EP0845063A1 - Reinforcing masonry structures - Google Patents
Reinforcing masonry structuresInfo
- Publication number
- EP0845063A1 EP0845063A1 EP96928516A EP96928516A EP0845063A1 EP 0845063 A1 EP0845063 A1 EP 0845063A1 EP 96928516 A EP96928516 A EP 96928516A EP 96928516 A EP96928516 A EP 96928516A EP 0845063 A1 EP0845063 A1 EP 0845063A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- grooves
- reinforcing
- rods
- groove
- masonry
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
- E01D—CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGES, ELEVATED ROADWAYS OR VIADUCTS; ASSEMBLY OF BRIDGES
- E01D22/00—Methods or apparatus for repairing or strengthening existing bridges ; Methods or apparatus for dismantling bridges
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
- E04G23/00—Working measures on existing buildings
- E04G23/02—Repairing, e.g. filling cracks; Restoring; Altering; Enlarging
- E04G23/0218—Increasing or restoring the load-bearing capacity of building construction elements
- E04G23/0233—Increasing or restoring the load-bearing capacity of building construction elements of vaulted or arched building elements
Definitions
- This invention is concerned with techniques for reinforcing masonry structures, especially arched structures such as bridges.
- the present invention addresses that problem by adding to existing horizontal reinforcements by introducing vertical reinforcement in the vertical surfaces of the bridge, and also by forming a reinforcing network in the intrados of the bridge.
- a method of reinforcing a masonry arch which comprises forming substantially horizontal grooves in the masonry above the arch, forming substantially vertical grooves in the masonry at each side of the arch, and embedding a reinforcing rod or bar in a grouting composition in each groove. It is advantageous to allow at least one of the vertical grooves to overlap with at least one horizontal groove, so that the respective reinforcing rods also overlap and may be tied in to each other to increase the reinforcement.
- this aspect of the present invention comprises forming substantially horizontal grooves in each parapet and forming substantially vertical grooves in each spandrel and/or wing wall, embedding a reinforcing rod or bar in a grouting composition in each groove.
- grooves are formed longitudinally and transversely in the intrados of a bridge, and a reinforcing rod or bar is embedded in a grouting composition in each longitudinal groove and each transverse groove.
- This aspect of the invention may be carried out independently of the first aspect, but in practice the reinforcement of the intrados will normally be carried out in conjunction with reinforcement of the vertical surfaces using the above-described horizontal and vertical grooves.
- the horizontal grooves are normally formed in the outer surface of each parapet, and the vertical grooves are in the outer surfaces of the spandrels and/or wing walls.
- the crossing rods in the intrados are linked together as a reinforcing mesh.
- the transverse rods are laid against a first layer of longitudinal rods and a second layer of longitudinal rods are laid against the transverse rods to form a "sandwich"- structured mesh or network.
- Vertical grooves may also be formed above the arch, or in the parapet of a bridge, to cross the horizontal grooves, to provide further overlapping reinforcement when rods are embedded in the grooves.
- Advantageously further grooves are formed extending radially outwards from the arch ring to cross the horizontal and/or vertical grooves, as formed in the parapet, spandrel and/or wing walls in the case of a bridge.
- Preferably these further grooves extend substantially normal to a tangent to the arch ring at the point at which the groove starts from the arch ring. In the context of a bridge, this allows reinforcing rods embedded in those grooves to tie the intrados reinforcing network to the network of rods on the outer vertical surface of the bridge. For example, by using rods or bars that are ⁇ L'-shaped, the short arm of the 'L' may be overlapped with the end of a transverse bar.
- the grooves that receive the reinforcing rods or bars may be cut into the masonry, preferably utilising bedding joints where possible. Alternatively, where practicable, they may be formed by raking out bedding joints, most suitably for horizontal grooves in the parapet. Typically these bedding joints lie parallel to the line of the parapet, and so may not be truly horizontal throughout their length.
- the reinforcing rods or bars are preferably embedded by first injecting into the groove a backing bead of grout. The rod is pressed into the bead and then further grout is injected to complete the embedment. When one rod is laid so as to cross or overlap another rod, the grout embedding the underlying rod is preferably scraped away at the junction before laying the overlying rod, to allow satisfactory tying in.
- the reinforcement is preferably carried out using steel, especially stainless steel, rods.
- the rods may be shaped, for example of helical form or with protruding tabs, or roughened to provide a good key to the grout.
