EP0794983A1 - Conductive ink - Google Patents

Conductive ink

Info

Publication number
EP0794983A1
EP0794983A1 EP95903312A EP95903312A EP0794983A1 EP 0794983 A1 EP0794983 A1 EP 0794983A1 EP 95903312 A EP95903312 A EP 95903312A EP 95903312 A EP95903312 A EP 95903312A EP 0794983 A1 EP0794983 A1 EP 0794983A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
conductive ink
ink material
material according
binder system
pigment
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP95903312A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Oliver Crowhurst
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Eckart Werk Standard Bronzepulver Werke Carl Eckart GmbH and Co
Original Assignee
Eckart Werk Standard Bronzepulver Werke Carl Eckart GmbH and Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Eckart Werk Standard Bronzepulver Werke Carl Eckart GmbH and Co filed Critical Eckart Werk Standard Bronzepulver Werke Carl Eckart GmbH and Co
Publication of EP0794983A1 publication Critical patent/EP0794983A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D11/00—Inks
    • C09D11/52—Electrically conductive inks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H01B1/20—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive organic material
    • H01B1/22—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive organic material the conductive material comprising metals or alloys
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K1/00—Printed circuits
    • H05K1/02—Details
    • H05K1/09—Use of materials for the conductive, e.g. metallic pattern
    • H05K1/092—Dispersed materials, e.g. conductive pastes or inks
    • H05K1/095—Dispersed materials, e.g. conductive pastes or inks for polymer thick films, i.e. having a permanent organic polymeric binder

