EP0828752A4 - Chitotriosidase - Google Patents

Chitotriosidase

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Publication number
EP0828752A4
EP0828752A4 EP97917674A EP97917674A EP0828752A4 EP 0828752 A4 EP0828752 A4 EP 0828752A4 EP 97917674 A EP97917674 A EP 97917674A EP 97917674 A EP97917674 A EP 97917674A EP 0828752 A4 EP0828752 A4 EP 0828752A4
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
leu
gly
ala
chitotriosidase
ser
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP97917674A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0828752A1 (en
Inventor
Robert B Kirkpatrick
Nageswara R Thotakura
Jian Ni
Reiner Gentz
Arvind Chopra
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Human Genome Sciences Inc
SmithKline Beecham Corp
Original Assignee
Human Genome Sciences Inc
SmithKline Beecham Corp
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Publication date
Application filed by Human Genome Sciences Inc, SmithKline Beecham Corp filed Critical Human Genome Sciences Inc
Publication of EP0828752A1 publication Critical patent/EP0828752A1/en
Publication of EP0828752A4 publication Critical patent/EP0828752A4/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y302/00—Hydrolases acting on glycosyl compounds, i.e. glycosylases (3.2)
    • C12Y302/01—Glycosidases, i.e. enzymes hydrolysing O- and S-glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
    • C12Y302/01014—Chitinase (3.2.1.14)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
    • C12N9/24—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2)
    • C12N9/2402—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2) hydrolysing O- and S- glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
    • C12N9/2405—Glucanases
    • C12N9/2434—Glucanases acting on beta-1,4-glucosidic bonds
    • C12N9/2442—Chitinase (3.2.1.14)

