EP0806033A1 - Combination of a magnetic record carrier and an apparatus for recording a digital information signal in a track on said record carrier - Google Patents

Combination of a magnetic record carrier and an apparatus for recording a digital information signal in a track on said record carrier

Info

Publication number
EP0806033A1
EP0806033A1 EP96938401A EP96938401A EP0806033A1 EP 0806033 A1 EP0806033 A1 EP 0806033A1 EP 96938401 A EP96938401 A EP 96938401A EP 96938401 A EP96938401 A EP 96938401A EP 0806033 A1 EP0806033 A1 EP 0806033A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
record carrier
combination
recording
bit
track
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
EP96938401A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Stephen Rodney Cumpson
Steven Elliot Stupp
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Koninklijke Philips NV
Original Assignee
Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV
Philips Electronics NV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US08/741,617 external-priority patent/US5761012A/en
Application filed by Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV, Philips Electronics NV filed Critical Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV
Priority to EP96938401A priority Critical patent/EP0806033A1/en
Publication of EP0806033A1 publication Critical patent/EP0806033A1/en
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B5/00—Recording by magnetisation or demagnetisation of a record carrier; Reproducing by magnetic means; Record carriers therefor
    • G11B5/62—Record carriers characterised by the selection of the material
    • G11B5/64—Record carriers characterised by the selection of the material comprising only the magnetic material without bonding agent
    • G11B5/65—Record carriers characterised by the selection of the material comprising only the magnetic material without bonding agent characterised by its composition
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B5/00—Recording by magnetisation or demagnetisation of a record carrier; Reproducing by magnetic means; Record carriers therefor
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B5/00—Recording by magnetisation or demagnetisation of a record carrier; Reproducing by magnetic means; Record carriers therefor
    • G11B5/02—Recording, reproducing, or erasing methods; Read, write or erase circuits therefor
    • G11B5/09—Digital recording
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B5/00—Recording by magnetisation or demagnetisation of a record carrier; Reproducing by magnetic means; Record carriers therefor
    • G11B5/127—Structure or manufacture of heads, e.g. inductive
    • G11B5/187—Structure or manufacture of the surface of the head in physical contact with, or immediately adjacent to the recording medium; Pole pieces; Gap features
    • G11B5/23—Gap features
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B5/00—Recording by magnetisation or demagnetisation of a record carrier; Reproducing by magnetic means; Record carriers therefor
    • G11B5/74—Record carriers characterised by the form, e.g. sheet shaped to wrap around a drum
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
    • G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
    • G11B5/00—Recording by magnetisation or demagnetisation of a record carrier; Reproducing by magnetic means; Record carriers therefor
    • G11B5/74—Record carriers characterised by the form, e.g. sheet shaped to wrap around a drum
    • G11B5/78—Tape carriers

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a combination of a magnetic record earner and an apparatus for recording a digital information signal in a track on said record carrier, the apparatus comprising
  • - input means for receiving the digital information signal
  • - encoding means for encoding the digital information signal so as to obtain a digital channel signal suitable for recording
  • the invention aims at providing an improved combination which enables higher recording densities and lower bit error rates.
  • the recording channel is thus linear along the time axis
  • This pseudo-linearity is c ⁇ tical because in combination with the linear read process it allows the development, and use, of linear equalizers in the read process (which correct for channel imperfections and reduce inter symbol interference in the detection process).
  • the linear recording density is increased (by decreasing the bit-length) the magnetic transitions start to interact with one another (through their demagnetizing fields) in the recording process.
  • Figure 1 shows the measured non-linear bit shift as a function of the bit ⁇ length
  • Figure la shows the magnetic field in a magnetic medium, obtained from computer simulations
  • figure 2 shows the calculated behaviour of the non-linear bit shift as a function of the easy-axis angle
  • figure 3 shows a cross sectional view of the record carrier and the write head
  • figure 4 shows an embodiment of the recording apparatus.
  • bit shift in figure 2 is a very sensitive function of the easy- axis angle Varying the easy-axis angle around the optimum value of 36° leads to a rapid change in the bit shift.
  • a very well defined optimum value for particular ME tape properties (the value of the optimum easy-axis angle will be different for an ME tape with different properties)
  • This optimum value is also function of the system geometry
  • Table I The calculated bit shift as a function of the write head gap g for an easy-axis angle a of 36°, a bit-length b of 0 2 ⁇ m, and the field over the head gap H g of 440 kA/m.
  • Such change in the value of the oblique easy axis angle can be small, eg within one degree, as the dependency of the non-linear bit shift from the oblique easy axis angle is rather strong, see figure 2
  • the easy-axis angle of the record carrier is between 30° and 42° More specifically, the easy-axis angle lies between 33° and 39° A preferred value for the easy-axis angle is substantially 36°
  • the description has remained silent about the possibility that the write head may have a write gap positioned at a specific azimuth angle compared to the direction of movement ot the w ⁇ te head relative to the record carrier
  • the gap width is defined as the width of the gap viewed in the said direction ot movement of the head
  • the bit-length is defined as the shortest distance between flux reversals on the record carrier, viewed in the longitudinal direction ot the track
  • the record carrier may be in the form of a longitudinal record carrier (tape) or in disk form (hard or floppy disks) Further, the recording process may be realized by using contact recording, howev er also a non-contact recording process is possible A recording apparatus in accordance with the invention may now be devoid of any write equalization means for time shifting the transitions in the write current.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Digital Magnetic Recording (AREA)
  • Signal Processing For Digital Recording And Reproducing (AREA)