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a conductive ink material comprising a vehicle/binder system containing a metallic pigment.
  • Known conductive ink materials or coatings are based on silver flakes as a metallic conductive pigment incorporated into a high viscosity vehicle/binder system having a formulation viscosity of about 10000 to 12000 cps (10000 - 12000 mPa.s).
  • binder systems for example are based on vinyl or acrylic resins dissolved in organic solvents which dry by evaporation.
  • Other known binder systems for example are based on epoxy or polyester acrylate systems comprised of 100 % of solids, which systems dry by UV-radiation curing.
  • a conductive ink material according to the invention is characterized in that the vehicle/binder system is a water base binder system having an application viscosity of less than 1000 cps (mPa.s) preferably of less than 500 most preferably of less than 300 cps (mPa.s) and that the pigment is a precious metal pigment or comprises at least a precious metal coating.
  • a water base binder system has a much lower application viscosity than the binder systems used with known conductive ink materials thereby promoting leafing of the metallic pigment resulting in greater alignment of conductive pigment at the surface of an ink film applied to a substrate material. Since metallic pigment flakes can orientate themselves parallel to the surface in a compact interlocking position conductivity of the ink film is considerably increased. The use of precious metal pigment additionally increases the conductivity of the ink film.
  • conductive ink materials having a formulation viscosity of more than 1000 cps prior to printing which by adding water can be decreased to fall within the above application viscosity range.
  • the conductive pigment's more random orientation throughout the ink film necessitates a higher film thickness when a known high viscosity vehicle/binder system is used.
  • the more random orientation in these known types of ink are caused first of all by the high viscosity impeding movability and thus leafing of the metallic pigment.
  • the lower surface tensions of the above mentioned organic solvents reduce the ability of the conductive pigment to align and orientate at the surface.
  • the higher film thickness required in connection with known conductive ink materials means a larger distance for the conductive pigment to travel or to leaf to the surface which also results in bad surface orientation and a low conductivity.
  • the conductive ink material according to the invention not only presents a much lower application viscosity but -additionally a higher surface tension due to the highly polar bonds of the water base binder system therewith promoting alignment of metallic pigment at the surface resulting in high conductivity. Accordingly lower application filmweights are needed to obtain a desired conductivity. Thus running speeds of coating or printing procedures are increased since the time an ink film must remain exposed to drying units is reduced.
  • Use of the conductive ink material according to the invention also allows to use liquid ink processes such as flexo or gravure printing processes and other low filmweight coating processes. Accordingly it is now e.g.
  • a conductive ink printed on a plastic film as part of a mechanism that acts as a voltage or charge tester which currently is required in connection with batteries .
  • the packaging for batteries can be printed by gravure process because of the high conductivity efficiency and fast drying speed of conductive ink material.
  • liquid ink printing processes should present an advantageous alternative to electrically depositing metals on substrate materials since electro-deposition is extremely expensive and much slower compared with highspeed printing processes.
  • a prefered water base binder system contains about 20 to 50% preferably 30 to 40 % per weight of a solid binder substance and a viscosity of preferably less than 300 cps (mPa.s), most preferably 20 to 200 cps (mPa.s).
  • a water base colloidal dispersion of aliphatic polyester and/or polyurethane is used.
  • a water base colloidal dispersion of an aliphatic polyester-polyurethane is obtainable as ALBERDINGK V, - U 610 W from ALBERDINGK BOLEY GMBH, Uerdingen, Germany, the type of dispersion being anionic and having about 9.5 % per weight of N-Methyl-2- pyrrolidon.
  • acrylics or water base polymers can be used depending on the substrate to be printed or coated.
  • Zinpol 146 available from ZINCHEM
  • the shape of the metallic pigment particles is not restrained to one predetermined profile, it is preferred to use metallic flakes in order to promote interlocking surface orientation.
  • metallic flakes are "Lamella" shaped metallic flake pigments, which preferably are silver flakes.
  • silver coated copper or other precious metals giving similar conductive properties can also be used.
  • the precious metal pigment preferably has been treated with fatty acids, or compounds of fatty acids like fatty alcohols, preferably with stearic acid. However, palmitic acid should also be suited.
  • the flakes have preferably low particle size compared with known conductive ink materials which has been determined according to the Cilas-method:
  • the metallic pigment have a particle size of less than 3.5 microns, 50% of the metallic pigment has a particle size of less than 10.5 microns and 90% of the metallic pigment has a particle size of less than 21.0 microns.
  • the particle size is:
  • the low particle size has been found to considerably improve the conductive properties of the ink film.
  • Adding a modified hydrocarbon surfactant composition available from Rit-Chem Co., Inc. of Pleasantville, N.Y., USA, under the tradename ZEROFOME NS-31F into the water base vehicle/binder system reduces or prevents foam generation when preparing the ink material.
  • a preferred formulation of the conductive ink material according to the invention comprises 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl- 5decyn-4,7-diol (75% in ethylene glycol) (available as Surfynol 104 H) and/or modified nonylphenoxypoly(etyleneoxy)ethanol which is available from RHONE-POULENC, Cranbury, New Jersey, USA, under the domestic tradename IGEPAL CTA 639 W SURFACTANT and under the export tradename ANTAROX CTA-639 W SURFACTANT as a wetting agent.
  • a preferred formulation of the inventive conductive ink material comprises 15 to 45 % per weight of a water base binder system, 0.0 to 6.5 % per weight of a wetting agent, 20 to 80 % per weight of a metallic pigment and 0 to 20 % per weight of water.
  • the conductive ink material preferably comprises 0.1 to 3.5 % per weight of 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl- 5decyn-4,7-diol (75 % in ethylene glycol).
  • Another preferable formulation of the conductive ink material comprises 0.1 to 3.0 % per weight of modified nonylphenoxypoly(ethyleneoxy)ethanol.
  • a mostly preferred formulation of the conductive ink according to the invention is characterized by: - 31.7 % of a water base colloidal dispersion of aliphatic polyester/polyurethane - 0.5 % of a modified hydrocarbon surfactant composition
  • silver flake (silver 95 %, stearic acid 5%, e.g. "Alcan Silver Flake 750")
  • Another preferred formulation comprises as water base vehicle binder system the dispersion Zinpol 146 or U 610 W which have already been identified.
  • a method for preparing conductive ink according to the invention consists in separately preparing a vehicle component and a pasteous component comprising the metallic pigment. Firstly the vehicle component is weighed into a suitable vessel for water base ink coating manufacture. A cavitational head type mixer is then preferably used to mix the defoamer, which preferably is 2,4,7,9 tetramethyl- 5decyn-4,7-diol (75 % in ethylene glycol), which is added to the vehicle component while mixing slowly.
  • the defoamer which preferably is 2,4,7,9 tetramethyl- 5decyn-4,7-diol (75 % in ethylene glycol)
  • a wetting aid preferably modified nonylphenoxypoly(ethyleneoxy)ethanol is blended with the water component according to the above given formulation to form a gel. This is preferably done on the similar mixing equipment. Also modified nonylphenoxypoly(ethyleneoxy)ethanol is added. The gel so obtained is then added to the conductive pigment, which is pre-weighed in a drum of suitable size. The gel comprised of wetting aids and water is poured on top of the pigment and the drum is sealed. The volume of pigment and gel should occupy 50 - 75 % of the drum. The drum is then rotated on a drum roller for about 20 minutes or until the substance forms a homogenous paste.
  • the paste containing the metallic pigment is then added to the original vessel containing the vehicle component while agitating slowly preferably using the cavitational head type mixer.
  • a vacuum sealed vessel may be used.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Inks, Pencil-Leads, Or Crayons (AREA)
  • Conductive Materials (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a conductive ink material comprising a vehicle/binder system containing a metallic pigment; the inventive conductive ink material applicable in small application filmweights but presenting a high conductivity and showing a fast drying speed is characterized in that the vehicle/binder system is a water base binder system having an application viscosity of less than 1000 cps (mPa.s) preferably of less than 500 cps (mPa.s) and that the pigment is a precious metal pigment or comprises at least a precious metal coating.