Definitions

  • ECM extracellular matrix
  • the ECM components are regulated, in both normal and disease states, by various exogenous and endogenous factors.
  • the differentiation state of the cell can increase the rate of degradation of the ECM.
  • Benya Pathol. Immunopathol. Res. 1988, 7, 51-54 Likewise, the presence of metalloproteinases or their inhibitors can alter the composition of the ECM.
  • An imbalance of metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP) has been shown to cont ⁇ bute to the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis.
  • Dean et al J. Clin. Invest. 1989, 84: 678-685 Cytokines, growth factors, and the extracellular environment can all cont ⁇ bute to the alteration of the ECM.
  • cartilage and bone The growth of cartilage and bone is actualized by cells such as articular chondrocytes and osteoblasts.
  • the main function of these cells in immature tissue is the deposition and remodeling of the cartilage or bone mat ⁇ x. In adult tissue, these cells maintain this matrix in order to ensure its proper function. In both cases, this encompasses secretion of the extracellular components as well as secretion of proteins involved in the turnover of the ECM.
  • a major species of protein secreted by these cells and involved in the turnover of the ECM are the metalloproteinases. Woessner FASEB J. 1991, 5, 214-2154. A new type of secretory glycoprotein has also been identified in human cartilage, osteoblasts. synovial cells, sheep and bovine oviduct and mammary cells, and macrophages. Nyrikos and Golds Biochem J. 1990, 268, 265-268; Hakala et al. J. Biol. Chem. 1993, 268(34) 25803-25810; Johansen et al. J. Bone and Min. Res. 1992, 7(5) 501-51 1; Rejman and Hurley Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1988.
  • Chitotriosidase shares regions of significant homology to the bacterial and fungal chitinases. Chitinases are enzymes that hydrolyze glycosidic bonds. They bear a subtle similarity to lysozymes from mammals and function as endoglycosidases with a specificity for N-acetyl-glucosamine linkages. However, these types of chitin-like structures, homopolymers of N-acetyl-glucosamine. are not normally encountered in mammalian tissue.
  • the human cartilage glycoprotein, HC gp-39 is a protein with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 39 kDa secreted by both articular chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts. Nyrikos and Golds Biochem J. 1990, 268, 265-268; Hakala et al. J. Biol. Chem. 1993, 268(34), 25803-25810. This protein has been described as a marker for joint injury, appearing in the blood and synovial fluid from patients diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. Johansen et al. British J. of Rheumatology 1993, 32, 949-955.
  • the gene encoding this protein has been cloned and is expressed specifically in cartilage and synovial cells of rheumatic joints. Hakala et al. J. Biol. Chem. 1993, 268(34), 25803-25810.
  • the protein YKL-40 has also been identified as one of the major secretory products of cultured human osteoblastic cells (osteocarcinoma cell line MG-63) expressed in response to 1 ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulation. Johansen et al. J. Bone and Min. Res. 1992, 7(5), 501-51 1; Johansen et al. Br. J. Rheumatol. 1993, 32, 949-55.
  • YKL-40 The N-terminal portion of YKL-40 was sequenced and found to be identical to HC gp-39. Upon further sequencing, YKL-40 and HC gp-39 were found to be identical.
  • Chitotriosidase is an enzyme which has been identified as a member of this family homologous to the chitinases. Renkema et al. J. Biol Chem. 1995, 27C, 2198-2202; Hollak et al. J. Clin. Invest. 1994, 93, 1288-92. This protein also has an apparent molecular weight of 39 kDa and shares N-terminal homologies with HC gp-39, the bovine mammary protein, and several bacterial chitinases.
  • Gaucher Disease is an inherited deficiency in the activity of glucocerebrosidase, a lysosomal hydrolase. This defect results in an accumulation of glucosylceramide (glucocerebroside) in the lysosomes of macrophages. Accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages results in hepatosplenomegaly, bone lesions, and neurological anomalies. After morphological differentiation of monocytes into macrophages in culture, the cells begin to produce and secrete increasing amounts of chitotriosidase. This increase is, on average, 600 times greater in GD patients than in patients with other pathological conditions.
  • chitotriosidase has chitolytic activity. Like the bacterial enzyme, it has the ability to degrade chitin azure, a polymer of beta- 1 -4-linked N-acetylglucosamine moieties.
  • polypeptide of the present invention is of human origin.
  • nucleic acid molecules encoding human chitotriosidase, including mRNAs, DNAs, cDNAs, genomic DNAs as well as analogs and biologically active and diagnostically or therapeutically useful fragments thereof.
  • a process for producing chitotriosidase by recombinant techniques comprising culturing recombinant prokaryotic and or eukaryotic host cells, containing a human nucleic acid sequence of chitotriosidase, under conditions promoting expression of these proteins and subsequent recovery of these proteins.
  • a process for utilizing chitotriosidase polypeptide for diagnostic purposes, for example, in the diagnosis of tissue remodeling disorders.
  • Figure 1 provides the coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) and deduced amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2) of the polypeptide chitotriosidase.
  • Figure 2 provides the coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 3) and deduced amino acid sequence
  • an isolated nucleic acid sequence which encodes for the chitotriosidase (SEQ ID NO: 1 ).
  • the deduced amino acid sequence of this protein (SEQ ID NO: 2) is shown in Figure 1.
  • the full length cDNA of the clone encoding chitotriosidase was deposited as ATCC Deposit No. 69953 on November 29, 1995. Sequencing of this full length clone encoding chitotriosidase revealed a nucleotide sequence that is 54% homologous to HC gp-39. This gene contains an open reading frame coding for a 395 amino acid peptide that is 52% identical (68% amino acid similarity) to HC gp-39.
  • nucleotide sequence variations of the chitotriosidase in Figure 1 are provided, singly or preferably in combination (nucleotide numbers correspond to Figure 2 (SEQ ID NO: 1): nucleotide 330 is a G, or an insertion of 6 nucleotides, ggtaca, or, nucleotide 1253 is a C, or nucleotide 1426 is deleted (C deleted), or nucleotide 1442 is deleted (C deleted), or nucleotide 1495 is deleted (C deleted), or nucleotide 1632 is a G, or nucleotide 1634 is a G.
  • the nucleic acid sequences of the present invention may be in the form of RNA or in the form of DNA, which DNA includes cDNA, genomic DNA, and synthetic DNA.
  • the DNA may be double-stranded or single-stranded, and if single stranded may be the coding strand or non- coding (anti-sense) strand.
  • the coding sequence which encodes the chitotriosidase protein may be identical to the coding sequence shown in Figure 1 or that of the deposited clone or may be a different coding sequence which coding sequence, as a result of the redundancy or degeneracy of the genetic code, encodes the same protein as the DNA of Figure 1 or the deposited cDNAs.
  • the present invention includes polynucleotides encoding the same mature polypeptide as shown in Figure 1 or the same mature polypeptide encoded by the cDNA of the deposited clone Further, the inventions includes va ⁇ ants of such polynucleotides that encode a fragment, de ⁇ vative or analog of the polypeptides of Figure 1 or the polypeptide encoded by the cDNA of the deposited clone Among va ⁇ ants in this regard are va ⁇ ants that differ from the aforementioned polynucleotides by nucleotide substitutions, deletions or additions The substitutions, deletions or additions may inolve one or more nucleotides The va ⁇ ants may be altered in coding or non-coding regions or both Alterations in the coding regions may produce conservative amino acid sustitutions, deletions or additions Va ⁇ ants of the invention may have a sequence that occurs in nature or they may have a sequence that does not occur naturally As herein above indicated, the polynucleotide may have a coding sequence
  • polynucleotides encoding polypeptides having the amino acid sequences of chitot ⁇ osidase set out in Figure 1 or the amino acid sequence of chitot ⁇ osidase of the cDNA of the deposited clone, vanants, analogs, denvatives and fragments thereof, and fragments of the va ⁇ ants, analogs and de ⁇ vatives
  • polynucleotides encoding chitot ⁇ osidase va ⁇ ants. analogs, de ⁇ vatives and fragments, and va ⁇ ants, analogs and de ⁇ vatives of the fragments, which have the ammo acid sequence of the chitot ⁇ osidase polypeptide of Figure 1 or of the deposit in which several, a few, 5 to 10, 1 to 5, 1 to 3, 2, 1 or no amino acid residues are substituted, deleted or added, in any combination Especially preferred among these are silent substitutions, additions and deleUons, which do not alter the properties and activities of the chitotnosidase Also especially preferred in this regard are conservative substitutions most highly preferred are polypeptides having the amino acid sequence of Figure 1 or of the deposit, without substitutions Further preferred embodiments of the invention are polynucleotides that are more than
  • polynucleotides that comp ⁇ se a region that is more than 85% identical to a polynucleotide encoding the chitot ⁇ osidase polypeptide of the cDNA of the deposited clone
  • polynucleotides more than 90% identical to the same are particularly preferred, and among these particularly preferred polynucleotides, those with 95% or more identity are especially preferred
  • those with 97% or more identity are highly preferred among those with 95% or more identity, and among these those with 98% or more and 99% or more identity are particularly highly prefered, with 99% or more being the more prefe ⁇ ed
  • polynucleotides encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of the chitotriosidase set out in Figure 1 or of the deposited clone
  • the polynucleotide may encode the polypeptide in a continuous region or in a plurality of two or more discontinuous exons, and it may compnse additional regions as well, which are unrelated to the coding region or regions
  • polynucleotides that compnse a region that is more than 85% identical to the chitot ⁇ osidase-encoding portion of the pol nucelotide set out in Figure 1 are particularly preferred, and, among these particularly preferred polynucleotides, those with 95% or more lentity are especially preferred.
  • those with 97% or more identity are highly preferred among those with 95% or more identity, and among these those with 98% or more and 99% or more identity are particularly highly preferred, with 99% or more being the more preferred of these
  • the present invention also includes polynucleotides in which the sequence encoding the mature polypeptide is fused in the same reading frame to additional sequences
  • sequences include signal sequences, which facilitate transport of the nascent protein into the endoplasmic reticulum, pro-sequences that are associated with inactive precursor forms of the polypeptide, which may facihtate trafficking of the protein in a cell or out of a cell or may unprove persistence of the protein in a cell or in an extracellular compartment.
  • sequences also may be added to facihtate production and purification, or to add additional functional domains, as discussed elsewhere herein
  • the present invention further relates to the chitot ⁇ osidase polypeptide which has the deduced amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO 2) of Figure 1 or which has the amino acid sequence encoded by the deposited cDNA. as well as fragments, analogs and de ⁇ vatives of such polypeptide
  • the te ⁇ ns "fragment,” “de ⁇ vative” and “analog” when referring to the polypeptide of Figure 1 or that encoded by the deposited cDNA, means a polypeptide which retains essentially the same biological function or activity as such polypepnde
  • an analog includes a proprotein which can be activated by cleavage of the proprotein portion to produce an active mature polypeptide
  • the polypeptide of the present invention may be a recombinant polypeptide. a natural polypeptide or a synthetic polypeptide, preferably a recombinant polypeptide
  • the fragment, denvative or analog of the polypeptide of Figure 1 or that encoded by the deposited cDNA may be (0 one in which one or more ot the ammo acid residues are substituted with a conserved or non-conserved ammo acid residue (preferably a conserved ammo acid residue) and such substituted ammo acid residue may or may not be one encoded by the genetic code, or (u) one in which one or more of the ammo acid residues mcludes a substituent group, or Oil) one in which the mature polypeptide is fused with another compound, such as a compound to increase the half-life of the polypeptide (for example, polyethylene glycol), or (iv) one in which the additional ammo acids are fused to the mature polypeptide, such as a leader or secretory sequence or a sequence which is employed for purification of the mature polypeptide or a proprotein sequence
  • Such fragments, denvatives and analogs are deemed to be withm the scope of those skilled in the
  • Host cells are genetically engineered (transduced or transformed or transfected) with the vectors of this invention which may be, for example, a cloning vector or an expression vector.
  • the vector may be, for example, in the form of a plasmid. a viral particle, a phage, etc.
  • the engineered host cells can be cultured in conventional nutrient media modified as appropriate for activating promoters, selecting transformants or amplifying the chitotriosidase genes.
  • the culture conditions such as temperature, pH and the like, are those previously used with the host cell selected for expression, and will be apparent to the ordinarily skilled artisan.
  • the nucleic acid sequences of the present invention may be employed for producing polypeptides by recombinant techniques.
  • the nucleic acid sequences may be included in any one of a variety of expression vectors for expressing a polypeptide.
  • Such vectors include chromosomal, nonchromosomal and synthetic DNA sequences, e.g., derivatives of SV40; bacterial piasmids; phage DNA; baculovirus; yeast piasmids; vectors derived from combinations of piasmids and phage DNA, viral DNA such as vaccinia, adenovirus, fowl pox virus, and pseudorabies.
  • any other vector may be used as long as it is replicable and viable in the host.
  • the DNA sequence of chitotriosidase can be inserted into the vector by a variety of procedures.
  • the DNA sequence is inserted into an appropriate restriction endonuclease site(s) by procedures known in the art. Such procedures and others are deemed to be within the scope of those skilled in the art.
  • the DNA sequence in the expression vector is operatively linked to an appropriate expression control sequence(s) (promoter) to direct mRNA synthesis.
  • promoter for example, LTR or SV40 promoter, the E. coli lac or trp, the phage lambda P promoter and other promoters known to control expression of genes in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells or their viruses.
  • the expression vector also contains a ribosome binding site for translation initiation and a transcription terminator.
  • the vector may also include appropriate sequences for amplifying expression.
  • the expression vectors preferably contain one or more selectable marker genes to provide a phenotypic trait for selection of transformed host cells such as dihydrofolate reductase or neomycin resistance for eukaryotic cell culture, or such as tetracycline or ampicillin resistance in E. coli.
  • the vector contammg the approp ⁇ ate DNA sequence as hereinabove desc ⁇ bed, as well as an approp ⁇ ate promoter or control sequence, may be employed to transform an approp ⁇ ate host to permit the host to express the protein
  • bacte ⁇ al cells such as E colt, Streptomyces, Salmonella typhimunum fungal cells, such as yeast, insect cells such as Drosophila S2 and Spodoptera Sf9, animal cells such as CHO, COS or Bowes melanoma, adenoviruses, plant cells, etc.
  • the present mvention also mcludes recombmant constructs compnsmg one or more of the sequences as desc ⁇ bed above
  • the constructs comp ⁇ se a vector, such as a plasmid or viral vector, mto which a sequence encodmg chitot ⁇ osidase has been inserted, a forward or reverse o ⁇ entation
