Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W84/00—Network topologies
  • H04W84/02—Hierarchically pre-organised networks, e.g. paging networks, cellular networks, WLAN [Wireless Local Area Network] or WLL [Wireless Local Loop]
  • H04W84/10—Small scale networks; Flat hierarchical networks
  • H04W84/14—WLL [Wireless Local Loop]; RLL [Radio Local Loop]

Definitions

• the invention relates to a wireless local loop system comprising base stations and an access network node which connects the cordless terminal equipments to the exchange of the fixed network.
• the system especially comprises an air interface between the cordless terminal equipment and the base station, the interface being mainly in accordance with a TOMA mobile system wherein at least one time slot of a frame with signalling frequency (cO) is a control channel time slot in which a base station transmits, with standard power, control information intended for cordless terminal equipments.
• cO frame with signalling frequency
• the installation of the subscriber lines between the exchange and the subscriber equipments is not only considerably expensive but also requires a great deal of time.
• the network of subscriber lines is formed in such a way that twin cables beginning in several subscriber equipments are supplied to a distribution frame, and cables originating in several crossbar switches are combined in another distribution frame the cable of which is supplied to the exchange.
• the signalling interface between the exchange and the subscriber lines is standardized, and it is either an interface of two-wire analogous subscriber lines, a multiplexer interface according to Recommendation V2 of the CCITT, or a message-based multiplexer interface according to Recommendation V5.1 of the ETSI.
• WLL wireless local loop
• a wireless stationary terminal equipment T comprises a radio unit 4 provided with an antenna, and a telephone adapter that connects a standard subscriber equipment 5 to the terminal equipment.
• the subscriber equipment may be a normal telephone set, a telefax terminal, or a modem. It is attached to the terminal equipment by inserting a standard plug in the adapter connection of the terminal equipment.
• the user utilizes the subscriber equipment 5 in the same way as in a conventional fixed network, even though the subscriber line connection consists of a radio line between the terminal equipment T and the base station BS 2 or 3.
• the base station may serve several subscriber equipments.
• the base station is connected to a special access network node 1, which in turn is connected to a standard exchange. Several base stations may be connected to one access network node 1.
• the WLL system may be built by using components of an existing mobile phone system.
• the mobile system may be for example an analogous NMT system or a digital GSM system.
• the signalling of the WLL system is in accordance with the system concerned, the base stations are standard base stations of this system, and the radio unit of the terminal equipment is similar to the radio unit of the mobile station or the terminal equipment may be a mobile station in a mobile system.
• An important component in the WLL system is the access network node that connects the subscribers to the standard local exchange.
• the access network node converts the WLL network signalling, for example NMT or GSM signalling, into signalling suitable for the fixed network (e.g. PSTN), and correspondingly it adapts the signalling of the fixed network to the WLL network interface.
• the network node is connected to the local exchange with an open V2- or V5.1-type multiplexer interface that utilizes a 2 Mbit/s PCM system. If the local exchange only supports the two-wire interface, the network node is connected to the exchange by converting the V2 signalling into an analogous two-wire subscriber loop interface by means of a multiplexer.
• the signalling between the network node and the base stations connected thereto is the signalling of an adapted mobile network, but it is modified in such a way that the functions, such as cell handover and roaming, typical of the cellular network are prevented. Therefore, the subscriber must remain within the coverage area of the base station assigned to it.
• the routing of an incoming call and an outgoing call is based on the subscriber database of the network node.
• the operation of the network node corresponds to the operation of a concentrator: a call is forwarded from a subscriber interface to the exchange, and the analysis of the numbers, calculation and other functions are performed in the exchange.
• a WLL network may be based on a known GSM system.
• the GSM is a digital cellular system based on time division multiple access.
• the channels of the system will be described below.
• Logic channels are divided into traffic channels TCH that transmit speech and data, and into control channels that forward signalling and synchronization data.
• Control channels include broadcast channels, common control channels and dedicated channels.