- bars may be used, a ⁇ d the bars may be shaped, for example angle bars, or slotted or aperture to improve the key.
- other high strength reinforcing materials such as rods of carbon fibre reinforced resin, may be used.
- the grout may be based on a synthetic resin, such as epoxy, or of a conventional cementitious composition.
- the grout is formulated so that it remains flexible when set or cured, and so that it has a compressive strength comparable to the surrounding masonry.
- the grout is formulated so that it is of low density, to reduce the risk of the grout sagging or slumping as it cures in downwardly facing grooves such as in the intrados of a masonry arch. Low density may be achieved by incorporating lightweight fillers, such as hollow glass beads or microspheres.
- a particularly suitable grout is formulated to provide a epoxy/urethane hybrid resin on curing. This provides good adhesion to steel bars and to masonry, is flexible on curing and can be formulated to low density and appropriate compressive strength by incorporating a hollow glass bead filler.
- a bridge in a state of disrepair is often of historic or architectural merit, it may be appropriate to colour the grout, or to finish the grooves with a coloured pointing composition to match the original pointing.
- Fig. l is a schematic side elevation of a masonry arch bridge with reinforcement applied in accordance with the invention.
- Fig. 2 is a sectional view along the line A-A of Fig l;
- Fig. 3 is an enlarged partial cross-section of the area B shown in a broken circle in Fig 2;
- Fig. 4 is an enlarged partial cross-section of the area C shown in a broken circle in Fig 2;
- Fig. 4a is a similar view to Fig 4, showing use of a tie bar;
- Fig. 5 is a schematic isometric view of part of the reinforcement network in the bridge shown in Fig. l.
- the system of this invention will often be used on bridges in an advanced state of disrepair. Therefore it may well be appropriate, in addition to reinforcement with metal rods or bars in accordance with this invention, to stabilise the barrel by pressure grouting a cement-based thixotropic non- shrink grout through the open joints where the original joints and pointing have eroded and washed out over the years.
- Fig l is a side elevation of a typical masonry bridge as found on the canal systems of the United Kingdom.
- the bridge has an arch ring 1 bounded by spandrels 2 and wing walls 3.
- the bridge carries a roadway protected by parapets 4. Whilst the initial stabilisation grouting works are in progress, the preparation and installation of the system to the outer parapets, wing walls and spandrels can be carried out simultaneously as follows.
- profile strips typically of 6mm x 75mm plywood, are fixed to the outer face of brickwork, for example fixed by 50mm screws and plugs, adjacent to the intended cut line, preferably along a horizontal joint.
- a cutter such as a double diamond bladed wall chaser
- profile timber as a guide
- a cut is made into the joint approximately 50mm deep.
- a bolster or plugging chisel is used to carefully snap off the cored plug to leave a clean cut rebate approximately 10-15mm wide x 50mm deep centred on the horizontal bed joint. This is repeated as desired to form a series of substantially horizontal grooves 10 extending along the line of the parape .
- a typical primer consists of a synthetic polymer, such as Ronafix SBR ⁇ styrene-butadiene rubber) , and cement mixed in the ratio of 1:1. This is applied to the back of the cut rebates. Then, typically using a single diaphragm grout pump or a pressurised pointing vessel gun, an approximately 10mm thickness of grout is applied along the back face of the primed grooves.
- the grout may be a, preferably thixotropic, cement grout such as ABP "Thixopump" .
- preferred grouts are based on an epoxy/urethane hybrid resin, in which urethane linkages flexibilise an epoxy base resin.
- Such materials may be formulated as a two component grout, comprising a hardener component based on a polyamine, especially a cycloaliphatic polyamine, such as poly-cyclohexylamine, and a polymerisable resin component which is a blend of an epoxy resin, especially a bisphenol A and/or bisphenol F epoxy, with a blocked isocyanate.
- a hardener component based on a polyamine, especially a cycloaliphatic polyamine, such as poly-cyclohexylamine
- a polymerisable resin component which is a blend of an epoxy resin, especially a bisphenol A and/or bisphenol F epoxy, with a blocked isocyanate.
- Each component can be filled with glass microspheres to form solvent-free compositions that can be easily blended on site in a simple 1:1 ratio to form a non- slumping, easily pump
- a typical system has a specific gravity of about 0.89, and develops a compressive strength of about 11 N/mm 2 after 24 hours, rising to about 21 N/mm 2 after 7 days.
- the compresive strength can be varied to adapt to the masonry under reinforcement by adjstment of the filler content.