Description

Conductive ink
The invention relates to a conductive ink material comprising a vehicle/binder system containing a metallic pigment.
Known conductive ink materials or coatings are based on silver flakes as a metallic conductive pigment incorporated into a high viscosity vehicle/binder system having a formulation viscosity of about 10000 to 12000 cps (10000 - 12000 mPa.s). Such binder systems for example are based on vinyl or acrylic resins dissolved in organic solvents which dry by evaporation. Other known binder systems for example are based on epoxy or polyester acrylate systems comprised of 100 % of solids, which systems dry by UV-radiation curing.
However applying known conductive inks with the above viscosity to a substrate material requires high application filmweights in order to achieve a desired conductivity property. This is caused by the fact that due to the high viscosity of known vehicle/binder systems leafing of conductive pigment flakes is impeded thereby requiring a higher amount of conductive pigment. In order to dry or cure high filmweight surface coatings more energy is needed and also a long exposure to heat and/or UV-radiation is required.
The coating or printing procedures using screen printing processes (flatbed or rotary), both of which use high application filmweights, are relatively slow compared to conventional liquid ink processes because of the length of time the ink must remain exposed to drying units. There is however the possibility to use reel to reel screen presses with multi oven/UV driers which increase running speed but are still slow compared to liquid ink processes, i.e. flexo or gravure printing processes.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to propose a conductive ink material applicable in small application filmweights but presenting a high conductivity and showing a fast drying speed.
A conductive ink material according to the invention is characterized in that the vehicle/binder system is a water base binder system having an application viscosity of less than 1000 cps (mPa.s) preferably of less than 500 most preferably of less than 300 cps (mPa.s) and that the pigment is a precious metal pigment or comprises at least a precious metal coating. A water base binder system has a much lower application viscosity than the binder systems used with known conductive ink materials thereby promoting leafing of the metallic pigment resulting in greater alignment of conductive pigment at the surface of an ink film applied to a substrate material. Since metallic pigment flakes can orientate themselves parallel to the surface in a compact interlocking position conductivity of the ink film is considerably increased. The use of precious metal pigment additionally increases the conductivity of the ink film.
Within the scope of the invention there are also conductive ink materials having a formulation viscosity of more than 1000 cps prior to printing which by adding water can be decreased to fall within the above application viscosity range.
The conductive pigment's more random orientation throughout the ink film necessitates a higher film thickness when a known high viscosity vehicle/binder system is used. The more random orientation in these known types of ink are caused first of all by the high viscosity impeding movability and thus leafing of the metallic pigment. The lower surface tensions of the above mentioned organic solvents reduce the ability of the conductive pigment to align and orientate at the surface. The higher film thickness required in connection with known conductive ink materials means a larger distance for the conductive pigment to travel or to leaf to the surface which also results in bad surface orientation and a low conductivity.
The conductive ink material according to the invention not only presents a much lower application viscosity but -additionally a higher surface tension due to the highly polar bonds of the water base binder system therewith promoting alignment of metallic pigment at the surface resulting in high conductivity. Accordingly lower application filmweights are needed to obtain a desired conductivity. Thus running speeds of coating or printing procedures are increased since the time an ink film must remain exposed to drying units is reduced. Use of the conductive ink material according to the invention also allows to use liquid ink processes such as flexo or gravure printing processes and other low filmweight coating processes. Accordingly it is now e.g. possible to use a conductive ink printed on a plastic film as part of a mechanism that acts as a voltage or charge tester which currently is required in connection with batteries . Also the packaging for batteries can be printed by gravure process because of the high conductivity efficiency and fast drying speed of conductive ink material. But also in the security and electrical circuit industry liquid ink printing processes should present an advantageous alternative to electrically depositing metals on substrate materials since electro-deposition is extremely expensive and much slower compared with highspeed printing processes.