• Broadcast channels BCH are channels directed from a base station to a mobile station (downlink) and they include (i) a frequency correction channel FCCH the information of which is used by the mobile station for frequency correction, (ii) a synchronization channel SCH which forwards frame synchronization information and the identification of the base station to the mobile station, and (iii) a broadcast control channel BCCH which forwards general information concerning the base station.
• Common control channels CCCH include in the downlink direction a paging channel PCH which is used for transmitting paging messages to the mobile stations, in the uplink direction a random access channel RACH that is used by the mobile stations to request a channel from the network, and in the downlink direction an access grant channel AGCH with which the network acknowledges the requests transmitted by the mobile stations.
• Dedicated channels include a stand alone dedicated control channel SDCCH, and a slow associated control channel SACCH and a fast associated control channel FCCH associated with traffic channels.
• Logic channels are mapped to physical channels of the radio path. As is known, a physical channel consists of successive windows that are determined by a time slot and a frequency. A particular physical channel always utilizes the same time slot number in each TDMA frame consisting of eight time slots, but the frequency may change when frequency hopping is used.
• 51 TDMA frames form a control channel multiframe that is schematically shown in Figure 2.
• Both the FCCH and the SCH have the same structure: an SCH time slot follows an FCCH time slot at a distance of one frame, and the multiframe has five time slots reserved for each channel. Each channel utilizes the time slot TNO of the frame.
• the BCCH utilizes four time slots in the multiframe and the time slots are situated in successive frames. The rest of the 36 time slots (each in its own TDMA frame) are reserved for the CCCH, i.e. in the case of a frame in the downlink direction, for the PCH and the AGCH, and in the case of a frame in the uplink direction, for the RACH.
• both the BCCH and the CCCH also utilize the time slot TNO.
• the length of repetition of the control channel multiframe is thus 51 durations of a TDMA frame.
• Frequency hopping is not allowed in the time slot TNO, but the aforementioned channels using this time slot must use the same fixed frequency.
• the BCCH carrier must be transmitted, however, in all time slots constantly with constant power and at a standard frequency, usually with the highest allowable power.
• the frequency of the carrier at which the control information is transmitted is denoted with cO.
• a so-called dummy burst is formed by utilizing stuffing bits.
• the BCCH carrier cO transmitted continuously with standard power and at a standard frequency is utilized in such a way that a mobile station periodically measures the signal strength of the carrier of the BCCHs in neighbouring cells and it also determines the connection quality by means of the bit error ratio, whereupon the measurement results are utilized in the handover procedure.
• error-correcting coding is utilized on the traffic channel in order to obtain as error-free radio transmission as possible.
• the coding is two-phase channel coding wherein light block coding is used mainly for error detection and convolutional coding is used for error correction.
• convolutional coding the errors must be randomly distributed in time before the code can be used efficiently. Therefore interleaving in used wherein a channel-coded block is transmitted at least in four time slots, the bits of the channel-coded block are mixed before transmission so that transmission errors are randomized, and adjacent blocks are interleaved to be transmitted in the same time slot.
• the interleaving as such is sufficient if the mobile station is moving, but frequency hopping is also used since it improves the random distribution of errors in the case of a slowly moving or stationary mobile station.
• Another advantage of frequency hopping is that the co-channel interference which is caused by another user in another cell utilizing the same frequency is averaged.
• the background for the coding and frequency hopping is that the received signal is a sum of Rayleigh-fading signals having different delays, whereupon the variation in signal level and quality is strong.
• the frequency hopping and the rate of the hopping decrease and at best eliminate the correlation between successive bursts, whereupon the errors are randomized due to interleaving and bit reorganization.
• a strong carrier that is continuously transmitted is a problem in some cases, however. It brings about an increase in the interference level of the network, i.e. when a traffic channel carrier in the cell is the same as the BCCH carrier of a nearby cell, it causes interference in the reception. This decreases the network capacity.
• a traffic channel carrier in the cell is the same as the BCCH carrier of a nearby cell, it causes interference in the reception. This decreases the network capacity.