  • the construct further compnses regulatory sequences, mcludmg, for example, a promoter, operably linked to the sequence
  • mcludmg for example, a promoter
  • suitable vectors and promoters are known to those of skill in the art, and are commercially available
  • the following vectors are provided by way of example, Bacte ⁇ al pQE70, pQE60, pQE-9 (Qiagen), pBS, pDIO, phagesc ⁇ pt, ps ⁇ X174, pbluescnpt SK, pbsks, pNH
  • Promoter regions can be selected from any des ed gene usmg CAT (chloramphenicol transferase) vectors or other vectors with selectable markers
  • Two appropriate vectors are pKK232-8 and pCM7
  • Particular named bacte ⁇ al promoters mclude lad, lacZ, T3, T7, gpt, lambda P R , P and trp
  • Eukaryotic promoters include CMV immediate early, HSV thymidine kmase, early and late SV40, LTRs from retrovirus, and mouse metalloth ⁇ one ⁇ n-I Selection of the approp ⁇ ate vector and promoter is well with the level of ordinary skill the art
  • the present mvention relates to host cells contammg the above- desc ⁇ bed constructs
  • the host cell can be a higher eukaryotic cell, such as a mammalian cell, or a lower eukaryotic cell, such as a yeast cell, or the host cell can be a prokaryotic cell, such as a bacte ⁇ al cell.
  • constructs in host cells can be used in a conventional manner to produce the gene product encoded by the recombinant sequence.
  • polypeptides can be synthetically produced by conventional peptide synthesizers.
  • Mature proteins can be expressed in mammalian cells, yeast, bacteria, or other cells under the control of appropriate promoters. Cell-free translation systems can also be employed to produce such proteins using RNAs derived from the DNA constructs of the present invention.
  • Appropriate cloning and expression vectors for use with prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts are described by Sambrook et al.. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., (1989), the disclosure of which is hereby inco ⁇ orated by reference. Transcription of the DNA encoding a protein by higher eukaryotes is increased by inserting an enhancer sequence into the vector.
  • Enhancers are cis-acting elements of DNA, usually about from 10 to 300 bp that act on a promoter to increase its transcription. Examples including the SV40 enhancer on the late side of the replication origin bp 100 to 270, a cytomegalovirus early promoter enhancer, the polyoma enhancer on the late side of the replication origin, and adenovirus enhancers.
  • recombinant expression vectors will include origins of replication and selectable markers permitting transformation of the host cell, e.g., the ampicillin resistance gene of E. coli and S. cerevisiae TRP1 gene, and a promoter derived from a highly-expressed gene to direct transcription of a downstream structural sequence.
  • promoters can be derived from operons encoding glycolytic enzymes such as 3-phosphoglycerate kinase 0?GK), a-factor, acid phosphatase, or heat shock proteins, among others.
  • the heterologous structural sequence is assembled in appropriate phase with translation initiation and termination sequences, and preferably, a leader sequence capable of directing secretion of translated protein into the periplasmic space or extracellular medium.
  • the heterologous sequence can encode a fusion protein including an N-terminal identification peptide imparting desired characteristics, e.g., stabilization or simplified purification of expressed recombinant product.
  • Useful expression vectors for bacterial use are constructed by inserting a structural DNA sequence encoding a desired protein together with suitable translation initiation and termination signals in operable reading phase with a functional promoter.
  • the vector will comprise one or more phenotypic selectable markers and an origin of replication to ensure maintenance of the vector and to, if desirable, provide amplification within the host.
  • Suitable prokaryotic hosts for transformation include E. coli. Bacillus subtilis. Salmonella typhimurium and various species withm the genera Pseudomonas, Streptomvces, and Staphylococcus. although others may also be employed as a matter of choice
  • useful expression vectors for bacte ⁇ al use can comp ⁇ se a selectable marker and bactenal ongin of replication de ⁇ ved from commercially available piasmids compnsmg genetic elements of the well known clonmg vector pBR322 (ATCC 37017)
  • Such commercial vectors mclude, for example, pKK223-3 (Pharmacia Fme Chemicals, Uppsala, Sweden) and GEM1 (Promega Biotec, Madison, WI, USA)
  • pBR322 "backbone" sections are combmed with an approp ⁇ ate promoter and the structural sequence to be expressed
  • the selected promoter is induced by approp ⁇ ate means (e g , temperature shift or chemical duction) and cells are cultured for an additional penod
  • Cells are typically harvested by cent ⁇ ftigation, disrupted by physical or chemical means, and the resultmg crude extract retained for further purification
  • Microbial cells employed in expression of protems can be disrupted by any convenient method, mcludmg freeze-thaw cychng, sonication, mechanical disruption, or use of cell lys g agents, such methods are well know to those skilled in the art
  • Va ⁇ ous mammalian cell culture systems can also be employed to express recombinant protems
  • mammahan expression systems mclude the COS-7 lmes of monkey kidney fibroblasts, desc ⁇ bed by Gluzman Cell 1981, 23, 175, and other cell hnes capable of expressmg a compatible vector, for example, the C127, 3T3, CHO, HeLa and BHK cell hnes
  • Mammalian expression vectors will comp ⁇ se an ongin of replication, a suitable promoter and enhancer, and also any necessary ⁇ bosome bmdmg sites, polyadenylation site, splice donor and acceptor sites, transc ⁇ ptional termination sequences, and 5' flanking nontranscnbed sequences DNA sequences de ⁇ ved from the SV40 splice, and polyadenylation sites may be used to provide the required nontranscnbed genetic elements
  • Polypeptides can then be recovered and punfied from recombmant cell cultures by methods including ammonium sulfate or ethanol precipitation, acid extraction, anion or cation exchange chromatography, phosphocellulose chromatography, hydrophobic mteraction chromatography, affinity chromatography, hydroxylapatite chromatography and lectin chromatography Protem refoldmg steps can be used, as necessary, in completmg configuration of the mature protem Finally, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) can be employed for final purification steps It is now believed that chitotriosidase is involved in tissue remodeling. Human chitotriosidase is homologous to microbial chitinases. In particular the protein shares a similar cysteine motif and homology to the active site of microbial chitinases. Accordingly, chitotriosidase can be used in the development of treatments for tissue remodeling diseases and in the diagnosis of these diseases.
  • human serum chitotriosidase is an extracellular matrix remodeling factor involved in the remodeling process occurring in diseases.
  • Activity against chitotriosidase substrates is indicative of a function in degrading extracellular matrix substrates with a similar carbohydrate structure to chitin.
  • Chitotriosidase was found during morphological differentiation of monocytes into macrophages. These macrophages can be associated with different sites of inflammation that occur in various disease states, including but not limited to atheroschlerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, acute inflammatory disease, and inflammation due to injury. Accordingly, it is believed that human serum chitotriosidase is a useful target for the inhibition of tissue remodeling disease processes.
  • Purified human serum chitotriosidase protein could thus be tested for various in vitro and in vivo assays for tissue remodeling to determine the extent to which this protein promotes these processes.
  • Therapeutics would be defined as molecules that specifically inhibit chitotriosidase function as it relates to tissue remodeling activity in these assays and includes neutralizing antibodies.
  • Chitotriosidase can also be used in the production of antibodies.
  • the proteins, their fragments or other derivatives, or analogs thereof, or cells expressing them can be used as an immunogen to produce antibodies thereto. These antibodies can be, for example, polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies.
  • the present invention also includes chimeric, single chain, and humanized antibodies, as well as Fab fragments, or the product of an Fab expression library. Various procedures known in the art may be used for the production of such antibodies and fragments.
  • Antibodies generated against these proteins can be obtained by direct injection of the protein into an animal, preferably a nonhuman. The antibody so obtained will then bind the protein itself.
  • any technique which provides antibodies produced by continuous cell line cultures can be used. Examples include the hybridoma technique (Kohler and Milstein Nature 1975, 256, 495-497), the trioma technique, the human B-cell hybridoma technique (Kozbor et al. Immunology Today 1983, 4, 72), and the EBV-hybridoma technique to produce human monoclonal antibodies (Cole et al. in Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1985, pp. 77-96).
  • This invention is also related to the use of these chitotriosidase protein as a diagnostic. Detection of a mutated forms of chitotriosidase will allow a diagnosis of a tissue remodeling disease such as rheumatoid arthritis or atherosclerosis. Individuals ca ⁇ ying mutations in one or more of chitotriosidase protein may be detected at the DNA level by a variety of techniques. Nucleic acids for diagnosis may be obtained from a patient's cells, such as from blood, urine, saliva, tissue biopsy and autopsy material. The genomic DNA may be used directly for detection or may be amplified enzymatically by using PCR (Saiki et al.. Nature 1986, 324, 163-166) prior to analysis.
  • RNA or cDNA may also be used for the same purpose.
  • PCR primers complementary to the nucleic acid encoding chitotriosidase can be used to identify and analyze mutations in this protein. For example, deletions and insertions can be detected by a change in size of the amplified product in comparison to the normal genotype. Point mutations can be identified by hybridizing amplified DNA to radiolabeled RNA or altematively, radiolabeled antisense DNA sequences. Perfectly matched sequences can be distinguished from mismatched duplexes by RNase A digestion or by differences in melting temperatures.
  • Sequence differences between the reference gene and genes having mutations may be revealed by the direct DNA sequencing method.
  • cloned DNA segments may be employed as probes to detect specific DNA segments.
  • the sensitivity of this method is greatly enhanced when combined with PCR.
  • a sequencing primer is used with double- stranded PCR product or a single-stranded template molecule generated by a modified PCR.
  • the sequence determination is performed by conventional procedures with radiolabeled nucleotide or by automatic sequencing procedures with fluorescent-tags.
  • DNA sequence differences may be achieved by detection of alteration in electrophoretic mobility of DNA fragments in gels with or without denaturing agents. Small sequence deletions and insertions can be visualized by high resolution gel electrophoresis. DNA fragments of different sequences may be distinguished on denaturing formamidine gradient gels in which the mobilities of different DNA fragments are retarded in the gel at different positions accordmg to their specific meltmg or partial meltmg temperatures (see, e g , Myers et dl Science 1985, 230, 1242) Sequence changes at specific locations may also be revealed by nuclease protection assays, such as RNase and S 1 protection or the chemical cleavage method (e g , Cotton et al PNAS USA 1985, 85, 4397-4401 Thus, the detection of a specific DNA sequence may be achieved by methods such as hybndization, RNase protection, chemical cleavage, direct DNA sequencmg or the use of restnction enzymes, (e g ,
  • mutations can also be detected by in situ analysis
  • the present invention also relates to a diagnostic assay for detecting altered levels of chitot ⁇ osidase protem m va ⁇ ous tissues
  • Assays used to detect levels of these protems in a sample de ⁇ ved from a host are well-known to those of skill in the art and mclude radioimmunoassays, competitive-binding assays.
  • an ELISA assay initially compnses preparing an antibody specific to chitotriosidase protein, preferably a monoclonal antibody
  • a reporter antibody is prepared agamst the monoclonal antibody
  • a detectable reagent such as radioactivity, fluorescence or in this example a horseradish peroxidase enzyme
  • a sample is removed from a host and mcubated on a solid support, e g , a polystyrene dish, that bmds the protems m the sample Any free protem bmdmg sites on the dish are then covered by mcubatmg with a non-specific protem like BSA
  • the monoclonal antibody is incubated in the dish dunng which time the monoclonal antibodies attach to chitot ⁇ osidase protein attached to the polystyrene dish All unbound monoclonal antibody is washed out with buffer
  • the reporter antibody is incubated in the dish dunng which time the
  • Peroxidase substrates are then added to the dish and the amount of color developed in a given time penod is a measurement of the amount of chitot ⁇ osidase protem present in a given volume of patient sample when compared agamst a standard curve
  • a competition assay may be employed wherem antibodies specific to the chitot ⁇ osidase protem are attached to a sobd support and labeled protem and a sample de ⁇ ved from the host are passed over the solid support and the amount of label detected attached to the solid support can be correlated to a quantity of chitot ⁇ osidase protem m the sample.
  • Example 1 Assay for smooth muscle migration
  • Smooth muscle migration is measured in a chamber divided by a semi-permeable filter to which chitotriosidase (about 1 to 10 mg/ml) is bound on one side. On the other side, human fetal smooth muscle cells are cultured. The extent to which cells migrate into the filter is monitored colorimetrically (optical density). Chitotriosidase-induced migration response is measured aginst
  • PDGF a positive control and a known stimulator of smooth muscle migration.
  • Example 2 Production and characterization of antibodies generated against chitotriosidase
  • Murine monoclonal antibodies are produced using purified chitotriosidase.
  • Purified chitotriosidase is used as the immunogen for a panel of mice (Charles Rive, Wilmington. MA). The animals receive three subcutaneous injections of chitotriosidase in phosphate buffered saline 0?BS) emulsified with a one to one ratio of TiterMAX® (CytoRx Corp., Norcross) over a period of four months.
  • the priming antigen dose is about 50 mg and boosts are 25 mg and 10 mg. After boosts, serum samples are collected and assayed for binding to chitotriosidase. Animals producing serum samples that bind chitotriosidase are selected as spleen donors and boosted intravenously with 10 mg chitotriosidase prior to euthanasia.
  • Monoclonal antibodies are characterized for their ability to immunoprecipitate chitotriosidase with protein A sepharose. In addition, these monoclonal antibodies are tested for their ability to neutralize binding of chitotriosidase to sites found in tissue where chitotriosidase is expressed.
  • Example 3 Expression of chitotriosidase in vitro
  • a full-length cDNA has been subcloned into both mammalian and Drosophila expression vectors, CDN and MtaL ⁇ . Expression of full-length protem is done in Drosophila S2 and CHO ACC317 cells.
  • CHO Cell Transfection A full length chitot ⁇ osidase gene fragment was isolated on a
  • Drosophila S2 Transfection A full-length chitot ⁇ osidase gene fragment was isolated on a 1403 bp Xba I-Stu I fragment and ligated mto the mtal JJ expression vector between Xba I and Stu I, thus placmg the transc ⁇ ption unit under the control of the inducible Drosophila metallothionem promoter.
  • 1.2 x IO 7 cells were cotransfected with 20 mg mtal ⁇ -chitot ⁇ osidase chimenc construct and 1 mg pCOHygro plasmid conferring resistance to hygromycm.
  • Stable lmes were selected in medium contammg 300 mg/ml hygromycm.
  • GATACCCCCT CATCCAGACG CTACGGCAGG AACTGAGTCT TCCATACTTG CCTTCAGGCA 1200
  • Tyr Glu Val Asp Lys lie Ala Gin Asn Leu Asp Phe Val Asn Leu Met
  • Lys Leu lie Leu Gly Met Pro Thr Tyr Gly Arg Ser Phe Thr Leu Ala
  • CAGAAGGTGC CCTACATCTT CCGGGACAAC CAGTGGGTGG GCTTTGATGA TGTGGAGAGC 1140

