Field of the invention
The present invention relates to a cleaning composition, and more particularly
to cleaning compositions with reduced skin irritation and effective bleach
malodour reduction.
Background of the invention
Halogen bleaches, in particular hypochlorite, are known to be some of the most
effective hygiene agents, especially at low concentrations, and are available in
commercial quantities at acceptable cost. Halogen bleaches provide a hygiene
benefit against a wide range of microbes including bacteria, moulds, yeast and
fungi. Thus, it is highly desirable to incorporate halogen bleaches in detergent
compositions for bleaching and/or disinfection purposes. However, halogen
bleaches and in particular hypochlorite are irritant and many consumers suffer
from skin irritation when using such compositions.
Particularly, the hands of the user are prone to such irritation. As a result of
coming into contact with such compositions the hands suffer from dryness and
from a feeling of tightness. This occurs when the compositions are used neat
and also when used in diluted form.
Without being limited by theory, it is believed that halogen bleaches like
hypochlorite attack the uppermost layer of the epidermal of the skin. This
results in the decrease of the elasticity of the skin. The skin also becomes
more sensitive, resulting in dryness and coarseness of the skin. In addition,
the skin may become inflamed and become red, sore and itchy. These effects
are magnified in alkaline conditions, because alkali is also an irritant. Alkalinity
is required for example for optimum hypochlorite stability, thus alkaline pH is
the preferred condition for hypochlorite-comprising compositions. However,
alkaline conditions contribute to skin tightening because they alter the natural
pH of the skin.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to reduce skin irritation of
halogen bleach-comprising compositions.
Still another problem encountered with the use of halogen bleach is the
resulting bleach malodour.
Accordingly, it is another object of the present invention to reduce bleach
malodour of halogen bleach-comprising compositions.
To overcome such a problem of bleach malodour, organic or inorganic -NH2
compounds have been used in halogen bleach compositions. A typical
disclosure can be found in the pending application PCT/US96/01908 filed
March 3, 1995.
The Applicant has now surprisingly found that the provision of a
polycarboxylate polymer in a cleaning composition comprising a halogen
bleach and an organic or inorganic -NH2 compound provides reduced skin
irritation while still providing said halogen bleach compositions with effective
bleach malodour reduction. Indeed, it has been found that a reduction in the
skin irritation as well as an effective bleach malodour reduction was obtained
with the compositions of the invention compared to halogen bleach
compositions containing an organic or inorganic -NH2 compound but no
polycarboxylate polymer.
Polycarboxylate polymeric compounds are known in the art as thickening
components. A typical disclosure can be found in WO 94/10272.
Accordingly, an advantage of the compositions according to the invention is
their reduced skin irritation as well as their effective bleach malodour reduction
compared to halogen bleach compositions containing an organic or inorganic
-NH2 compound but no polycarboxylate polymer.
Still a further advantage of the compositions of the invention is their effective
cleaning performance.
By "effective", it is meant that compositions of the invention provide at least
equal performance compared to halogen bleach compositions containing an
organic or inorganic -NH2 compound but no polycarboxylate polymer.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is a cleaning composition comprising a halogen bleach
and an organic or inorganic -NH2 compound, characterised in that said
composition further comprises a polycarboxylate polymer.
In another aspect of the invention, the present invention encompasses the use
of said polycarboxylate polymeric compound in a cleaning composition
comprising a halogen bleach and an organic or inorganic -NH2 compound for
providing reduced skin irritation.
Detailed description of the invention
Halogen bleach
A halogen bleach is an essential ingredient of the present invention. Common
among these types of bleaches are the alkali metal and alkali earth metal
hypochlorites, hypobromites and hypoiodites although other bleaches that are
organic based sources of halide, such as chloroisocyanurate, are also
applicable. A preferred bleach has the formula M(OX)y where : M is a member
selected from the group consisting of sodium, lithium, potassium, magnesium,
calcium, and mixtures thereof; O is an oxygen atom; X is a member selected
from the group consisting of chlorine, bromine, iodine, and mixtures thereof;
and y is 1 or 2 depending on the charge of M.
