EP0794849B1 - Impeller wheel - Google Patents

Impeller wheel Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0794849B1
EP0794849B1 EP96933379A EP96933379A EP0794849B1 EP 0794849 B1 EP0794849 B1 EP 0794849B1 EP 96933379 A EP96933379 A EP 96933379A EP 96933379 A EP96933379 A EP 96933379A EP 0794849 B1 EP0794849 B1 EP 0794849B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
impeller wheel
blades
impeller
auxiliary
vanes
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP96933379A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0794849A1 (en
Inventor
Jost Wadephul
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Priority to DE29623998U priority Critical patent/DE29623998U1/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24C—ABRASIVE OR RELATED BLASTING WITH PARTICULATE MATERIAL
    • B24C5/00—Devices or accessories for generating abrasive blasts
    • B24C5/06—Impeller wheels; Rotor blades therefor
    • B24C5/068—Transferring the abrasive particles from the feeding means onto the propeller blades, e.g. using central impellers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24C—ABRASIVE OR RELATED BLASTING WITH PARTICULATE MATERIAL
    • B24C5/00—Devices or accessories for generating abrasive blasts
    • B24C5/06—Impeller wheels; Rotor blades therefor

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a centrifugal wheel with radial standing blades on at least one side window are attached and their inner ends are spaced to the center, as well as with one in the central area arranged impeller cage, which rotates together with the centrifugal wheel and in it Central area the abrasive to be accelerated is fed in the axial direction.
  • the object of the invention is now that of the abrasive to reduce conditional wear on the centrifugal wheel and at the same time a spray pattern with a uniform Covering over the entire ejection angle of the steel medium from the centrifugal wheel at approximately parallel Generate page boundary.
  • centrifugal wheel of the type described above solved that between the blades of the centrifugal wheel Guide blades are arranged, the inner ends of which a greater distance from the center of the centrifugal wheel than those of the blades and the impeller cage is designed as an auxiliary centrifugal wheel, wherein the axial length of the blades of the auxiliary centrifugal wheel that of the blades of the centrifugal wheel considerably surpasses.
  • the inventive design of the impeller cage the feed moves as an auxiliary centrifugal wheel Abrasives before entering the Centrifugal wheel on a circular path so that the abrasive, which leaves the auxiliary centrifugal wheel on a spiral orbit enters the centrifugal wheel, causing the blasting agent to impact the blades the centrifugal wheel essentially prevented becomes.
  • the vagabundant abrasive and channel creating an even distribution of the abrasive on the surface to be treated is achieved.
  • the blades of the auxiliary centrifugal wheel in the direction of its feed end tapers so that it rotates this centrifugal wheel one in the flow direction of the Blasting medium form conically narrowing cavity, through which the abrasive to increase the throughput optimal in the bucket area of the auxiliary centrifugal wheel can penetrate. It has also proven itself on the free ends of the blades of the auxiliary centrifugal wheel a widening in the direction of flow of the abrasive Arrange frustoconical sleeve. This sleeve can also be funnel-shaped Extension of the outlet end of the inlet pipe for the Blasting media to be formed to a blasting machine.
  • ribs of the centrifugal wheel are provided on the outer surface (s) of the side window (s) ribs of the centrifugal wheel.
  • centrifugal wheel can cause minor wear as a welded construction with straight or curved Blades are formed, which results in significant Losing weight leads.
  • the centrifugal wheel 1 shown is of a housing 2 surround, in the central area an inlet pipe 3 opens with which the blasting medium such as quartz sand or Steel shot is fed to the centrifugal wheel 1. Across from The drive shaft protrudes from the mouth of the inlet pipe 3 4 of the centrifugal wheel 1 out of the housing 2.
  • the centrifugal wheel 1 has a side window 5, which is attached to the drive shaft 4 and on the surface of the drive shaft 4 opposite blades 6 carries, the inner ends of an allotment sleeve 7 adjoin with an allotment opening 8. Between Blades 6 are still guide blades on the side window 5 9 held, the inner ends in contrast a distance from the inner ends of the blades 6 have to the allocation sleeve 7.
  • auxiliary centrifugal wheel 10 is formed inside the allotment sleeve 7 a non-rotatable with the drive shaft 4 or Side window 5 connected auxiliary centrifugal wheel 10 is formed. The axial length of the blades exceeds 11 of the auxiliary centrifugal wheel 10 that of the blades 6 and guide blades 9 of the centrifugal wheel 1 considerably.
  • the free ends of the blades 11 of the auxiliary centrifugal wheel 10 taper towards that End of feed for the abrasive or the feed pipe 3 arrow-like, so that in the interior of the rotating auxiliary centrifugal wheel 10 one towards the side window 5 conical or cup-shaped cavity 12 is formed, through which the abrasive in the auxiliary centrifugal wheel 10 occurs.
  • the tapered free ends of the Paddles 11 of the auxiliary centrifugal wheel 10 protrude into that the funnel-shaped widening adapted to the shape of the blade End 13 of the inlet pipe 3.
  • the invention is not limited to that shown and described Embodiment limited. So can on the centrifugal wheel between the individual blades 6 more than one guide blade 9 is also provided be.
  • the guide blades 9 can have the same radial length how the blades 6 have and thus protrude beyond the outer ends of the blades 6.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
  • Nozzles (AREA)
  • Steering Control In Accordance With Driving Conditions (AREA)
  • Internal Circuitry In Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Devices (AREA)
  • Valve-Gear Or Valve Arrangements (AREA)
  • Centrifugal Separators (AREA)