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Abstract

Nucleic acid sequences for chitotriosidase are provided. Methods of detecting altered expression of tissue remodeling proteins and diagnosing tissue remodeling disorders are also provided.

Description

CHITOTRIOSIDASE
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The generation or destruction of tissue requires constant reorganization and restructuring of the extracellular matrix (ECM) components including interstitial collagens, basement membrane collagen, fibronectin, lamimn, aggrecan, and vaπous proteoglycans. Heinegard and Oldberg, FASEB J. 1989, 3, 2042-2051; Woessner FASEB J 1991, 5, 214-2154. Normal types of remodeling processes include embryonic development, post-partum involution of the uterus, ovulation, wound healing, and bone and growth plate remodeling. Woessner et al. Steroids 1989, 54, 49M99; Weeks et al. Biochim Biophys Acta 1976, 445, 205-214; Lepage and Gache EMBO J. 1990, 9, 3003-3012; Wride and Sanders Dev-Dyn. 1993. 198(3) 225-39. Similar processes also occur in disease states such as joint destruction in rheumatoid and osteoarthritis, peπodontia and tumor cell metastasis. Thompson and Oegema J Bone Joint Stirg. 1979. 61, 407-16; Reynolds et al. Adv-Dent-Res. 1994, 8(2) 312-9. One example of these processes is the migration of macrophages to the site of inflammation as in the case of synovial tissue in rheumatoid arthntis Cutolo et al. Clin. and Exper. Rheum. 1993, 11, 331-339. The ECM components are regulated, in both normal and disease states, by various exogenous and endogenous factors. For example, in tumor formation, the differentiation state of the cell can increase the rate of degradation of the ECM. Benya Pathol. Immunopathol. Res. 1988, 7, 51-54 Likewise, the presence of metalloproteinases or their inhibitors can alter the composition of the ECM. An imbalance of metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP) has been shown to contπbute to the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Dean et al J. Clin. Invest. 1989, 84: 678-685 Cytokines, growth factors, and the extracellular environment can all contπbute to the alteration of the ECM. Tyler Biochem J. 1985, 227, 869-878; Dinarello Sem Immunol. 1992, 4, 133-145; McConnell et al.7. Cell Biol. 1987, 105, 1087-98.
The growth of cartilage and bone is actualized by cells such as articular chondrocytes and osteoblasts. The main function of these cells in immature tissue is the deposition and remodeling of the cartilage or bone matπx. In adult tissue, these cells maintain this matrix in order to ensure its proper function. In both cases, this encompasses secretion of the extracellular components as well as secretion of proteins involved in the turnover of the ECM.
A major species of protein secreted by these cells and involved in the turnover of the ECM are the metalloproteinases. Woessner FASEB J. 1991, 5, 214-2154. A new type of secretory glycoprotein has also been identified in human cartilage, osteoblasts. synovial cells, sheep and bovine oviduct and mammary cells, and macrophages. Nyrikos and Golds Biochem J. 1990, 268, 265-268; Hakala et al. J. Biol. Chem. 1993, 268(34) 25803-25810; Johansen et al. J. Bone and Min. Res. 1992, 7(5) 501-51 1; Rejman and Hurley Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1988. 150, 329-334; DeSouza and Murray Endocrinology 1995, 136(6) 2485-2496; Hollak et al. J. Clin. Invest. 1994, 93, 1288-92; Arias et al. Biol. of Reproduction 1994, 51, 685-694. Chitotriosidase shares regions of significant homology to the bacterial and fungal chitinases. Chitinases are enzymes that hydrolyze glycosidic bonds. They bear a subtle similarity to lysozymes from mammals and function as endoglycosidases with a specificity for N-acetyl-glucosamine linkages. However, these types of chitin-like structures, homopolymers of N-acetyl-glucosamine. are not normally encountered in mammalian tissue.
The human cartilage glycoprotein, HC gp-39, is a protein with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 39 kDa secreted by both articular chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts. Nyrikos and Golds Biochem J. 1990, 268, 265-268; Hakala et al. J. Biol. Chem. 1993, 268(34), 25803-25810. This protein has been described as a marker for joint injury, appearing in the blood and synovial fluid from patients diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. Johansen et al. British J. of Rheumatology 1993, 32, 949-955. The gene encoding this protein has been cloned and is expressed specifically in cartilage and synovial cells of rheumatic joints. Hakala et al. J. Biol. Chem. 1993, 268(34), 25803-25810. The protein YKL-40 has also been identified as one of the major secretory products of cultured human osteoblastic cells (osteocarcinoma cell line MG-63) expressed in response to 1 ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 stimulation. Johansen et al. J. Bone and Min. Res. 1992, 7(5), 501-51 1; Johansen et al. Br. J. Rheumatol. 1993, 32, 949-55. The N-terminal portion of YKL-40 was sequenced and found to be identical to HC gp-39. Upon further sequencing, YKL-40 and HC gp-39 were found to be identical. Chitotriosidase is an enzyme which has been identified as a member of this family homologous to the chitinases. Renkema et al. J. Biol Chem. 1995, 27C, 2198-2202; Hollak et al. J. Clin. Invest. 1994, 93, 1288-92. This protein also has an apparent molecular weight of 39 kDa and shares N-terminal homologies with HC gp-39, the bovine mammary protein, and several bacterial chitinases. Activity of this enzyme was originally detected from cells of patients afflicted with Gaucher Disease (GD). Gaucher Disease is an inherited deficiency in the activity of glucocerebrosidase, a lysosomal hydrolase. This defect results in an accumulation of glucosylceramide (glucocerebroside) in the lysosomes of macrophages. Accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages results in hepatosplenomegaly, bone lesions, and neurological anomalies. After morphological differentiation of monocytes into macrophages in culture, the cells begin to produce and secrete increasing amounts of chitotriosidase. This increase is, on average, 600 times greater in GD patients than in patients with other pathological conditions. The elevation in chitotriosidase activity can be effectively reduced, however, upon initiation of enzyme supplementation therapy. Unlike the other member of the family of proteins homologous to chitinase, chitotriosidase has chitolytic activity. Like the bacterial enzyme, it has the ability to degrade chitin azure, a polymer of beta- 1 -4-linked N-acetylglucosamine moieties.
The full length cDNA of chitotriosidase has now been found. This protein, along with HC gp-39, is believed to be involved in tissue remodeling in the mammalian cell and thus serve as useful tools in the development of therapeutics and diagnostics for tissue remodeling disorders.
Summary ofthe Invention
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a mature polypeptide which is chitotriosidase, as well as biologically active and diagnostically or therapeutically useful fragments, analogs and derivatives thereof. The polypeptide of the present invention is of human origin.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there are provided isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding human chitotriosidase, including mRNAs, DNAs, cDNAs, genomic DNAs as well as analogs and biologically active and diagnostically or therapeutically useful fragments thereof.
In accordance with yet a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for producing chitotriosidase by recombinant techniques comprising culturing recombinant prokaryotic and or eukaryotic host cells, containing a human nucleic acid sequence of chitotriosidase, under conditions promoting expression of these proteins and subsequent recovery of these proteins.
In accordance with yet a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for utilizing chitotriosidase polypeptide, for therapeutic purposes, for example, in the treatment of tissue remodeling disorders.
In accordance with yet a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for utilizing chitotriosidase polypeptide, for diagnostic purposes, for example, in the diagnosis of tissue remodeling disorders.
These and other aspects of the present invention should be apparent to those skilled in the art from the teachings herein. Brief Description of the Drawings
Figure 1 provides the coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 1) and deduced amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO: 2) of the polypeptide chitotriosidase. Figure 2 provides the coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 3) and deduced amino acid sequence
(SEQ ID NO: 4) of the polypeptide chitotriosidase.
Detailed Description ofthe Invention
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided an isolated nucleic acid sequence which encodes for the chitotriosidase (SEQ ID NO: 1 ). The deduced amino acid sequence of this protein (SEQ ID NO: 2) is shown in Figure 1. Further, the full length cDNA of the clone encoding chitotriosidase was deposited as ATCC Deposit No. 69953 on November 29, 1995. Sequencing of this full length clone encoding chitotriosidase revealed a nucleotide sequence that is 54% homologous to HC gp-39. This gene contains an open reading frame coding for a 395 amino acid peptide that is 52% identical (68% amino acid similarity) to HC gp-39.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention the following nucleotide sequence variations of the chitotriosidase in Figure 1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) are provided, singly or preferably in combination (nucleotide numbers correspond to Figure 2 (SEQ ID NO: 1): nucleotide 330 is a G, or an insertion of 6 nucleotides, ggtaca, or, nucleotide 1253 is a C, or nucleotide 1426 is deleted (C deleted), or nucleotide 1442 is deleted (C deleted), or nucleotide 1495 is deleted (C deleted), or nucleotide 1632 is a G, or nucleotide 1634 is a G. Skilled artisans will readily be able to determine the concomitant amino acid differences caused by these nucleotide changes from Figure 2 (SEQ ED NO: 1) or whether they are silent changes using methods routine in the art. Further provided is a preferred sequence variant depicted in Figure 2 (SEQ ID NO: 3 and 4).
The nucleic acid sequences of the present invention may be in the form of RNA or in the form of DNA, which DNA includes cDNA, genomic DNA, and synthetic DNA. The DNA may be double-stranded or single-stranded, and if single stranded may be the coding strand or non- coding (anti-sense) strand. The coding sequence which encodes the chitotriosidase protein may be identical to the coding sequence shown in Figure 1 or that of the deposited clone or may be a different coding sequence which coding sequence, as a result of the redundancy or degeneracy of the genetic code, encodes the same protein as the DNA of Figure 1 or the deposited cDNAs. The present invention includes polynucleotides encoding the same mature polypeptide as shown in Figure 1 or the same mature polypeptide encoded by the cDNA of the deposited clone Further, the inventions includes vaπants of such polynucleotides that encode a fragment, deπvative or analog of the polypeptides of Figure 1 or the polypeptide encoded by the cDNA of the deposited clone Among vaπants in this regard are vaπants that differ from the aforementioned polynucleotides by nucleotide substitutions, deletions or additions The substitutions, deletions or additions may inolve one or more nucleotides The vaπants may be altered in coding or non-coding regions or both Alterations in the coding regions may produce conservative amino acid sustitutions, deletions or additions Vaπants of the invention may have a sequence that occurs in nature or they may have a sequence that does not occur naturally As herein above indicated, the polynucleotide may have a coding sequence which is a naturally occurring allelic vanant of the coding sequences shown in Figure 1 or of the coding sequences of the deposited clone As known in the art, an allelic vanant is an alternate form of a polynucleotide sequences which may have a substitution, deletion or addition of one or more nucleotides
Among the particularly preferred embodiments of the invention in this regard are polynucleotides encoding polypeptides having the amino acid sequences of chitotπosidase set out in Figure 1 or the amino acid sequence of chitotπosidase of the cDNA of the deposited clone, vanants, analogs, denvatives and fragments thereof, and fragments of the vaπants, analogs and deπvatives
Further particularly preferred in this regard are polynucleotides encoding chitotπosidase vaπants. analogs, deπvatives and fragments, and vaπants, analogs and deπvatives of the fragments, which have the ammo acid sequence of the chitotπosidase polypeptide of Figure 1 or of the deposit in which several, a few, 5 to 10, 1 to 5, 1 to 3, 2, 1 or no amino acid residues are substituted, deleted or added, in any combination Especially preferred among these are silent substitutions, additions and deleUons, which do not alter the properties and activities of the chitotnosidase Also especially preferred in this regard are conservative substitutions most highly preferred are polypeptides having the amino acid sequence of Figure 1 or of the deposit, without substitutions Further preferred embodiments of the invention are polynucleotides that are more than