Preferred halogen bleaches for use herein are sodium hypochlorite, potassium
hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, magnesium hypochlorite, sodium
hypobromite, potassium hypobromite, calcium hypobromite, magnesium
hypobromite, sodium hypoiodite and potassium hypoiodite, more preferably
sodium hypochlorite, potassium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, magnesium
hypochlorite, most preferably sodium hypochlorite.
The compositions of the present invention typically comprise from 0.01% to
10% by weight of the total composition of said halogen bleach or mixtures
thereof, preferably from 0.01% to 5%, more preferably from 0.1% to 2.5%, and
most preferably from 0.5% to 2.5% by weight.
Organic or inorganic -NH
2
compound
Another essential ingredient of the present invention is an organic or inorganic
derived -NH2 compound, or mixtures thereof. Said organic and inorganic
derived -NH2 compounds are effective in reducing or eliminating the irritation of
the skin of the user, when a halogen bleach-containing composition comprising
it comes into contact with the skin. Still another advantage to the use of said
organic or inorganic derived -NH2 compound is their property in reducing the
bleach malodour on skin, so called "bleach hand smell". Examples of such
compounds are sulphamic acid, sulphamide, p-toluenesulphonamide,
imidodisulphonamide, benzenesulphonamide, melamine, cyanamide, alkyl
sulfonamides, and mixtures thereof. At pH levels greater than 11, the above
mentioned compounds may be de-protonated, that is, they may be in the form
of a salt and therefore due to expediency, ease of synthesis or preparation, or
due to formulation practices the salt form of any or all of the above mentioned
compounds will suffice. Although any suitable cation will suffice for the
purposes of the present invention, sodium, potassium, lithium, magnesium,
calcium, and mixtures thereof are preferred. Accordingly, the organic or
inorganic derived -NH2 compound is preferably a member selected from the
group consisting of sulphamic acid, sodium sulphamate, potassium
sulphamate, sulfamide, p-toluenesuphonamide, imidodisulphonamide,
benzenesulphonamide, melamine, cyanamide, alkyl sulfonamide, and mixtures
thereof and more preferably is sulphamic acid.
The present invention comprises said -NH2 compound in an amount such that
the molar ratio of said halogen bleach to said -NH2 compound is preferably
from 10:1 to 1:10, more preferably from 5:1 to 1:2, most preferably from 3:1 to
1:2.
Polycarboxylate polymer
Another essential component of the present invention is a polycarboxylate
polymer. The polycarboxylate polymers, contrary to cellulosic polymers such as
guar gum or xanthum gum, are more stable in presence of halogen bleaches
and provide a higher yield value. Not to be bound by theory, it is believed that
the polycarboxylate polymer forms a hydrophobic film on the hands surface. As
a result, the contact with the water phase containing the halogen bleach is
reduced; which thus, slows the kinetics of reaction between the halogen bleach
and the skin amino acid.
Suitable polymers for use herein are polymers comprising monomeric units
selected from the group consisting of unsaturated carboxylic acids such as
acrylic acid, polycarboxylic acids, sulphonic acids, phosphonic acids and
mixtures thereof. Copolymerisation of the above monomeric units among them
or with other co-monomers such as maleic anhydride, ethylene or propylene
are also suitable. When used, maleic anhydride will acts as a source of
additional carboxylic groups, whilst ethylene and propylene will act as diluents.
The molecular weight per carboxylate group of monomers containing a
carboxylate group typically varies from 25 to 200, preferably from 50 to 150,
more preferably from 75 to 125. Preferred polymers for use herein have a total
molecular weight of from 500,000 to 4,500,000, preferably from 1,000,000 to
4,000,000. Most preferred polymers for use herein contain from 0.5% to 4% by
weight of a cross-linking agent, wherein the cross-linking agent tends to
interconnect linear strands of the polymers to form the resulting cross-linked
products. Suitable cross-linking agents include the polyalkenyl polyethers.