- Suitable grout formulations are manufactured by NUFINS Ltd under the designation MARS structural adhesive.
- a structural adhesive of this type can be used as a grout without the need for a primer, if used on surfaces that are reasonably clean and dry.
- the stretcher and header brick faces may be carefully removed by hand (hammer and chisel) .
- 20mm brick slips, cut from bricks to match the existing bricks may be set into place with an epoxy adhesive along the previously cut rebate.
- edges of the straps 12 are a cutting profile where possible, cuts are made longitudinally 15 and transversely 16 of the intrados using the techniques described above. On completion of the cuts, and leaving the steel straps in position, the core plugs are removed as described before.
- a cradle within the arch to provide a mounting rail on which the cutter can be supported as it is tracked across the intrados.
- the cradle also acts as a guide rail to provide a smoothly arcuate bed to the cut groove in situations where the intrados has an undulating surface.
- longitudinal reinforcing rods 15' are installed with initial backing and encapsulating grout all as before described. The grout is raked out to expose the rods 15 ' at the intended intersection with subsequently applied transverse rods to allow for embedment.
- the steel strapping may be shifted to allow further rod positions to be prepared. On final set, the steel straps can be removed with any subsequent loading being transferred to the longitudinal rods.
- tie bars with hooked ends, as shown in Fig 4a.
- a bore 20 is drilled into the arch ring to receive a tie bar 20 ' .
- the tie bar is secured in position, for example with a thixotropic resin, with its hooked end located around a rod to be secured, such as an outermost longitudinal bar 15 ' ' .
- the tie bars retain the rods 15', 16', 15'' in position in the grooves 15,16 until the grout has set.
- the grout length is kept short at each end of the transverse rods to allow for insertion of continuity 'L* rods 17', in grooves 11, or possibly bores, cut or drilled in the parapet, wing walls and/or spandrels substantially radially to the curve of the arch ring, as seen in Figs 2 and 5.
- the short arm of the 'L' is lapped against the end of one of the transverse rods laid in the intrados, so connecting the barrel to the wing wall and spandrels.
- the grooves or bore are filled with grout as before.
- These linking grooves are typically cut from the arch ring into the vertical surfaces of the bridge along a line that is substantially normal to the tangent to the arch ring at the point where the rod 17' will be lapped with a transverse rod 16 ' .
- an upright groove 17 may be cut into the parapet, and if necessary continued by a bore 18 through coping stones. This allows an 'L' -shaped rod 17' to be inserted in the groove and bore with its other arm lapped with a transverse rod 16 ' . Alternatively protruding ends of an over-length transverse rod 16 ' may be turned upwards to lie in a groove 17.
- the groove 17 may be masked by a cover of brick slips 19. Because of the close proximity to each other, centre to centre, of the longitudinal rods it is often not possible to remove the intruded brick face of the intrados and replace it with slip bricks, as described for the wing walls and parapet. To disguise the intrusion, it is possible to completely fill the rebate with grout, struck level to the brick surface, or endeavour to match the brick colour by adding a colour dye to the grout.
- the reinforcing rods are suitably 6mm stainless steel rods, typically stainless steel grade 304515, but other corrosion resistant rods or bars, for example, carbon fibre rods, may be used if appropriate.