85% identical to a polynucleotide encoding the chitotπosidase polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set out in Figure 1, or vaπants, close homologs, deπvatives and analogs thereof, as descπbed above Alternatively, most highly preferred are polynucleotides that compπse a region that is more than 85% identical to a polynucleotide encoding the chitotπosidase polypeptide of the cDNA of the deposited clone In this regard, polynucleotides more than 90% identical to the same are particularly preferred, and among these particularly preferred polynucleotides, those with 95% or more identity are especially preferred Furthermore, those with 97% or more identity are highly preferred among those with 95% or more identity, and among these those with 98% or more and 99% or more identity are particularly highly prefered, with 99% or more being the more prefeπed
Also particularly preferred in this regard are polynucleotides encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence of the chitotriosidase set out in Figure 1 or of the deposited clone
As set out elsewhere herein, the polynucleotide may encode the polypeptide in a continuous region or in a plurality of two or more discontinuous exons, and it may compnse additional regions as well, which are unrelated to the coding region or regions
Most highly preferred in this regard are polynucleotides that compnse a region that is more than 85% identical to the chitotπosidase-encoding portion of the pol nucelotide set out in Figure 1 Alternatively, most highly preferred are polynucleotides that compπse a region that is more than 85% identical to the chitotπosidase-encoding portion of the cDNA of the deposited clone Among such polynucleotides, those more than 90% identical to the same are particularly preferred, and, among these particularly preferred polynucleotides, those with 95% or more lentity are especially preferred Furthermore, those with 97% or more identity are highly preferred among those with 95% or more identity, and among these those with 98% or more and 99% or more identity are particularly highly preferred, with 99% or more being the more preferred of these
The present invention also includes polynucleotides in which the sequence encoding the mature polypeptide is fused in the same reading frame to additional sequences Such sequences include signal sequences, which facilitate transport of the nascent protein into the endoplasmic reticulum, pro-sequences that are associated with inactive precursor forms of the polypeptide, which may facihtate trafficking of the protein in a cell or out of a cell or may unprove persistence of the protein in a cell or in an extracellular compartment. Such sequences also may be added to facihtate production and purification, or to add additional functional domains, as discussed elsewhere herein
The deposιt(s) referred to herein will be maintained under the terms of the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Micro-organisms for purposes of Patent
Procedure These deposits are provided merely as convenience to those of skill in the art and are not an admission that a deposit is required under 35 U S C §112. The sequence of the polynucleotides contained in the deposited matenals, as well as the amino acid sequence of the polypeptides encoded thereby, are incorporated herein by reference and are controlling in the event of any conflict with any descπption of sequences herein A license may be required to make, use or sell the deposited matenals, and no such license is hereby granted
The present invention further relates to the chitotπosidase polypeptide which has the deduced amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO 2) of Figure 1 or which has the amino acid sequence encoded by the deposited cDNA. as well as fragments, analogs and deπvatives of such polypeptide
The teπns "fragment," "deπvative" and "analog" when referring to the polypeptide of Figure 1 or that encoded by the deposited cDNA, means a polypeptide which retains essentially the same biological function or activity as such polypepnde Thus, an analog includes a proprotein which can be activated by cleavage of the proprotein portion to produce an active mature polypeptide The polypeptide of the present invention may be a recombinant polypeptide. a natural polypeptide or a synthetic polypeptide, preferably a recombinant polypeptide
The fragment, denvative or analog of the polypeptide of Figure 1 or that encoded by the deposited cDNA may be (0 one in which one or more ot the ammo acid residues are substituted with a conserved or non-conserved ammo acid residue (preferably a conserved ammo acid residue) and such substituted ammo acid residue may or may not be one encoded by the genetic code, or (u) one in which one or more of the ammo acid residues mcludes a substituent group, or Oil) one in which the mature polypeptide is fused with another compound, such as a compound to increase the half-life of the polypeptide (for example, polyethylene glycol), or (iv) one in which the additional ammo acids are fused to the mature polypeptide, such as a leader or secretory sequence or a sequence which is employed for purification of the mature polypeptide or a proprotein sequence Such fragments, denvatives and analogs are deemed to be withm the scope of those skilled in the art from the teachings herem The polypeptide and nucleic acid sequences of the present mvention are preferably provided m an isolated form, and preferably are purified to homogeneity The term "isolated" means that the matenal is removed from its onginal environment (e g , the natural environment if it is naturally occurring) For example, a naturally-occurπng nucleic acid sequence or polypeptide present m a living animal is not isolated, but the same nucleic acid sequence or polypeptide, separated from some or all of the coexistmg matenals m the natural system, is isolated Such nucleic acid sequences could be part ofa vector and/or such nucleic acid sequences or polypeptides could be part of a composition, and still be isolated in that such vector or composition is not part of its natural environment The present invention also relates to vectors which include one of the nucleic acid sequences of the present invention, host cells which are genetically engineered with vectors of the invention and the production of polypeptides of the invention by recombinant techniques.
Host cells are genetically engineered (transduced or transformed or transfected) with the vectors of this invention which may be, for example, a cloning vector or an expression vector. The vector may be, for example, in the form of a plasmid. a viral particle, a phage, etc. The engineered host cells can be cultured in conventional nutrient media modified as appropriate for activating promoters, selecting transformants or amplifying the chitotriosidase genes. The culture conditions, such as temperature, pH and the like, are those previously used with the host cell selected for expression, and will be apparent to the ordinarily skilled artisan.
The nucleic acid sequences of the present invention may be employed for producing polypeptides by recombinant techniques. The nucleic acid sequences may be included in any one of a variety of expression vectors for expressing a polypeptide. Such vectors include chromosomal, nonchromosomal and synthetic DNA sequences, e.g., derivatives of SV40; bacterial piasmids; phage DNA; baculovirus; yeast piasmids; vectors derived from combinations of piasmids and phage DNA, viral DNA such as vaccinia, adenovirus, fowl pox virus, and pseudorabies. However, any other vector may be used as long as it is replicable and viable in the host.
The DNA sequence of chitotriosidase can be inserted into the vector by a variety of procedures. In general, the DNA sequence is inserted into an appropriate restriction endonuclease site(s) by procedures known in the art. Such procedures and others are deemed to be within the scope of those skilled in the art.
The DNA sequence in the expression vector is operatively linked to an appropriate expression control sequence(s) (promoter) to direct mRNA synthesis. As representative examples of such promoters, there may be mentioned: LTR or SV40 promoter, the E. coli lac or trp, the phage lambda P promoter and other promoters known to control expression of genes in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells or their viruses. The expression vector also contains a ribosome binding site for translation initiation and a transcription terminator. The vector may also include appropriate sequences for amplifying expression. In addition, the expression vectors preferably contain one or more selectable marker genes to provide a phenotypic trait for selection of transformed host cells such as dihydrofolate reductase or neomycin resistance for eukaryotic cell culture, or such as tetracycline or ampicillin resistance in E. coli. The vector contammg the appropπate DNA sequence as hereinabove descπbed, as well as an appropπate promoter or control sequence, may be employed to transform an appropπate host to permit the host to express the protein
As representative examples of appropπate hosts, there may be mentioned bacteπal cells, such as E colt, Streptomyces, Salmonella typhimunum fungal cells, such as yeast, insect cells such as Drosophila S2 and Spodoptera Sf9, animal cells such as CHO, COS or Bowes melanoma, adenoviruses, plant cells, etc The selection of an appropπate host is deemed to be withm the scope of those skilled in the art from the teachings herem
More particularly, the present mvention also mcludes recombmant constructs compnsmg one or more of the sequences as descπbed above The constructs compπse a vector, such as a plasmid or viral vector, mto which a sequence encodmg chitotπosidase has been inserted, a forward or reverse oπentation In a preferred aspect of this embodiment, the construct further compnses regulatory sequences, mcludmg, for example, a promoter, operably linked to the sequence Large numbers of suitable vectors and promoters are known to those of skill in the art, and are commercially available The following vectors are provided by way of example, Bacteπal pQE70, pQE60, pQE-9 (Qiagen), pBS, pDIO, phagescπpt, psιX174, pbluescnpt SK, pbsks, pNH8A, pNHlόa, pNH18A, pNH46A (Stratagene), ptrc99a, pKK223-3, pKK233-3, pDR540, pRJT5 (Pharmacia), Eukaryotic pWLNEO, pSV2CAT, pOG44, pXTl, pSG (Stratagene) pSVK3, pBPV, pMSG, pSVL (Pharmacia) However, any other plasmid or vector may be used as long as they are replicable and viable in the host
Promoter regions can be selected from any des ed gene usmg CAT (chloramphenicol transferase) vectors or other vectors with selectable markers Two appropriate vectors are pKK232-8 and pCM7 Particular named bacteπal promoters mclude lad, lacZ, T3, T7, gpt, lambda PR, P and trp Eukaryotic promoters include CMV immediate early, HSV thymidine kmase, early and late SV40, LTRs from retrovirus, and mouse metallothιoneιn-I Selection of the appropπate vector and promoter is well with the level of ordinary skill the art
In a further embodiment, the present mvention relates to host cells contammg the above- descπbed constructs The host cell can be a higher eukaryotic cell, such as a mammalian cell, or a lower eukaryotic cell, such as a yeast cell, or the host cell can be a prokaryotic cell, such as a bacteπal cell. Introduction of the construct mto the host cell can be effected by calcium phosphate transfecuon, DEAE-Dextran mediated transfection, or electroporation (Davis, L , Dibner, M , Battey, I , Basic Methods in Molecular Biology, (1986)) The constructs in host cells can be used in a conventional manner to produce the gene product encoded by the recombinant sequence. Alternatively, polypeptides can be synthetically produced by conventional peptide synthesizers.
Mature proteins can be expressed in mammalian cells, yeast, bacteria, or other cells under the control of appropriate promoters. Cell-free translation systems can also be employed to produce such proteins using RNAs derived from the DNA constructs of the present invention. Appropriate cloning and expression vectors for use with prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts are described by Sambrook et al.. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., (1989), the disclosure of which is hereby incoφorated by reference. Transcription of the DNA encoding a protein by higher eukaryotes is increased by inserting an enhancer sequence into the vector. Enhancers are cis-acting elements of DNA, usually about from 10 to 300 bp that act on a promoter to increase its transcription. Examples including the SV40 enhancer on the late side of the replication origin bp 100 to 270, a cytomegalovirus early promoter enhancer, the polyoma enhancer on the late side of the replication origin, and adenovirus enhancers.