Preferred polycarboxylate polymers for use herein are the polyacrylate
polymers. Commercially available polymers of the polyacrylate type include
those sold under the trade names Carbopol®, Acrysol® ICS-1, Polygel®, and
Sokalan®. Most preferred polyacrylate polymers are the copolymer of acrylic
acid and alkyl (C5-C10) acrylate, commercially available under the tradename
Carbopol® 1623, Carbopol® 695 from BF Goodrich, and copolymer of acrylic
acid and maleic anhydride, commercially available under the tradename
Polygel® DB from 3V Chemical company.
Mixtures of any of the polycarboxylate polymers, herein before described, may
also be used.
The polycarboxylate polymer is preferably present in an amount of from 0.01%
to 5% by weight, more preferably 0.4% to 1.5% by weight, most preferably
0.5% to 1% by weight of the composition.
Optional
The compositions according to the present invention may comprise a number of
optional ingredients such as surfactants, buffers, perfumes, bleach boosters,
fatty acids, radical scavengers, chelants, antimicrobial compounds, builders,
bactericides, solvents, enzymes, hydrotropes, colorants, bleach activators, soil
suspenders, dye transfer agents, brighteners, anti dusting agents, dispersants,
dye transfer inhibitors, pigments and dyes. Naturally, for the purpose of the
invention, the optional ingredients have to be stable to halogen bleaches.
Surfactants
Suitable surfactants for use herein are selected from the group consisting of
anionic, nonionic, ampholytic and zwitterionic surfactants. When used, the
surfactants will be present in an amount of from 0.1% to 95% by weight of a
surfactant, preferably from 0.1% to 20% by weight.
Suitable anionic surfactants include anionic surfactants that can be broadly
described as the water-soluble salts, particularly the alkali metal salts, of
organic sulfonation reaction products having in their molecular structure an
alkyl radical containing from about 6 to about 22 carbon atoms and a radical
selected from the group consisting of sulfonic acid and sulfuric acid ester
radicals. (Included in the term alkyl is the alkyl portion of higher acyl radicals.)
Important examples of the anionic synthetic detergents which can form the
surfactant component of the compositions of the present invention are the
sodium or potassium alkyl sulfates, especially those obtained by sulfating the
higher alcohols (C6-18 carbon atoms) produced by reducing the glycerides of
tallow or coconut oil; sodium or potassium alkyl benzene sulfonates, in which
the alkyl group contains from about 9 to about 15 carbon atoms, (the alkyl
radical can be a straight or branched aliphatic chain); sodium alkyl glyceryl
ether sulfonates, especially those ethers of the higher alcohols derived from
tallow and coconut oil; sodium coconut oil fatty acid monoglyceride sulfates and
sulfonates; sodium or potassium salts of sulfuric acid ester of the reaction
product of one mole of a higher fatty alcohol (e.g. tallow or coconut alcohols)
and about 1 to about 10 moles of ethylene oxide; sodium or potassium salts of
alkyl phenol ethylene oxide ether sulfates with about 1 to about 10 units of
ethylene oxide per molecule and in which the alkyl radicals contain from 8 to 12
carbon atoms; the reaction products of fatty acids are derived from coconut oil
sodium or potassium salts of fatty acid amides of a methyl tauride in which the
fatty acids, for example, are derived from coconut oil and sodium or potassium
beta-acetoxy- or beta-acetamido-alkanesulfonates where the alkane has from 8
to 22 carbon atoms.
Additionally, secondary alkyl sulfates may be used by the formulator
exclusively or in conjunction with other surfactant materials and the following
identifies and illustrates the differences between sulfated surfactants and
otherwise conventional alkyl sulfate surfactants. Non-limiting examples of such
ingredients are as follows.
Conventional primary alkyl sulfates, such as those illustrated above, have the
general formula ROSO3-M+ wherein R is typically a linear C6-C22
hydrocarbon group and M is a water solubilizing cation. Branched chain
primary alkyl sulfate surfactants (i.e., branched-chain "PAS") having 8-20
carbon atoms are also known; see, for example, EP 439 316.
Conventional secondary alkyl sulfate surfactants are those materials which
have the sulfate moiety distributed randomly along the hydrocarbon "backbone"
of the molecule. Such materials may be depicted by the structure
CH3(CH2)n(CHOSO3 -M+)(CH2)mCH3
wherein m and n are integers of 2 of greater and the sum of m+n is typically
about 9 to 17, and M is a water-solubilizing cation.