• the frequency hopping is also necessary, or at least desirable, with one TRX, since its absence causes deterioration in the efficiency of convolutional coding because in the case of stationary or slowly moving mobile stations mere interleaving is not sufficient to produce a random error distribution.
• the network capacity also decreases due to the fact that when the interference of the same channel is not averaged by frequency diversity, greater frequency diversity must be used, i.e. less channels are obtained with the same frequency allocation.
• the object of the present invention is a wireless local loop system, based on the TDMA system and especially the GSM system, in which system the BCCH carrier cO does not cause the kind of problems that are described above and that would result from the use of a standard BCCH carrier of the GSM system.
• the BCCH carrier cO is transmitted with standard power only in the time slot wherein control information is transmitted, and in the other time slots the carrier is not transmitted at all or the other time slots are used, as the need arises, for traffic channels during which the power of the BCCH carrier is adjusted normally. These other time slots thus contain no transmission if there is no traffic. If there is traffic, power control, frequency hopping and discontinuous transmission (DTX) are used. DTX means that transmission is discontinued during speech pauses. Less interference, good frequency diversity and better code performance are thus obtained at the reception.
• Figure 2 shows a multiframe of a control channel
• FIG 3 is an example of the BCCH carrier arrangement according to the invention.
• the BCCH carrier In WLL applications, a subscriber may move within his home cell, but intercell handover is prevented. Therefore it is not necessary to measure the strength of the BCCH carrier of the nearby stations.
• the BCCH carrier therefore does not have to be continuously transmitted in all the time slots of the frame using this carrier frequency cO, but it is transmitted with maximum power only in the time slots which form the BCCH and the CCCH.
• This time slot is time slot TNO of RF channel cO in Figure 3.
• the other time slots TNI, ... ,TN7 of the frame utilizing the carrier frequency cO can be used as traffic channel time slots, if required. In these time slots, power control is used normally for the frequency cO. Since the carrier is not transmitted with maximum power or it is not transmitted at all, the co- channel interference is considerably decreased.
• frequency hopping between the BCCH frequency cO and the frequency cl to be synthesized can still be performed by utilizing the same transmitter/receiver.
• a possible channel utilizing frequency hopping is described with arrows combining the time slots of these RF channels.
• the channel is formed of the fourth time slot of the frame.
• One frequency synthesizer is sufficient, because when a burst is transmitted in the fourth time slot of the frequency Cl, the transmission of a BCCH carrier in the simultaneous fourth time slot of the frequency cO is not necessary at all.
• the frequency hopping can be performed between these frequencies, and the BCCH carrier cO can be switched off in time slots TNI, ...,TN7.
• TNI time slots
• ...,TN7 time slots
• These time slots can naturally be utilized for traffic channels, whereupon normal power control is performed on the carriers and these time slots can also be used for frequency hopping.
• the base station does not have to transmit a list of neighbouring cells
• a subscriber equipment does not have to monitor the BCCH carrier of nearby cells and to perform measurements related thereto or report the measurement results to the network. If frequency hopping is not performed, the BCCH carrier does not have to be transmitted continuously, but only in time slot TNO.
• a further advantage of the invention is that especially in the case of low-capacity cells, frequency reuse is more efficient in the network since a strong carrier is not constantly on. Furthermore, the power consumption of the terminal equipment decreases since there is no need to monitor the BCCH carrier of the neighbouring base stations.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
• Signal Processing (AREA)
• Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)

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• 1995
  • 1995-01-04 FI FI950046A patent/FI100076B/sv active
• 1996
  • 1996-01-03 JP JP8521298A patent/JPH10512119A/ja active Pending
  • 1996-01-03 AU AU43488/96A patent/AU696757B2/en not_active Ceased
  • 1996-01-03 WO PCT/FI1996/000008 patent/WO1996021987A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1996-01-03 EP EP96900112A patent/EP0801873A2/en not_active Withdrawn
  • 1996-01-03 CN CN 96191346 patent/CN1167560A/zh active Pending
• 1997
  • 1997-07-03 NO NO973093A patent/NO973093L/no not_active Application Discontinuation

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