257A patent/EA000929B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-09-02 ES ES96929404T patent/ES2131409T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-09-02 RO RO98-00646A patent/RO119047B1/en unknown
-
1998
- 1998-07-28 HK HK98109455A patent/HK1008650A1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2230701A1 (en) | 1997-03-13 |
AU703065B2 (en) | 1999-03-11 |
EA000929B1 (en) | 2000-06-26 |
HK1008650A1 (en) | 1999-05-14 |
EA199800257A1 (en) | 1998-10-29 |
RO119047B1 (en) | 2004-02-27 |
ES2131409T3 (en) | 1999-07-16 |
DE69601647T2 (en) | 1999-09-16 |
DE69601647D1 (en) | 1999-04-08 |
DK0847666T3 (en) | 1999-10-04 |
WO1997009847A1 (en) | 1997-03-13 |
AU6881996A (en) | 1997-03-27 |
JPH11512258A (en) | 1999-10-19 |
ATE177281T1 (en) | 1999-03-15 |
EP0847666A1 (en) | 1998-06-17 |
CN1195459A (en) | 1998-10-07 |
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