In addition, the selected secondary (2,3) alkyl sulfate surfactants used herein
may comprise structures of formulas I and II
CH3(CH2)x(CHOSO3 -M+)CH3
CH3(CH2)y(CHOSO3 -M+)CH2CH3
for the 2-sulfate and 3-sulfate, respectively. Mixtures of the 2- and 3-sulfate
can be used herein. In formulas I and II, x and (y+1) are, respectively, integers
of at least about 6, and can range from about 7 to about 20, preferably from
about 10 to about 16. M is a cation, such as an alkali metal, ammonium,
alkanolammonium, triethanol-ammonium, and the like, can also be used.
The aforementioned secondary alkyl sulfates are those prepared by the
addition of H2SO4 to olefins. A typical synthesis using alpha olefins and
sulfuric acid is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,234,258, Morris, issued February 8,
1966 or in U.S. Pat. No. 5,075,041, Lutz, issued December 24, 1991. The
synthesis conducted in solvents which afford the secondary (2,3) alkyl sulfates
on cooling, yields products which, when purified to remove the unreacted
materials, randomly sulfated materials, unsulfated by-products such as C10
and higher alcohols, secondary olefin sulfonates, and the like, are typically
90+% pure mixtures of 2- and 3-sulfated materials (some sodium sulfate may
be present) and are white, non tacky, apparently crystalline, solids. Some 2,3-disulfates
may also be present, but generally comprise no more than 5% of the
mixture of secondary (2,3) alkyl mono-sulfates. Such materials are available
under the name "DAN", e.g. "DAN 200" from Shell Oil Company.
Other suitable surfactants to be used herein include amine oxides according to
the formula R1R2R3NO where R1 is primarily a C6-C22 alkyl group and R2
and R3 are C1 to C3 alkyl groups or mixtures thereof. Indeed, such amine
oxides for use herein can be GenaminoxR LA, GemaminoxR MY-X (available
from Hoechst), C12-C14 AromoxR DMMCO-W, (AKZO), Aromox DM14D-W,
(AKZO) and Aromox DM14D-W (AKZO). Suitable amine oxides for use herein
are preferably halogen bleach compatible.
Buffers
Buffers can be included in the formulations herein for a variety of purposes.
One such purpose is to adjust the cleaning solution pH to optimize the hard
surface cleaner composition's effectiveness relative to a particular type of soil
or stain. Buffers may be included to stabilize the adjunct ingredients with
respect to extended shelf life or for the purpose of maintaining compatibility
between various aesthetic ingredients. The hard surface cleaner of the present
invention optionally contains buffers to adjust the pH in a preferred range
above 11. Non-limiting examples of such suitable buffers are potassium
carbonate, sodium carbonate, and trisodium phosphate, however, the
formulator is not restricted to these examples or combinations thereof.
Perfumes
Perfumes are an optional but highly preferred ingredient especially for the
liquid composition embodiment. Perfume is usually used at levels of from 0%
to 5%. In U.S 4,246,129, certain perfume materials are disclosed which perform
the added function reducing the solubility of anionic sulfonate and sulfate
surfactants.
Bleach boosters
As a further optional, but preferred ingredient, the present compositions
comprise bleach boosters. Bleach boosters are those compounds that in an
alkaline pH environment are capable of releasing a halide ion, undergoing an
oxidation, a reduction or other disproportionation that otherwise yields an
activated halide ion. Typically boosters containing bromine atoms and iodine
atoms are used in the presence of chlorine atom based bleaches and iodine is
used when bromine based bleaches are employed as the primary bleaching
agent. Preferred bleach booster has the formula M(X)y where : a) M is a
member selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, potassium,
magnesium, calcium, copper, zinc, and mixtures thereof; and b) X is the radical
bromide, hypobromite, bromate, iodide, hypoiodite, iodate, and mixtures
thereof; wherein y is 1 or 2.
While not wishing to be limited by theory, it is believed that the boosters have
the effect, as in the case of hypochlorite based bleach, of converting the
hypochlorite bleach into a more reactive and/or a more stable species, for
example, hypobromite, thus providing for the full utility of the bleach formulated.