Abstract

A combination is disclosed of a magnetic record carrier (1) and an apparatus for recording a digital information signal in a track on said record carrier. The apparatus comprises an input terminal (40) for receiving the digital information signal, an encoding unit (42) for encoding the digital information signal so as to obtain a digital channel signal suitable for recording, and a writing unit (44) for writing the digital channel signal in the track on the record carrier. The writing unit (44) comprises at least one write head (2) having a specific gap width (g). The apparatus is adapted to write the digital channel signal in the record carrier, with a bit-length which is smaller than 0.25 νm and the record carrier (1) has an oblique easy-axis angle between 30° and 42° with regard to the longitudinal direction of the track and in a plane perpendicular to the record carrier.

Description

Combination of a magnetic record carrier and an apparatus for recording a digital informa¬ tion signal in a track on said record carrier.
The invention relates to a combination of a magnetic record earner and an apparatus for recording a digital information signal in a track on said record carrier, the apparatus comprising
- input means for receiving the digital information signal, - encoding means for encoding the digital information signal so as to obtain a digital channel signal suitable for recording,
- writing means for writing the digital channel signal in the track on the record carrier, the writing means comprising at least one write head having a specific gap width, the apparatus being adapted to write the digital channel signal in the record carrier, with a bit-length which has a specific value, to an apparatus and a record carrier for use in the combination. A combination as defined in the opening paragraph is known from EP-A 18,267, document D I in the list of documents that can be found hereafter.
The invention aims at providing an improved combination which enables higher recording densities and lower bit error rates.
The combination in accordance with the invention is characteπzed in that the apparatus is adapted to write the digital channel signal in the record carrier with a bit- length which is smaller than 0.25 μm and that the record carrier has an oblique easy-axis angle between 30" and 42" with regard to the longitudinal direction of the track and in a plane peφendicular to the record carrier
The invention is based on the following recognition. The read process in magnetic recording (using inductive heads, or magneto-resistive heads which are not saturated) is linear. The write process is non-linear. Fortunately, for a wide range of linear recording densities (defined as the inverse of the recording bit-length) the write process is pseudo-linear. This means that the locations of magnetic transitions recorded in a medium using a write signal f = t , + f: (where f, and f2 are two separate wπte signals) are the same as those found by linear supeφosition ot the results for write signal f| and f2 when they are wπtten separately. The recording channel is thus linear along the time axis The amplitude of the output signals for write current f = f. + f2, however, are not simply the linear supeφosition of the amplitudes for recording using f, and f2 separately (thus the channel is pseudo-linear). This pseudo-linearity is cπtical because in combination with the linear read process it allows the development, and use, of linear equalizers in the read process (which correct for channel imperfections and reduce inter symbol interference in the detection process). As the linear recording density is increased (by decreasing the bit-length) the magnetic transitions start to interact with one another (through their demagnetizing fields) in the recording process. The channel is no longer pseudo-linear The leading order impact of this non-linear interaction between recorded transitions is a non-linear bit shift of the transition location of the bit currently being written. This will adversely affect the system bit- error-rate since this non-linear shift will not be corrected by the linear read equalization
Other sources of non-linearities include a finite πsie time of the field in the gap of the magnetic head or a DC content in the write current pattern, in combination with a system using a transformer, for example These sources will however not be discussed any further.
There are some systems solutions for non-linear bit shifts. For example they can be compensated for using wπte equalization by time shifting the transitions in the write current pattern appropriately. This entails some expense in terms of electronics Wπte equalization compensation must operate in real time. This requires fast electronics since these circuits must operate at several times the bit frequency
In accordance with the invention, a record carrier having substantially no non-linear bit shift is required With a record carrier as claimed, and for recording densities as defined above, such situation can be obtained, so that relatively higher bit densities with relatively lower bit error rates can be achieved
It should be noted that Malhnson, document D2 in the list of related documents, has predicted that for an oblique easy-angle (between 0°, longitudinal, and 90", peφendicular) the non-linear bit shift will be zero No indication has been given, however, how an appropπate oblique easy-axis angle for the record carrier should be chosen, in dependence of the bit density of the information signal to be recorded on the record carrier