A prefered water base binder system contains about 20 to 50% preferably 30 to 40 % per weight of a solid binder substance and a viscosity of preferably less than 300 cps (mPa.s), most preferably 20 to 200 cps (mPa.s). Preferably a water base colloidal dispersion of aliphatic polyester and/or polyurethane is used. A water base colloidal dispersion of an aliphatic polyester-polyurethane is obtainable as ALBERDINGK V, - U 610 W from ALBERDINGK BOLEY GMBH, Uerdingen, Germany, the type of dispersion being anionic and having about 9.5 % per weight of N-Methyl-2- pyrrolidon. However other aliphatic urethanes, acrylics or water base polymers can be used depending on the substrate to be printed or coated. As an example for an acrylic binder system Zinpol 146 available from ZINCHEM,
INC. ,Sommerset, N.J, USA, should be noted comprising about 35 % per weight of an acrylic resin and about 61.8 % per weight of water and additionally 3.2 % per weight of dimethylethanolamine. Although the shape of the metallic pigment particles is not restrained to one predetermined profile, it is preferred to use metallic flakes in order to promote interlocking surface orientation. Mostly preferred, however, are "Lamella" shaped metallic flake pigments, which preferably are silver flakes. However, silver coated copper or other precious metals giving similar conductive properties can also be used. The precious metal pigment preferably has been treated with fatty acids, or compounds of fatty acids like fatty alcohols, preferably with stearic acid. However, palmitic acid should also be suited. The flakes have preferably low particle size compared with known conductive ink materials which has been determined according to the Cilas-method:
d^Q 0.5 - 3.5 microns dgQ 1.0 - 10.5 microns dcjQ 6.0 - 21.0 microns
That means about 10% of the metallic pigment have a particle size of less than 3.5 microns, 50% of the metallic pigment has a particle size of less than 10.5 microns and 90% of the metallic pigment has a particle size of less than 21.0 microns.
Mostly preferred the particle size is:
d10 0.5 - 1.0 microns d50 1.0 - 3.5 microns d90 6.5 - 10.0 microns
The low particle size has been found to considerably improve the conductive properties of the ink film. Adding a modified hydrocarbon surfactant composition available from Rit-Chem Co., Inc. of Pleasantville, N.Y., USA, under the tradename ZEROFOME NS-31F into the water base vehicle/binder system reduces or prevents foam generation when preparing the ink material.
In order to incorporate a high percentage of silver flake pigment into a low viscosity binder system it is preferred to add a wetting agent to the conductive ink material. A preferred formulation of the conductive ink material according to the invention comprises 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl- 5decyn-4,7-diol (75% in ethylene glycol) (available as Surfynol 104 H) and/or modified nonylphenoxypoly(etyleneoxy)ethanol which is available from RHONE-POULENC, Cranbury, New Jersey, USA, under the domestic tradename IGEPAL CTA 639 W SURFACTANT and under the export tradename ANTAROX CTA-639 W SURFACTANT as a wetting agent.
A preferred formulation of the inventive conductive ink material comprises 15 to 45 % per weight of a water base binder system, 0.0 to 6.5 % per weight of a wetting agent, 20 to 80 % per weight of a metallic pigment and 0 to 20 % per weight of water. The conductive ink material preferably comprises 0.1 to 3.5 % per weight of 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl- 5decyn-4,7-diol (75 % in ethylene glycol). Another preferable formulation of the conductive ink material comprises 0.1 to 3.0 % per weight of modified nonylphenoxypoly(ethyleneoxy)ethanol.
However, a mostly preferred formulation of the conductive ink according to the invention is characterized by: - 31.7 % of a water base colloidal dispersion of aliphatic polyester/polyurethane - 0.5 % of a modified hydrocarbon surfactant composition
- 57 % silver flake (silver 95 %, stearic acid 5%, e.g. "Alcan Silver Flake 750")
- 0.7 % 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5decyn-4,7-diol (75% in ethylene glycol)
- 1.8 % of modified nonylphenoxypoly(ethyleneoxy)ethanol
- 8.3 % water
Another preferred formulation comprises as water base vehicle binder system the dispersion Zinpol 146 or U 610 W which have already been identified.
A method for preparing conductive ink according to the invention consists in separately preparing a vehicle component and a pasteous component comprising the metallic pigment. Firstly the vehicle component is weighed into a suitable vessel for water base ink coating manufacture. A cavitational head type mixer is then preferably used to mix the defoamer, which preferably is 2,4,7,9 tetramethyl- 5decyn-4,7-diol (75 % in ethylene glycol), which is added to the vehicle component while mixing slowly.
In a separate vessel a wetting aid, preferably modified nonylphenoxypoly(ethyleneoxy)ethanol is blended with the water component according to the above given formulation to form a gel. This is preferably done on the similar mixing equipment. Also modified nonylphenoxypoly(ethyleneoxy)ethanol is added. The gel so obtained is then added to the conductive pigment, which is pre-weighed in a drum of suitable size. The gel comprised of wetting aids and water is poured on top of the pigment and the drum is sealed. The volume of pigment and gel should occupy 50 - 75 % of the drum. The drum is then rotated on a drum roller for about 20 minutes or until the substance forms a homogenous paste.
The paste containing the metallic pigment is then added to the original vessel containing the vehicle component while agitating slowly preferably using the cavitational head type mixer. To prevent air entrapment once the paste has been added a vacuum sealed vessel may be used.