Bleach boosters of the present invention may be added as a precursor which
itself can be a bleach booster, for example, iodide ion is a suitable bleach
booster according to the present invention. The boosters thus formed by
oxidation/reduction or other disproportionations, for example, iodate, may be
instead added directly.
The bleach boosters of the present invention are of the formula MX where M is
a member selected from the group consisting of lithium, sodium, potassium,
magnesium, calcium, copper, and zinc while the X is halogen. The preferred
bleach boosters are the sodium and potassium salts of bromine and iodine,
more preferably sodium and potassium bromide and iodide.
Fatty acids
Another optional component of the present invention is an alkali metal salt of a
C8-C18 fatty acid. Said fatty acids are used as suds suppressors. Suitable fatty
acids for use herein can be any C8-C18 fatty acid, preferably fully saturated,
preferably a sodium, potassium or lithium salt, more preferably the sodium salt.
Suitable fatty acids may be selected from caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid,
myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid and mixtures of fatty acids suitably
hardened, derived from natural sources such as tallow, coconut oil, ground oil
and babassu oil. Compositions according to the present invention comprise
from 0.1% to 2%, preferably less than 0.6% by weight of the composition of
fatty acids.
Radical scavenger
A further optional component of the present invention is a radical scavenger.
Said radical scavengers are used as stabilisers. A suitable radical scavenger
for use herein is the aromatic molecule containing a carboxylic group ring
substitution. Suitable examples of radical scavengers for use herein include the
meta and para-chlorobenzoic acid, benzoic acid, meta- ortho- and para-methoxybenzoic
acid, meta nitrobenzoic acid, para bromobenzoic acid, salicylic
acid, 5-sulphosalicylic acid, 3,5-dimethyl salicylic acid and paratoluic acid. Of
the above materials, ortho-methoxybenzoic acid is preferred. Compositions
according to the present invention comprise from 0.01% to 1.5% by weight,
preferably from 0.1% to 0.8% by weight and more preferably from 0.2% to 0.5%
by weight of the composition of radical scavengers.
The compositions according to the present invention may be in liquid form.
Said liquid compositions are preferably but not necessarily formulated as
aqueous compositions, which preferably comprise from 80% to 95%, more
preferably from 85% to 90% of water.
Still another optional requirement of the liquid compositions according to the
present invention is that the pH is greater than 10, preferably greater than 11,
more preferably greater than 12. This is achieved by the addition of from 0.4%
to 3% of a caustic alkali. Suitable caustic alkalis for use herein include sodium
and potassium hydroxide. Compositions according to the present invention
comprising hypochlorite preferably have a pH greater than 12 for hypochlorite
stability.
Packaging form of the compositions
The compositions herein may be packaged in a variety of suitable detergent
packaging known to those skilled in the art. The liquid compositions herein may
desirably be packaged in manually operated spray dispensing containers,
which are usually made of synthetic organic polymeric plastic materials.
Accordingly, the present invention also encompasses liquid cleaning
compositions of the invention packaged in a spray dispenser, preferably in a
trigger spray dispenser. Indeed, said spray-type dispensers allow to uniformly
apply to a relatively large area of a surface to be cleaned the liquid cleaning
compositions suitable for use according to the present invention; thereby
contributing to the cleaning properties of said compositions. Such spray-type
dispensers are particularly suitable to clean vertical surfaces.
Suitable spray-type dispensers to be used according to the present invention
include manually operated foam trigger-type dispensers sold for example by
Specialty Packaging Products, Inc. or Continental Sprayers, Inc. These types
of dispensers are disclosed, for instance, in US-4,701,311 to Dunnining et al.
and US-4,646,973 and US-4,538,745 both to Focarracci. Particularly preferred
to be used herein are spray-type dispensers such as T 8500® commercially
available from Continental Spray International or T 8100® commercially
available from Canyon, Northern Ireland. In such a dispenser the liquid
composition is divided in fine liquid droplets resulting in a spray that is directed
onto the surface to be treated. Indeed, in such a spray-type dispenser the
composition contained in the body of said dispenser is directed through the
spray-type dispenser head via energy communicated to a pumping mechanism
by the user as said user activates said pumping mechanism. More particularly,
in said spray-type dispenser head the composition is forced against an
obstacle, e.g. a grid or a cone or the like, thereby providing shocks to help
atomise the liquid composition, i.e. to help the formation of liquid droplets.