Generally, recombinant expression vectors will include origins of replication and selectable markers permitting transformation of the host cell, e.g., the ampicillin resistance gene of E. coli and S. cerevisiae TRP1 gene, and a promoter derived from a highly-expressed gene to direct transcription of a downstream structural sequence. Such promoters can be derived from operons encoding glycolytic enzymes such as 3-phosphoglycerate kinase 0?GK), a-factor, acid phosphatase, or heat shock proteins, among others. The heterologous structural sequence is assembled in appropriate phase with translation initiation and termination sequences, and preferably, a leader sequence capable of directing secretion of translated protein into the periplasmic space or extracellular medium. Optionally, the heterologous sequence can encode a fusion protein including an N-terminal identification peptide imparting desired characteristics, e.g., stabilization or simplified purification of expressed recombinant product.
Useful expression vectors for bacterial use are constructed by inserting a structural DNA sequence encoding a desired protein together with suitable translation initiation and termination signals in operable reading phase with a functional promoter. The vector will comprise one or more phenotypic selectable markers and an origin of replication to ensure maintenance of the vector and to, if desirable, provide amplification within the host. Suitable prokaryotic hosts for transformation include E. coli. Bacillus subtilis. Salmonella typhimurium and various species withm the genera Pseudomonas, Streptomvces, and Staphylococcus. although others may also be employed as a matter of choice
As a representative but nonlimitmg example, useful expression vectors for bacteπal use can compπse a selectable marker and bactenal ongin of replication deπved from commercially available piasmids compnsmg genetic elements of the well known clonmg vector pBR322 (ATCC 37017) Such commercial vectors mclude, for example, pKK223-3 (Pharmacia Fme Chemicals, Uppsala, Sweden) and GEM1 (Promega Biotec, Madison, WI, USA) These pBR322 "backbone" sections are combmed with an appropπate promoter and the structural sequence to be expressed
Following transformation of a suitable host strain and growth of the host stra to an appropπate cell density, the selected promoter is induced by appropπate means (e g , temperature shift or chemical duction) and cells are cultured for an additional penod
Cells are typically harvested by centπftigation, disrupted by physical or chemical means, and the resultmg crude extract retained for further purification
Microbial cells employed in expression of protems can be disrupted by any convenient method, mcludmg freeze-thaw cychng, sonication, mechanical disruption, or use of cell lys g agents, such methods are well know to those skilled in the art
Vaπous mammalian cell culture systems can also be employed to express recombinant protems Examples of mammahan expression systems mclude the COS-7 lmes of monkey kidney fibroblasts, descπbed by Gluzman Cell 1981, 23, 175, and other cell hnes capable of expressmg a compatible vector, for example, the C127, 3T3, CHO, HeLa and BHK cell hnes Mammalian expression vectors will compπse an ongin of replication, a suitable promoter and enhancer, and also any necessary πbosome bmdmg sites, polyadenylation site, splice donor and acceptor sites, transcπptional termination sequences, and 5' flanking nontranscnbed sequences DNA sequences deπved from the SV40 splice, and polyadenylation sites may be used to provide the required nontranscnbed genetic elements
Polypeptides can then be recovered and punfied from recombmant cell cultures by methods including ammonium sulfate or ethanol precipitation, acid extraction, anion or cation exchange chromatography, phosphocellulose chromatography, hydrophobic mteraction chromatography, affinity chromatography, hydroxylapatite chromatography and lectin chromatography Protem refoldmg steps can be used, as necessary, in completmg configuration of the mature protem Finally, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) can be employed for final purification steps It is now believed that chitotriosidase is involved in tissue remodeling. Human chitotriosidase is homologous to microbial chitinases. In particular the protein shares a similar cysteine motif and homology to the active site of microbial chitinases. Accordingly, chitotriosidase can be used in the development of treatments for tissue remodeling diseases and in the diagnosis of these diseases.
It is believed that human serum chitotriosidase is an extracellular matrix remodeling factor involved in the remodeling process occurring in diseases. Activity against chitotriosidase substrates is indicative of a function in degrading extracellular matrix substrates with a similar carbohydrate structure to chitin. Chitotriosidase was found during morphological differentiation of monocytes into macrophages. These macrophages can be associated with different sites of inflammation that occur in various disease states, including but not limited to atheroschlerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, acute inflammatory disease, and inflammation due to injury. Accordingly, it is believed that human serum chitotriosidase is a useful target for the inhibition of tissue remodeling disease processes. Purified human serum chitotriosidase protein could thus be tested for various in vitro and in vivo assays for tissue remodeling to determine the extent to which this protein promotes these processes. Therapeutics would be defined as molecules that specifically inhibit chitotriosidase function as it relates to tissue remodeling activity in these assays and includes neutralizing antibodies.
Chitotriosidase can also be used in the production of antibodies. The proteins, their fragments or other derivatives, or analogs thereof, or cells expressing them can be used as an immunogen to produce antibodies thereto. These antibodies can be, for example, polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies. The present invention also includes chimeric, single chain, and humanized antibodies, as well as Fab fragments, or the product of an Fab expression library. Various procedures known in the art may be used for the production of such antibodies and fragments. Antibodies generated against these proteins can be obtained by direct injection of the protein into an animal, preferably a nonhuman. The antibody so obtained will then bind the protein itself. In this manner, even a sequence encoding only a fragment of the protein can be used to generate antibodies binding the whole native protein. Such antibodies can then be used to isolate these proteins from tissue expressing these proteins. For preparation of monoclonal antibodies, any technique which provides antibodies produced by continuous cell line cultures can be used. Examples include the hybridoma technique (Kohler and Milstein Nature 1975, 256, 495-497), the trioma technique, the human B-cell hybridoma technique (Kozbor et al. Immunology Today 1983, 4, 72), and the EBV-hybridoma technique to produce human monoclonal antibodies (Cole et al. in Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1985, pp. 77-96).
Techniques described for the production of single chain antibodies (U.S. Patent 4,946,778) can be adapted to produce single chain antibodies to immunogenic chitotriosidase protein product. Also, transgenic mice may be used to express humanized antibodies to immunogenic chitotriosidase protein products.
This invention is also related to the use of these chitotriosidase protein as a diagnostic. Detection of a mutated forms of chitotriosidase will allow a diagnosis of a tissue remodeling disease such as rheumatoid arthritis or atherosclerosis. Individuals caπying mutations in one or more of chitotriosidase protein may be detected at the DNA level by a variety of techniques. Nucleic acids for diagnosis may be obtained from a patient's cells, such as from blood, urine, saliva, tissue biopsy and autopsy material. The genomic DNA may be used directly for detection or may be amplified enzymatically by using PCR (Saiki et al.. Nature 1986, 324, 163-166) prior to analysis. RNA or cDNA may also be used for the same purpose. As an example, PCR primers complementary to the nucleic acid encoding chitotriosidase can be used to identify and analyze mutations in this protein. For example, deletions and insertions can be detected by a change in size of the amplified product in comparison to the normal genotype. Point mutations can be identified by hybridizing amplified DNA to radiolabeled RNA or altematively, radiolabeled antisense DNA sequences. Perfectly matched sequences can be distinguished from mismatched duplexes by RNase A digestion or by differences in melting temperatures.
Sequence differences between the reference gene and genes having mutations may be revealed by the direct DNA sequencing method. In addition, cloned DNA segments may be employed as probes to detect specific DNA segments. The sensitivity of this method is greatly enhanced when combined with PCR. For example, a sequencing primer is used with double- stranded PCR product or a single-stranded template molecule generated by a modified PCR. The sequence determination is performed by conventional procedures with radiolabeled nucleotide or by automatic sequencing procedures with fluorescent-tags.
Genetic testing based on DNA sequence differences may be achieved by detection of alteration in electrophoretic mobility of DNA fragments in gels with or without denaturing agents. Small sequence deletions and insertions can be visualized by high resolution gel electrophoresis. DNA fragments of different sequences may be distinguished on denaturing formamidine gradient gels in which the mobilities of different DNA fragments are retarded in the gel at different positions accordmg to their specific meltmg or partial meltmg temperatures (see, e g , Myers et dl Science 1985, 230, 1242) Sequence changes at specific locations may also be revealed by nuclease protection assays, such as RNase and S 1 protection or the chemical cleavage method (e g , Cotton et al PNAS USA 1985, 85, 4397-4401 Thus, the detection of a specific DNA sequence may be achieved by methods such as hybndization, RNase protection, chemical cleavage, direct DNA sequencmg or the use of restnction enzymes, (e g , Restnction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP)) and Southern blotting of genomic DNA
In addition to more conventional gel-electrophoresis and DNA sequencmg, mutations can also be detected by in situ analysis
The present invention also relates to a diagnostic assay for detecting altered levels of chitotπosidase protem m vaπous tissues Assays used to detect levels of these protems in a sample deπved from a host are well-known to those of skill in the art and mclude radioimmunoassays, competitive-binding assays. Western Blot analysis and preferably an ELISA assay An ELISA assay initially compnses preparing an antibody specific to chitotriosidase protein, preferably a monoclonal antibody In addition, a reporter antibody is prepared agamst the monoclonal antibody To the reporter antibody is attached a detectable reagent such as radioactivity, fluorescence or in this example a horseradish peroxidase enzyme A sample is removed from a host and mcubated on a solid support, e g , a polystyrene dish, that bmds the protems m the sample Any free protem bmdmg sites on the dish are then covered by mcubatmg with a non-specific protem like BSA Next, the monoclonal antibody is incubated in the dish dunng which time the monoclonal antibodies attach to chitotπosidase protein attached to the polystyrene dish All unbound monoclonal antibody is washed out with buffer The reporter antibody linked to horseradish peroxidase is now placed m the dish resultmg in bmdmg of the reporter antibody to any monoclonal antibody bound to chitotπosidase protem Unattached reporter antibody is then washed out. Peroxidase substrates are then added to the dish and the amount of color developed in a given time penod is a measurement of the amount of chitotπosidase protem present in a given volume of patient sample when compared agamst a standard curve
A competition assay may be employed wherem antibodies specific to the chitotπosidase protem are attached to a sobd support and labeled protem and a sample deπved from the host are passed over the solid support and the amount of label detected attached to the solid support can be correlated to a quantity of chitotπosidase protem m the sample The following examples are provided for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the invention.
EXAMPLES
Example 1 : Assay for smooth muscle migration
Smooth muscle migration is measured in a chamber divided by a semi-permeable filter to which chitotriosidase (about 1 to 10 mg/ml) is bound on one side. On the other side, human fetal smooth muscle cells are cultured. The extent to which cells migrate into the filter is monitored colorimetrically (optical density). Chitotriosidase-induced migration response is measured aginst