Claims

C l a i m s
1. Conductive ink material comprising a vehicle/binder system containing a metallic pigment, c h a r a c t e r i z e d i n t h a t the vehicle/binder system is a water base binder system having an application viscosity of less than 1000 cps (mPa.s) preferably of less than 500 cps (mPa.s) and that the pigment is a precious metal pigment or comprises at least a precious metal coating.
Conductive ink material according to claim 1, c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y a water base binder system comprising 30 to 40 % solids.
Conductive ink material according to claim 1 or 2, c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y a water base colloidal dispersion of an aliphatic polyester/polyurethane.
Conductive ink material according to anyone of the preceeding claims, c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y a water base binder system comprising acrylics or other polymers .
Conductive ink material according to anyone of the preceeding claims, c h a r a c t e r i z e d i n t h a t the metallic pigment comprises metallic flakes treated with fatty acid, or fatty acid components like fatty alcohols, preferably with stearic acid.
6. Conductive ink material according to anyone of the preceeding claims, c h a r a c t e r i z e d i n t h a t the size of the metallic pigment flakes according to the Cilas-method is determined by d^Q 0.5 - 3.5 microns deQ 1.0 - 10.5 microns dgg 6.0 - 21.0 microns
preferably by
d^Q 0.5 - 1.0 microns dejQ 1.0 - 3.5 microns dgQ 6.5 - 10.0 microns
7. Conductive ink material according to anyone of the preceeding claims, additionally comprising a modified hydrocarbon surfactant composition.
8. Conductive ink material according to anyone of the preceeding claims, additionally comprising a wetting agent which preferably contains 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl- 5decyn-4,7-diol (75% in ethylene glycol) and/or a modified nonylphenoxypoly(ethyleneoxy)ethanol.
9. Conductive ink material according to anyone of the preceeding claims comprising:
15 to 45 % per weight of a water base binder system, 0.0 to 6.5 % per weight of a wetting agent 20 to 80 % per weight of a metallic pigment 0 to 20 % per weight of water
10. Conductive ink material according to claim 7, 8 or 9, comprising
0.1 to 3.0 % per weight modified nonylphenoxypoly(ethyleneoxy)ethanol.
EP95903312A 1994-12-01 1994-12-01 Conductive ink Withdrawn EP0794983A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/EP1994/004005 WO1996017025A1 (en) 1994-12-01 1994-12-01 Conductive ink

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0794983A1 true EP0794983A1 (en) 1997-09-17

Family

ID=8165921

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP95903312A Withdrawn EP0794983A1 (en) 1994-12-01 1994-12-01 Conductive ink

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0794983A1 (en)
AU (1) AU1241995A (en)
WO (1) WO1996017025A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2003531267A (en) 2000-04-20 2003-10-21 ベロル・コーポレイション Shear-thinning writing composition, writing implement and method
US7097788B2 (en) 2003-06-30 2006-08-29 The Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Illinois Conducting inks
EP3006516B1 (en) * 2005-03-22 2019-05-08 Seiko Epson Corporation Ink jet recording method
WO2006130980A1 (en) * 2005-06-09 2006-12-14 National Starch And Chemical Company Aqueous printable electrical conductors

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA1173644A (en) * 1981-07-06 1984-09-04 Ashok N. Prabhu Air-fireable thick film inks
US4715989A (en) * 1986-01-22 1987-12-29 The B.F. Goodrich Company Coating for EMI shielding
US5091003A (en) * 1990-06-15 1992-02-25 Ford Motor Company Ink compositions and method for placing indicia on glass

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See references of WO9617025A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO1996017025A1 (en) 1996-06-06
AU1241995A (en) 1996-06-19

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