It should further be noted that Bernards et al, document D3 in the list of related documents, discloses a method to correctly measure the oblique easy axis angie of a magnetic medium These and other aspects of the invention will be apparent from and further elucidated with reference to the embodiments described hereafter.
Figure 1 shows the measured non-linear bit shift as a function of the bit¬ length, Figure la shows the magnetic field in a magnetic medium, obtained from computer simulations, figure 2 shows the calculated behaviour of the non-linear bit shift as a function of the easy-axis angle, figure 3 shows a cross sectional view of the record carrier and the write head, and figure 4 shows an embodiment of the recording apparatus.
Figure 1 shows the measured non-linear bit shift of a Metal Evaporated (ME) tape having an specific oblique easy-axis angle (as an example, 35° from the longitudi¬ nal direction). Figure 1 shows the behaviour of the non-linear bit shift (change in transition location Δx divided by the bit-length b) in percent as a function of the bit-length b in μm. The bit-length is to be understood as the shortest distance between flux-reversals in the magnetic material of the record carrier. On decreasing the bit-length by 20% , from 0.25 μm (a value appropriate for a present day standardized Digital Video Cassette system), to 0.2 μ (a value which might be of use in future, digital recording systems having a higher density), the bit shift increases to 21 % . It should thus be concluded that in present day recording systems, where the bit-length is relatively large, non-linear bit shift has not been recognized as a problem, for the reason that the non-linear bit shift is low. For future recording systems, however, with higher bit densities, non-linear bit shift will become a problem, and a solution to this problem is required. In accordance with the invention, this solution is found in choosing an appropriate value for the easy-axis angle of the recording medium.
Computer simulations using a well tested self consistent numerical model have been carried out to investigate the behaviour of the non-linear bit shift as a function of the easy-axis angle of a magnetic record carrier in a recording system where contact recording has been applied. Compared to earlier computer simulations carried out on a modelled version of a magnetic layer, a more refined calculation has been carried out, using smaller elementary units in the model and by calculating the magnetic field deeper in the magnetic layer. This was necessary, since the surface of a magnetic layer can suffer appreciable overwnte from the trailing edge of the recording head, resulting in a significantly different magnetisation field in the top layer of the magnetic medium compared to layers deeper in the medium. This is explained with reference to figure la, which shows the magnetisation in the magnetic medium at the location of a flux reversal in the magnetic medium. The direction of magnetisation, given by the arrows in the figure, is in the direction of the easy axis angie of the medium, where the length of the arrows corresponds to the strength of the magnetisation. The magnetic field was written in the magnetic medium by means of a magnetic head scanning the medium from the top side. Special attention should be paid to the portions indicated by the reference numerals 20 and 21 in figure la The magnetic field m these portions is quite different from the magnetic field more deeper in the medium So, not taking into account the magnetic field deeper in the layer will lead to unreliable results from computer simulations
The improvement to the calculations further required the introduction of an exponential spacing loss factor that describes the influence of regions of the magnetic layer further from the magnetic head. This approach is well known in the theory of magnetic recording, see BSTJ, 30, p 1 145 ( 1951), R C. Wallace, The reproduction of magnetically recorded signals' (D5)
Figure 2 shows the behaviour of the non-linear bitshift, where the bit- length b of the information recorded on the record carrier equals 0 2 μm and the wπte head has a gap width g of 0 25 μ The easy-axis angle for a substantially zero non-linear bit shift is roughly 36", with a margin ot eg ± 1° For a description of the self consistent numerical model, reference is made to the dissertation of H A J Cramer, see document D4 in the list of related documents Figure 3 shows a cross sectional view of the record carrier 1 and the write head 2, when recording information in the record carrier The arrow 4 in the figure indicates the direction of movement of the head 2 relative to the record earner 1 The cross section of figure 3 is thus a cross section along the direction of movement of the head relative to the record carrier and peφendicular to the record carrier The head 2 has a gap width g and bits of information are recorded in the record carrier The writing of bits of information in the record carrier results in magnetization patterns in the record carrier The angle a in figure 3 shows the easy-axis angle of the magnetic medium. More specifically, the preferred direction ot magnetization is the direction of the arrow 6 A 'one' bit could result in a magnetization given by the arrow 8, whereas a 'zero' bit could result in a magnetization given by the arrow 10.