PDGF, a positive control and a known stimulator of smooth muscle migration.
Example 2: Production and characterization of antibodies generated against chitotriosidase Murine monoclonal antibodies are produced using purified chitotriosidase. Purified chitotriosidase is used as the immunogen for a panel of mice (Charles Rive, Wilmington. MA). The animals receive three subcutaneous injections of chitotriosidase in phosphate buffered saline 0?BS) emulsified with a one to one ratio of TiterMAX® (CytoRx Corp., Norcross) over a period of four months. The priming antigen dose is about 50 mg and boosts are 25 mg and 10 mg. After boosts, serum samples are collected and assayed for binding to chitotriosidase. Animals producing serum samples that bind chitotriosidase are selected as spleen donors and boosted intravenously with 10 mg chitotriosidase prior to euthanasia.
The fusion procedure, first reported by Kohler et al. (Nature 1975, 256, 495) is used with modifications to perform the technique using a cell monolayer (Kennet et al. Eds., "Hyb domas: A new dimension in biological analysis", pp. 368-377, Plenum Press, New York). Spleen cells from several, preferably two, donor mice are pooled and fusions performed using a ratio of 50 million spleen cells to ten million SP2/0/Agl4 myeloma cells. Supernatants from fusion-positive wells are assayed by binding to chitotriosidase by ELISA.
Monoclonal antibodies are characterized for their ability to immunoprecipitate chitotriosidase with protein A sepharose. In addition, these monoclonal antibodies are tested for their ability to neutralize binding of chitotriosidase to sites found in tissue where chitotriosidase is expressed. Example 3: Expression of chitotriosidase in vitro
A full-length cDNA has been subcloned into both mammalian and Drosophila expression vectors, CDN and MtaL ϋ. Expression of full-length protem is done in Drosophila S2 and CHO ACC317 cells. CHO Cell Transfection: A full length chitotπosidase gene fragment was isolated on a
1379 bp Eco Rl-Stu I fragment and ligated mto the CDN expression vector between Eco RI and Eco RV, thus plac g the transcπption unit under the control of the SMV promoter. Twenty micrograms of HC gp-39CDN plasmid construct was linearized by restnction digestion with Ssp I and electroporated into CHO ACC 317 (1.25 x IO7 cells m 1 ml). Cells were seeded at a density of 2.5 x 103 cells per well and selected m minimal media in the absence of nucleosides.
Drosophila S2 Transfection: A full-length chitotπosidase gene fragment was isolated on a 1403 bp Xba I-Stu I fragment and ligated mto the mtal JJ expression vector between Xba I and Stu I, thus placmg the transcπption unit under the control of the inducible Drosophila metallothionem promoter. 1.2 x IO7 cells were cotransfected with 20 mg mtal ϋ-chitotπosidase chimenc construct and 1 mg pCOHygro plasmid conferring resistance to hygromycm. Stable lmes were selected in medium contammg 300 mg/ml hygromycm.
SEQUENCE LISTING
(1) GENERAL INFORMATION
(i) APPLICANTS:SMITHKLINE BEECHAM CORPORATON AND HUMAN GENOME SCIENCES, INC.
(ii) TITLE OF THE INVENTION: Chitotriosidase
(iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 4
(iv) 'CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS:
(A) ADDRESSEE: SmithKline Beecham Corporation
(B) STREET: 709 Swedeland Road
(C) CITY: King of Prussia
(D) STATE: PA
(E) COUNTRY: USA
(F) ZIP: 19406
(v) COMPUTER READABLE FORM:
(A) MEDIUM TYPE: Diskette
(B) COMPUTER: IBM Compatible
(C) OPERATING SYSTEM: DOS
(D) SOFTWARE: FastSEQ for Windows Version 2.0
( i) CURRENT APPLICATION DATA:
(A) APPLICATION NUMBER: Unknown
(B) FILING DATE: Herein
(C) CLASSIFICATION: Unknown
( ii) PRIOR APPLICATION DATA:
(A) APPLICATION NUMBER: 60/014,295
(B) FILING DATE: 29-MAR-1996 (Viii) ATTORNEY/AGENT INFORMATION:
(A) NAME: Han, William T
(B) REGISTRATION NUMBER: 34,344
(C) REFERENCE/DOCKET NUMBER: ATG50005
(ix) TELECOMMUNICATION INFORMATION:
(A) TELEPHONE: 610-270-5219
(B) TELEFAX: 610-270-4026
(C) TELEX:
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:l:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 1637 base pairs
(B) TYPE: nucleic acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID Nθ:l:
GGCACGAGCT ACCGCTGAGC TGCATCATGG TGCGGTCTGT GGCCTGGGCA GGTTTCATGG 60
TCCTGCTGAT GATCCCATGG GGCTCTGCTG CAAAACTGGT CTGCTACTTC ACCAACTGGG 120
CCCAGTACAG ACAGGGGGAG GCTCGCTTCC TGCCCAAGGA CTTGGACCCC AGCCTTTGCA 180
CCCACCTCAT CTACGCCTTC GCTGGCATGA CCAACCACCA GCTGAGCACC ACTGAGTGGA 240
ATGACGAGAC TCTCTACCAG GAGTTCAATG GCCTGAAGAA GATGAATCCC AAGCTGAAGA 300
CCCTGTTAGC CATCGGAGGC TGGAATTTCA GCACTCAGAA GTTCACAGAT ATGGTAGCCA 360
CGGCCAACAA CCGTCAGACC TTTGTCAACT CGGCCATCAG GTTTCTGCGC AAATACAGCT 420
TTGACGGCCT TGACCTTGAC TGGGAGTACC CAGGAAGCCA GGGGAGCCCT GCCGTAGACA 480
AGGAGCGCTT CACAACCCTG GACTTGGCCA ATGCCTTCCA GCAGGAAGCC CAGACCTCAG 540
GGAAGGAACG CCTTCTTCTG AGTGCAGCGG TTCCAGCTGG GCAGACCTAT GTGGATGCTG 600
GATACGAGGT GGACAAAATC GCCCAGAACC TGGATTTTGT CAACCTTATG GCCTACGACT 660
TCCATGGCTC TTGGGAGAAG GTCACGGGAC ATAACAGCCC CCTCTACAAG AGGCAAGAAG 720 AGAGTGGTGC AGCAGCCAGC CTCAACGTGG ATGCTGCTGT GCAACAGTGG CTGCAGAAGG 780
GGACCCCTGC CAGCAAGCTG ATCCTTGGCA TGCCTACCTA CGGACGCTCC TTCACACTGG 840
CCTCCTCATC AGACACCAGA GTGGGGGCCC CAGCCACAGG GTCTGGCACT CCAGGCCCCT 900
TCACCAAGGA AGGAGGGATG CTGGCCTACT ATGAAGTCTG CTCCTGGAAG GGGGCCACCA 960
AACAGAGAAT CCAGGATCAG AAGGTGCCCT ACATCTTCCG GGACAACCAG TGGGTGGGCT 1020
TTGATGATGT GGAGAGCTTC AAAACCAAGG TCAGCTATCT GAAGCAGAAG GGACTGGGCG 1080
GGGCCATGGT CTGGGCACTG GACTTAGATG ACTTTGCCGG CTTCTCCTGC AACCAGGGCC 1140
GATACCCCCT CATCCAGACG CTACGGCAGG AACTGAGTCT TCCATACTTG CCTTCAGGCA 1200
CCCCAGAGCT TGAAGTTCCA AAACCAGGTC AGCCCTCTGA ACCTGAGCAT GGTCCCAGCC 1260
CTGGACAAGA CACGTTCTGC CAGGGCAAAG CTGATGGGCT CTATCCCAAT CCTCGGGAAC 1320
GGTCCAGCTT CTACAGCTGT GCAGCGGGGC GGCTGTTCCA GCAAAGCTGC CCGACAGGCC 1380
TGGTGTTCAG CAACTCCTGC AAATGCTGCA CCTGGAATTG AGTCGCTAAA GCCCCTCCAG 1440
TCCCAGCTTT GAGGCTGGGC CCAGGATCAC TCTACAGCCT GCCTCCTGGG TTTTCCCTGG 1500
GGGCCGCAAT CTGGCTCCTG CAGGCCTTTC TGTGGTCTTC CTTTATCCAG GCTTTCTGCT 1560
CTCAGCCTTG CCTTCCTTTT TTCTGGGTCT CCTGGGCTGC CCCTTTCACT TGCAAAATAA 1620
ATCTTTGGTT TCTTCCC 1637
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 464 amino acids
(B) TYPE: amino acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2:
Met Val Arg Ser Val Ala Trp Ala Gly Phe Met Val Leu Leu Met lie
1 5 10 15
Pro Trp Gly Ser Ala Ala Lys Leu Val Cys Tyr Phe Thr Asn Trp Ala
20 25 30
Gin Tyr Arg Gin Gly Glu Ala Arg Phe Leu Pro Lys Asp Leu Asp Pro
35 40 45
Ser Leu Cys Thr His Leu lie Tyr Ala Phe Ala Gly Met Thr Asn His 50 55 60 Gin Leu Ser Thr Thr Glu Trp Asn Asp Glu Thr Leu Tyr Gin Glu Phe 65 70 75 80
Asn Gly Leu Lys Lys Met Asn Pro Lys Leu Lys Thr Leu Leu Ala lie
85 90 95
Gly Gly Trp Asn Phe Ser Thr Gin Lys Phe Thr Asp Met Val Ala Thr
100 105 110
Ala Asn Asn Arg Gin Thr Phe Val Asn Ser Ala lie Arg Phe Leu Arg
115 120 125
Lys Tyr Ser Phe Asp Gly Leu Asp Leu Asp Trp Glu Tyr Pro Gly Ser
130 135 140
Gin Gly Ser Pro Ala Val Asp Lys Glu Arg Phe Thr Thr Leu Asp Leu 145 150 155 160
Ala Asn Ala Phe Gin Gin Glu Ala Gin Thr Ser Gly Lys Glu Arg Leu
165 170 175
Leu Leu Ser Ala Ala Val Pro Ala Gly Gin Thr Tyr Val Asp Ala Gly
180 185 190
Tyr Glu Val Asp Lys lie Ala Gin Asn Leu Asp Phe Val Asn Leu Met
195 200 205
Ala Tyr Asp Phe His Gly Ser Trp Glu Lys Val Thr Gly His Asn Ser
210 215 220
Pro Leu Tyr Lys Arg Gin Glu Glu Ser Gly Ala Ala Ala Ser Leu Asn 225 230 235 240
Val Asp Ala Ala Val Gin Gin Trp Leu Gin Lys Gly Thr Pro Ala Ser
245 250 255
Lys Leu lie Leu Gly Met Pro Thr Tyr Gly Arg Ser Phe Thr Leu Ala
260 265 270
Ser Ser Ser Asp Thr Arg Val Gly Ala Pro Ala Thr Gly Ser Gly Thr
275 280 285
Pro Gly Pro Phe Thr Lys Glu Gly Gly Met Leu Ala Tyr Tyr Glu Val
290 295 300
Cys Ser Trp Lys Gly Ala Thr Lys Gin Arg He Gin Asp Gin Lys Val 305 310 315 320
Pro Tyr He Phe Arg Asp Asn Gin Trp Val Gly Phe Asp Asp Val Glu
325 330 335
Ser Phe Lys Thr Lys Val Ser Tyr Leu Lys Gin Lys Gly Leu Gly Gly
340 345 350
Ala Met Val Trp Ala Leu Asp Leu Asp Asp Phe Ala Gly Phe Ser Cys 355 360 365
Asn Gin Gly Arg Tyr Pro Leu He Gin Thr Leu Arg Gin Glu Leu Ser
370 375 380
Leu Pro Tyr Leu Pro Ser Gly Thr Pro Glu Leu Glu Val Pro Lys Pro 385 390 395 400
Gly Gin Pro Ser Glu Pro Glu His Gly Pro Ser Pro Gly Gin Asp Thr
405 410 415
Phe Cys Gin Gly Lys Ala Asp Gly Leu Tyr Pro Asn Pro Arg Glu Arg
420 425 430
Ser Ser Phe Tyr Ser Cys Ala Ala Gly Arg Leu Phe Gin Gin Ser Cys
435 440 445
Pro Thr Gly Leu Val Phe Ser Asn Ser Cys Lys Cys Cys Thr Trp Asn 450 455 460
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 1768 base pairs
(B) TYPE: nucleic acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: Other
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:3 :
CAAGCTCGAC ACTAACCCTC ACTAAAGGGA ACAAAAGCTG GAGCTCCACC GCGGTGCGGC 60
CGCTCTAGAA CTAGTGGATC CCCCGGGCTG CAGGAATTCG GCACGAGGCC GCTGAGCTGC 120
ATCATGGTGC GGTCTGTGGC CTGGGCAGGT TTCATGGTCC TGCTGATGAT CCCATGGGGC 180
TCTGCTGCAA AACTGGTCTG CTACTTCACC AACTGGGCCC AGTACAGACA GGGGGAGGCT 240
CGCTTCCTGC CCAAGGACTT GGACCCCAGC CTTTGCACCC ACCTCATCTA CGCCTTCGCT 300
GGCATGACCA ACCACCAGCT GAGCACCACT GAGTGGAATG ACGAGACTCT CTACCAGGAG 360
TTCAATGGCC TGAAGAAGAT GAATCCCAAG CTGAAGACCC TGTTAGCCAT CGGAGGCTGG 420
AATTTCRGCA CTCAGAAGTT CACAGATATG GTAGCCACGG CCAACAACCG TCAGACCTTT 480
GTCAACTCGG CCATCAGGTT TCTGCGCAAA TACAGCTTTG ACGGCCTTGA CCTTGACTGG 540
GAGTACCCAG GAAGCCAGGG GAGCCCTGCC GTAGACAAGG AGCGCTTCAC AACCCTGGTA 600
CAGGACTTGG CCAATGCCTT CCAGCAGGAA GCCCAGACCT CAGGGAAGGA ACGCCTTCTT 660 CTGAGTGCAG CGGTTCCAGC TGGGCAGACC TATGTGGATG CTGGATACGA GGTGGACAAA 720
ATCGCCCAGA ACCTGGATTT TGTCAACCTT ATGGCCTACG ACTTCCATGG CTCTTGGGAG 780
AAGGTCACGG GACATAACAG CCCCCTCTAC AAGAGGCAAG AAGAGAGTGG TGCAGCAGCC 840
AGCCTCAACG TGGATGCTGC TGTGCAACAG TGGCTGCAGA AGGGGACCCC TGCCAGCAAG 900
CTGATCCTTG GCATGCCTAC CTACGGACGC TCCTTCACAC TGGCCTCCTC ATCAGACACC 960
AGAGTGGGGG CCCCAGCCAC AGGGTCTGGC ACTCCAGGCC CCTTCACCAA GGAAGGAGGG 1020
ATGCTGGCCT ACTATGAAGT CTGCTCCTGG AAGGGGGCCA CCAAACAGAG AATCCAGGAT 1080
CAGAAGGTGC CCTACATCTT CCGGGACAAC CAGTGGGTGG GCTTTGATGA TGTGGAGAGC 1140
TTCAAAACCA AGGTCAGCTA TCTGAAGCAG AAGGGACTGG GCGGGGCCAT GGTCTGGGCA 1200
CTGGACTTAG ATGACTTTGC CGGCTTCTCC TGCAACCAGG GCCGATACCC CCTCATCCAG 1260
ACGCTACGGC AGGAACTGAG TCTTCCATAC TTGCCTTCAG GCACCCCAGA GCTTGAAGTT 1320
CCAAAACCAG GTCAGCCCTC TGAACCTGAG CATGGCCCCA GCCCTGGACA AGACACGTTC 1380
TGCCAGGGCA AAGCTGATGG GCTCTATCCC AATCCTCGGG AACGGTCCAG CTTCTACAGC 1440
TGTGCAGCGG GGCGGCTGTT CCAGCAAAGC TGCCCGACAG GCCTGGTGTT CAGCAACTCC 1500
TGCAAATGCT GCACCTGGAA TTGAGTCGCT AAAGCCCCTC CAGTCCCAGC TTTGAGGCTG 1560
GGCCCAGGAT CACTCTACAG CCTGCCTCCT GGGTTTTCCC TGGGGGCCGC AATCTGGCTC 1620
CTGCAGGCCT TTCTGTGGTC TTCCTTTATC CAGGCTTTCT GCTCTCAGCC TTGCCTTCCT 1680
TTTTTCTGGG TCTCCTGGGC TGCCCCTTTT ACTTGCAAAA TAAATCTTTG GTTTGTGCCC 1740
CTCTTCCCAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAA 1768
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:
(A) LENGTH: 1135 amino acids
(B) TYPE: amino acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein
(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4:
Met Val Arg Ser Val Ala Trp Ala Gly Phe Met Val Leu Leu Met He 1 5 10 15
Pro Trp Gly Ser Ala Ala Lys Leu Val Cys Tyr Phe Thr Asn Trp Ala
20 25 30
Gin Tyr Arg Gin Gly Glu Ala Arg Phe Leu Pro Lys Asp Leu Asp Pro 35 40 45
Ser Leu Cys Thr His Leu He Tyr Ala Phe Ala Gly Met Thr Asn His
50 55 60
Gin Leu Ser Thr Thr Glu Trp Asn Asp Glu Thr Leu Tyr Gin Glu Phe 65 70 75 80
Asn Gly Leu Lys Lys Met Asn Pro Lys Leu Lys Thr Leu Leu Ala He
85 90 95
Gly Gly Trp Asn Phe Xaa Thr Gin Lys Phe Thr Asp Met Val Ala Thr
100 105 110
Ala Asn Asn Arg Gin Thr Phe Val Asn Ser Ala He Arg Phe Leu Arg
115 120 125
Lys Tyr Ser Phe Asp Gly Leu Asp Leu Asp Trp Glu Tyr Pro Gly Ser
130 135 140
Gin Gly Ser Pro Ala Val Asp Lys Glu Arg Phe Thr Thr Leu Val Gin 145 150 155 160
Asp Leu Ala Asn Ala Phe Gin Gin Glu Ala Gin Thr Ser Gly Lys Glu
165 170 175
Arg Leu Leu Leu Ser Ala Ala Val Pro Ala Gly Gin Thr Tyr Val Asp
180 185 190
Ala Gly Tyr Glu Val Asp Lys He Ala Gin Asn Leu Asp Phe Val Asn
195 200 205
Leu Met Ala Tyr Asp Phe His Gly Ser Trp Glu Lys Val Thr Gly His
210 215 220
Asn Ser Pro Leu Tyr Lys Arg Gin Glu Glu Ser Gly Ala Ala Ala Ser 225 230 235 240
Leu Asn Val Asp Ala Ala Val Gin Gin Trp Leu Gin Lys Gly Thr Pro
245 250 255
Ala Ser Lys Leu He Leu Gly Met Pro Thr Tyr Gly Arg Ser Phe Thr
260 265 270
Leu Ala Ser Ser Ser Asp Thr Arg Val Gly Ala Pro Ala Thr Gly Ser
275 280 285
Gly Thr Pro Gly Pro Phe Thr Lys Glu Gly Gly Met Leu Ala Tyr Tyr
290 295 300
Glu Val Cys Ser Trp Lys Gly Ala Thr Lys Gin Arg He Gin Asp Gin 305 310 315 320
Lys Val Pro Tyr He Phe Arg Asp Asn Gin Trp Val Gly Phe Asp Asp 325 330 335 Val Glu Ser Phe Lys Thr Lys Val Ser Tyr Leu Lys Gin Lys Gly Leu
340 345 350
Gly Gly Ala Met Val Trp Ala Leu Asp Leu Asp Asp Phe Ala Gly Phe
355 360 365
Ser Cys Asn Gin Gly Arg Tyr Pro Leu He Gin Thr Leu Arg Gin Glu
370 375 380
Leu Ser Leu Pro Tyr Leu Pro Ser Gly Thr Pro Glu Leu Glu Val Pro 385 390 395 400
Lys Pro Gly Gin Pro Ser Glu Pro Glu His Gly Pro Ser Pro Gly Gin
405 410 415
Asp Thr Phe Cys Gin Gly Lys Ala Asp Gly Leu Tyr Pro Asn Pro Arg
420 425 430
Glu Arg Ser Ser Phe Tyr Ser Cys Ala Ala Gly Arg Leu Phe Gin Gin
435 440 445
Ser Cys Pro Thr Gly Leu Val Phe Ser Asn Ser Cys Lys Cys Cys Thr
450 455 460
Trp Asn 465