- the repointing described above may be carried out by applying 1:2:9 ope:lime:sand mortar (to BS ' 5628) to match existing pointing.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Bridges Or Land Bridges (AREA)
- Working Measures On Existing Buildindgs (AREA)
- Reinforcement Elements For Buildings (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB9516995 | 1995-08-18 | ||
GBGB9516995.9A GB9516995D0 (en) | 1995-08-18 | 1995-08-18 | Reinforcing masonry structures |
GB9608069 | 1996-04-18 | ||
GBGB9608069.2A GB9608069D0 (en) | 1995-08-18 | 1996-04-18 | Reinforcing masonry structures |
PCT/GB1996/002026 WO1997007289A1 (en) | 1995-08-18 | 1996-08-19 | Reinforcing masonry structures |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0845063A1 true EP0845063A1 (en) | 1998-06-03 |
EP0845063B1 EP0845063B1 (en) | 2002-06-19 |
Family
ID=26307598
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP96928516A Expired - Lifetime EP0845063B1 (en) | 1995-08-18 | 1996-08-19 | Reinforcing masonry structures |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0845063B1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE219543T1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE69621937T2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1997007289A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN107841933A (en) * | 2017-12-08 | 2018-03-27 | 中水北方勘测设计研究有限责任公司 | A kind of Arch Bridges Strengthening method |
CN109972537A (en) * | 2019-03-06 | 2019-07-05 | 安徽省公路桥梁工程有限公司 | The construction method of double curvature arched bridge combined type ruggedized construction |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB9611641D0 (en) * | 1996-06-04 | 1996-08-07 | Edscer William G | Method of positioning retrospective reinforcement in masonry structures |
FR2792354B1 (en) * | 1999-04-16 | 2007-10-12 | Lefevre Sa M | MASONRY STRUCTURE AND REINFORCING METHOD |
KR100446360B1 (en) * | 2001-08-07 | 2004-09-01 | 선암산업개발주식회사 | Utilize Stone Repair and Reinforcement Method of Pier |
CZ2014193A3 (en) * | 2014-03-27 | 2015-07-08 | Vysoké Učení Technické V Brně | Structure of static fixation of full-centre vault by making use of spatially arranged prestressing reinforcement |
CN106088658A (en) * | 2016-08-05 | 2016-11-09 | 陕西省建筑科学研究院 | A kind of novel reinforced cave dwelling device |
CN107034793A (en) * | 2017-04-12 | 2017-08-11 | 重庆正达工程咨询有限公司 | A kind of ruggedized construction of arch bridge spandrel arch circle |
GB2569186B (en) * | 2017-12-11 | 2020-02-05 | George Edscer William | Method for the reinforcement of masonry structures |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2302896B (en) | 1995-07-01 | 1997-11-05 | William George Edscer | Arch reinforcement |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE503825C (en) * | 1930-07-26 | Emil Moersch Dr Ing | Scaffold-free formwork for reinforcing arched bridges on the underside during operation | |
DE540591C (en) * | 1931-12-16 | Bruno Schulz | Reinforcement of vaults | |
US3652486A (en) * | 1968-11-13 | 1972-03-28 | Ren Plastics Inc | Carvable epoxy resin compositions |
US4705841A (en) * | 1986-03-21 | 1987-11-10 | Sternson Limited | TBEA linked epoxy-urethanes |
US4866108A (en) * | 1988-01-19 | 1989-09-12 | Hughes Aircraft Company | Flexible epoxy adhesive blend |
GB2249120B (en) * | 1991-01-26 | 1993-04-07 | Executive Insulation | Structural repair process |
DE59205252D1 (en) * | 1992-04-21 | 1996-03-14 | Hamco Dinslaken Bausysteme Gmb | Bridge reinforcement and process for its manufacture |
-
1996
- 1996-08-19 AT AT96928516T patent/ATE219543T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-08-19 DE DE69621937T patent/DE69621937T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-08-19 WO PCT/GB1996/002026 patent/WO1997007289A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1996-08-19 EP EP96928516A patent/EP0845063B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2302896B (en) | 1995-07-01 | 1997-11-05 | William George Edscer | Arch reinforcement |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
Title |
---|
S.GARRITY: "Strengthening Masonry Structures with Retro-Reinforcement", IABSE SYMPOSIUM, 1995, SAN FRANCISCO, pages 1399 - 1404 |
S.W.GARRITY: "Retro-Reinforcement of Existing Masonry Structures", 10TH IB-2-MAC, 5 July 1994 (1994-07-05), CALGARY, CANADA, pages 469 - 478 |
S.W.GARRITY: "TESTING OF SMALL SCALE MASONRY ARCH BRIDGES WITH SURFACE REINFORCEMENT", 1995, ENGINEERING TECHNICS PRESS, EDINBURGH, ISBN: 0-9476-4415-1 |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN107841933A (en) * | 2017-12-08 | 2018-03-27 | 中水北方勘测设计研究有限责任公司 | A kind of Arch Bridges Strengthening method |
CN107841933B (en) * | 2017-12-08 | 2019-02-22 | 中水北方勘测设计研究有限责任公司 | A kind of Arch Bridges Strengthening method |
CN109972537A (en) * | 2019-03-06 | 2019-07-05 | 安徽省公路桥梁工程有限公司 | The construction method of double curvature arched bridge combined type ruggedized construction |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE69621937T2 (en) | 2003-02-20 |
ATE219543T1 (en) | 2002-07-15 |
DE69621937D1 (en) | 2002-07-25 |
WO1997007289A1 (en) | 1997-02-27 |
EP0845063B1 (en) | 2002-06-19 |
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