Note that the bit shift in figure 2 is a very sensitive function of the easy- axis angle Varying the easy-axis angle around the optimum value of 36° leads to a rapid change in the bit shift. There exists, therefore, a very well defined optimum value, for particular ME tape properties (the value of the optimum easy-axis angle will be different for an ME tape with different properties) This optimum value is also function of the system geometry For example Table I shows the calculated impact of varying the write head gap width g, while holding the field over the head gap Hg = 440 kA/m (which maximizes the output signal at a read wavelength of 1 μm), and the easy-axis angle = 6 fixed. Changing g by ±20% has the same impact as changing the easy-axis angle by ±2° around the optimum point. The point is that for a given system and ME tape, there exists an optimal easy-axis angle where the non-linear bit shift is zero.
Table I The calculated bit shift as a function of the write head gap g for an easy-axis angle a of 36°, a bit-length b of 0 2 μm, and the field over the head gap Hg of 440 kA/m.
Write Gap g (μm) Calculated Bit shift (%)
0 2 -2.3 0 25 +0.05 0 3 +4 1
One could conclude from the table that for a gap width of 0.2 μ , the non-linear bit shift would become quite large By using a record carrier with a slightly different oblique easy-axis angle, the non-linear bit shift will again be substantially zero
Such change in the value of the oblique easy axis angle can be small, eg within one degree, as the dependency of the non-linear bit shift from the oblique easy axis angle is rather strong, see figure 2
Investigations have resulted in the knowledge that in future systems which will have smaller bit-lengths than presently used, which use an arbitrarily chosen media (ME or Metal Particle MP), will experience significant increases in non-linear bit shift. In accordance with the present invention, a solution has been found tor future systems (with a given bit-length b, gap width g, and the standard contact recording based configuration using in magnetic recording systems) to use such (ME) tapes that substantially no non-linear bit shift occurs Appropriate record carrier magnetic materials for ME tapes are Co-O and Co- Ni-O based materials
Figure 4 shows an embodiment of the recording apparatus. The apparatus has an input terminal 40 for receiving the information signal to be recorded The input terminal 40 is coupled to an input of a formatter unit 42, an output of which is coupled to an input of a wπte unit 44 The formatter unit 42 encodes the information signal such that the encoded signal is suitable for recording in the magnetic record earner The formatter unit 42 may thus include a channel encoder, well known in the art, for channel encoding the information signal The write unit 44 comprises at least one write head 2, for wnting the channel signal in a track on the record carrier 1 The write head 2 has a gap width g which is smaller than 0 25 μm, more specifically, smaller than 0.20 μm The apparatus is adapted to write the channel signal in the record carrier such that the bit-length of the signal written in the record carrier is smaller than 0 2 μm This can be realized by a specific processing speed in the tormatter unit and by choosing a specific speed of the head 2 relative to the record earner 1 during recording
The easy-axis angle of the record carrier is between 30° and 42° More specifically, the easy-axis angle lies between 33° and 39° A preferred value for the easy-axis angle is substantially 36°
The present invention allows a simple modification in medium property, more specifically, the easy-axis angle of the medium, to move the non-linearity threshold to higher linear bit densities
In the foregoing, the description has remained silent about the possibility that the write head may have a write gap positioned at a specific azimuth angle compared to the direction of movement ot the wπte head relative to the record carrier In such a situation, the gap width is defined as the width of the gap viewed in the said direction ot movement of the head and the bit-length is defined as the shortest distance between flux reversals on the record carrier, viewed in the longitudinal direction ot the track
Whilst the present invention has been described with respect to prefened embodiments thereof , it is to be understood that these are not limitative examples Thus vaπous modifications may become apparent to those skilled in the art, without departing from the scope ot the invention, as defined in the appended claims As a consequence, the record carrier may be in the form of a longitudinal record carrier (tape) or in disk form (hard or floppy disks) Further, the recording process may be realized by using contact recording, howev er also a non-contact recording process is possible A recording apparatus in accordance with the invention may now be devoid of any write equalization means for time shifting the transitions in the write current.
Related documents
(DI) EP-A 18,267
(D2) J.C. Mallinson, "Proposal Concerning High-Density Digital Recording", IEEE
Trans, on Magn. , vol. 25, pp. 3168-3169 (1989).
(D3) J.P.C. Bernards et al, "Vector magnetisation of recording media: a new method to compensate for demagnetising fields", IEEE Trans, on Magn. , vol 27, no. 6, pp 4873- 4875 ( 1991)
(D4) H.A.J. Cramer, "On the hysteresis and the recording process in magnetic media", thesis, University of Twente (NL), 29- 10-93.
(D5) R.L. Wallace, 'The reproduction of magnetically recorded signals', BSTJ, 30, p. 1 145 ( 1951)