Claims

What is claimed is
1 A nucleic acid sequence encodmg chitotnosidase
2 A method of diagnosing a tissue remodelmg disorder related to expression of a mutated chitotπosidase protein in a host compnsing carrying out nucleic acid amplification
3 A method of detecting altered expression of a chitotπosidase protein in a host compnsing contacting a bodily sample with antibody
EP97917674A 1996-03-29 1997-03-21 Chitotriosidase Withdrawn EP0828752A4 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US1429596P 1996-03-29 1996-03-29
US14295P 1996-03-29
PCT/US1997/005072 WO1997036917A1 (en) 1996-03-29 1997-03-21 Chitotriosidase

Publications (2)

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EP0828752A1 EP0828752A1 (en) 1998-03-18
EP0828752A4 true EP0828752A4 (en) 2000-07-26

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Country Status (5)

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EP (1) EP0828752A4 (en)
JP (1) JPH11508139A (en)
AU (1) AU2593797A (en)
WO (1) WO1997036917A1 (en)
ZA (1) ZA972691B (en)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20030017570A1 (en) 1996-06-14 2003-01-23 Patrick W. Gray Chitinase materials and methods
US6200951B1 (en) * 1998-03-12 2001-03-13 Icos Corporation Chitinase chitin-binding fragments
BR0211468A (en) 2001-07-24 2004-11-23 Univ Yale Methods of Treating and Preventing an Inflammatory Disease in a Mammal and Identifying a Compound Useful for Treating an Inflammatory Disease in a Mammal, Compound, and Kits for Treating and Preventing an Inflammatory Disease in a Mammal

Non-Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
BOOT R G ET AL: "CLONING OF A CDNA ENCODING CHITOTRIOSIDASE, A HUMAN CHITINASE PRODUCED BY MACROPHAGES", JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY,US,AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTS, BALTIMORE, MD, vol. 270, no. 44, 3 November 1995 (1995-11-03), pages 26252 - 26256, XP002039025, ISSN: 0021-9258 *
J.A.FUHRMAN ET AL.: "Transmission-blcking Antibodies Recognize Microfilarial Chitinase in Brugian Lymphatic Filariasis.", PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF USA., vol. 89, no. 5, 1 March 1992 (1992-03-01), NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. WASHINGTON., US, pages 1548 - 1552, XP002138198, ISSN: 0027-8424 *
See also references of WO9736917A1 *

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ZA972691B (en) 1998-10-27
JPH11508139A (en) 1999-07-21

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