The present invention also encompasses the use of said polycarboxylate
polymeric compound in a cleaning composition comprising a halogen bleach
and an organic or inorganic -NH2 compound for providing reduced skin
irritation. As described hereinbefore, by "reduced skin irritation", it is meant that
compositions according to the invention provide a further reduction in the skin
irritation compared to halogen bleach compositions containing an organic or
inorganic -NH2 compound but no polycarboxylate polymer.
The present invention further encompasses a method for cleaning a hard
surface by applying on said surface an effective amount of a composition of the
invention. The said composition may be applied in its neat form or after having
been diluted with water. Preferably said composition is diluted up to 200 times
its weight of water, preferably into 50 to 150 times its weight of water and more
preferably 75 to 95, before it is applied to said surface. When the composition
is diluted prior to use (to reach a total active level in the order of 1.2%), the
composition will still advantageously provide effective cleaning performance. In
the preferred embodiment of the method of the present invention wherein said
composition is applied to a hard-surface to be cleaned in its diluted form, it may
not be necessary to rinse the surface after the composition has been applied.
In the compositions of the invention, the abbreviated component identifications
have the following meanings:
- C8 AS
- : Octyl sulphate, available from Albright and Wilson, under
the tradename Empimin® LV33
- 24 AS
- : Sodium C12 - C14 alkyl sulphate, available from Albright
and Wilson, under the tradename Empicol® 0298/F
- Amine oxide
- : C12 - C14 amine oxide, commercially available under the
tradename Genaminox® LA from Hoechst
- Polymer*
- : Copolymer of acrylic acid and alkyl (C5-C10) acrylate,
commercially available under the tradename Carbopol®
1623 from BF Goodrich
- Polymer **
- : Copolymer of acrylic acid and maleic anhydride,
commercially available under the tradename Polygel®
DB from 3V Chemical company
- Fatty acid
- : C8 - C18 fatty acid
- nonionic
- : Capped ethoxylated carboxylate commercially available
under the tradename Plurafac LF 231 from BASF
The invention is illustrated in the following non limiting examples, in which the
following compositions are made by mixing the following ingredients in the
listed proportions (weight %).
Example 1
The following compositions, according to the invention, were prepared:
Components | A | B | C | D | E | F |
24 AS | 1.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
C8 AS | 1.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 |
Polymer * | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.5 |
Sulfamic acid | 2.0 | 2.3 | 4.0 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 2.0 |
Caustic | - | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 1.4 | - |
Sodium hypochlorite | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.4 |
Fatty acid | - | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | - |
Water and minors up to 100 |
Example 2
The following compositions are in accordance with the invention
| G | H | I | J |
C8 AS | 1.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 |
24AE3S | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Polymer * | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.0 |
nonionic | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
fatty acid | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
Sulfamic acid | 2.5 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.5 |
Caustic | 2.5 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.5 |
sodium hypochlorite | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.4 |
Water and minors up to 100 |
Example 3
The following compositions are in accordance with the invention
| K | L | M |
amine oxide | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.8 |
24 AS | - | 2.0 | 2.0 |
C8 AS | 2.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 |
Polymer * | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
Sulfamic acid | 2.0 | 2.5 | 1.4 |
Caustic | 1.5 | 2.5 | 1.4 |
Sodium hypochlorite | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.0 |
Water and minors up to 100 |
Example 4
The following compositions, according to the invention, were prepared:
Components | N | O |
24 AS | 2.0 | 2.0 |
C8 AS | 2.0 | 2.0 |
Polymer ** | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Sulfamic acid | 2.3 | 1.5 |
Caustic | 2.5 | 2.0 |
Sodium hypochlorite | 1.4 | 1.0 |
Fatty acid | 0.1 | 0.3 |
Water and minors up to 100 |