Claims

PO7IB96/01304
*
1. Combination of a magnetic record carrier and an apparatus for recording a digital information signal in a track on said record carrier, the apparatus compnsing
- input means for receiving the digital information signal,
- encoding means for encoding the digital information signal so as to obtain a digital channel signal suitable for recording,
- wnting means for writing the digital channel signal in the track on the record earner, the writing means comprising at least one write head having a specific gap width, the apparatus being adapted to write the digital channel signal in the record carrier, with a bit-length which has a specific value, characterized in that the apparatus is adapted to wπte the digital channel signal in the record carrier with a bit-length which is smaller than 0 25 μm and that the record carrier has an oblique easy-axis angle between 30° and 42° with regard to the longitudinal direction of the track and in a plane peφendicular to the record earner. 2. The combination of claim 1 , characterized in that the gap width of the write head is smaller than 0.25 μm 3 The combination ot claim 2, characterized in that the gap width of the write head is smaller than 0.20 μm, that the writing means are adapted to wπte the digital channel signal in the record carrier with a bit-length which is smaller than 0.20 μm. 4 The combination as claimed in claim 1 , 2 or 3, characterized in that the record carrier has an oblique easy-axis angle between 33" and 39" 5 The combination as claimed in claim 4, characterized in that the record carrier has an oblique easy-axis angle of substantially 36"
6. The combination as claimed in anyone of the preceding claims, character¬ ized in that the record carrier is a record earner of the metal evaporated type
7. Apparatus for use in the combination as claimed in one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the apparatus is adapted to write the digital channel signal in the record carrier with a bit-length which is smaller than 0 25 μm
8 Apparatus as claimed in claim 7, characterized in that it is devoid of write equalization means tor time shifting transitions in the wπte current generated
9 Record carrier for use in the combination as claimed in one of the claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the record carrier has an oblique easy-axis angle of substantially 36° with regard to the longitudinal direction of the track and in a plane peφendicular to the record carrier.
EP96938401A 1995-11-27 1996-11-27 Combination of a magnetic record carrier and an apparatus for recording a digital information signal in a track on said record carrier Ceased EP0806033A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP96938401A EP0806033A1 (en) 1995-11-27 1996-11-27 Combination of a magnetic record carrier and an apparatus for recording a digital information signal in a track on said record carrier

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP95203252 1995-11-27
EP95203252 1995-11-27
US08/741,617 US5761012A (en) 1996-08-15 1996-10-31 Combination of a magnetic record carrier and an apparatus for recording a digital information signal in a track on said record carrier
EP96938401A EP0806033A1 (en) 1995-11-27 1996-11-27 Combination of a magnetic record carrier and an apparatus for recording a digital information signal in a track on said record carrier
PCT/IB1996/001304 WO1997020309A1 (en) 1995-11-27 1996-11-27 Combination of a magnetic record carrier and an apparatus for recording a digital information signal in a track on said record carrier
US741617 2000-12-18

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0806033A1 true EP0806033A1 (en) 1997-11-12

Family

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP96938401A Ceased EP0806033A1 (en) 1995-11-27 1996-11-27 Combination of a magnetic record carrier and an apparatus for recording a digital information signal in a track on said record carrier

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0806033A1 (en)
JP (1) JPH10513597A (en)
KR (1) KR19980701691A (en)
WO (2) WO1997020308A1 (en)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2008542736A (en) * 2005-06-03 2008-11-27 フー − ゴー Method and apparatus for detecting temperature rise in a cold room

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4302790B1 (en) * 1979-04-11 1999-06-08 Eastman Kodak Co Magnetic recording head with effective magnetic gap length less than about 15mu inches
NL8702779A (en) * 1987-11-20 1989-06-16 Philips Nv DEVICE FOR DISPLAYING A BINARY DIGITAL SIGNAL WITH A READING HEAD WITH SPECIALLY CHOSEN LENGTH.

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See references of WO9720309A1 *

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2008542736A (en) * 2005-06-03 2008-11-27 フー − ゴー Method and apparatus for detecting temperature rise in a cold room

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO1997020309A1 (en) 1997-06-05
JPH10513597A (en) 1998-12-22
WO1997020308A1 (en) 1997-06-05
KR19980701691A (en) 1998-06-25

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