Abstract

PCT No. PCT/EP96/04178 Sec. 371 Date May 30, 1997 Sec. 102(e) Date May 30, 1997 PCT Filed Sep. 25, 1996 PCT Pub. No. WO97/12726 PCT Pub. Date Apr. 10, 1997An impeller wheel has at least one lateral disk and an impeller cage connected centrally on a first face of the lateral disk. Blasting material to be distributed with the impeller wheel is introduced in an axial feeding direction into a central area of the impeller cage. Radial blades are connected to the first face of the lateral disk. Guide blades are connected to the first face of the lateral disk and positioned between the radial blades. The radial blades have radially inner ends spaced at a first distance from a center of the lateral disk and the guide blades have radially inner ends spaced at a second distance from the center of the lateral disk. The second distance is greater than the first distance. The impeller cage is embodied as an auxiliary impeller wheel having auxiliary blades. The auxiliary blades have a greater axial length than the radial blades.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Schleuderrad mit radial stehenden Schaufeln, die an wenigstens einer Seitenscheibe befestigt sind und deren innere Enden Abstand zum Zentrum haben, sowie mit einem in dessen Zentralbereich angeordneten Impeller-Käfig, der zusammen mit dem Schleuderrad rotiert und in dessen Zentralbereich das zu beschleunigende Strahlmittel in Axialrichtung eingespeist wird. The invention relates to a centrifugal wheel with radial standing blades on at least one side window are attached and their inner ends are spaced to the center, as well as with one in the central area arranged impeller cage, which rotates together with the centrifugal wheel and in it Central area the abrasive to be accelerated is fed in the axial direction.

Mit derartigen, z. B. aus der DE-OS 25 38 228 bekannten, Schleuderrädern ausgerüstete Anlagen werden Oberflächen von metallischen Walzprodukten vom Zunder und/oder Rost befreit, bevor die Oberfläche einen Schutzanstrich erhält, indem gegen die Oberfläche ein aus feinen Metallpartikeln bestehendes Strahlmittel geschleudert wird. In einem derartigen Schleuderrad bewegen sich nicht sämtliche Partikel des Strahlmittels beim Austritt aus dem Impeller radial und möglichst parallel zu den Schaufeln nach außen. Eine beträchtliche Anzahl dieser Partikel schlägt an den Seitenscheiben und den Schaufeln an und prallt davon vergleichbar einem Ping-Pong-Ball zurück, was sich nicht nur negativ auf die Austrittsgeschwindigkeit des Strahlmittels aus dem Schleuderrad auswirkt, sondern auch zu einer ungleichmäßigen Verteilung des Strahlmittels auf der zu reinigenden Oberfläche führt. Durch das Aufprallen der Strahlmittelpartikel an den Teilen des Schleuderrades unterliegt dasselbe außerdem einem starken Verschleiß.With such, e.g. B. known from DE-OS 25 38 228, Systems equipped with centrifugal wheels become surfaces of metallic rolled products from the scale and / or Rust removes paint before the surface receives by against the surface of fine metal particles Existing blasting media spun becomes. Move in such a centrifugal wheel not all particles of the abrasive at the exit from the impeller radially and as parallel as possible to the Shovels outward. A considerable number of these Particles hit the side windows and the blades and bounces like a ping-pong ball back, which not only negatively affects the exit speed of the abrasive from the centrifugal wheel affects, but also to an uneven distribution of the abrasive on the surface to be cleaned leads. By the impact of the abrasive particles the same applies to the parts of the centrifugal wheel also heavy wear.

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es nun, den durch das Strahlmittel bedingten Verschleiß des Schleuderrades zu verringern und zugleich ein Strahlbild mit gleichmäßiger Eindeckung über den gesamten Auswurfwinkel des Stahlmittels aus dem Schleuderrad bei annähernd paralleler Seitenbegrenzung zu erzeugen.The object of the invention is now that of the abrasive to reduce conditional wear on the centrifugal wheel and at the same time a spray pattern with a uniform Covering over the entire ejection angle of the steel medium from the centrifugal wheel at approximately parallel Generate page boundary.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß ausgehend von einem Schleuderrad der eingangs beschriebenen Gattung dadurch gelöst, daß zwischen den Schaufeln des Schleuderrades Führungsschaufeln angeordnet sind, deren innere Enden einen größeren Abstand zum Zentrum des Schleuderrades als diejenigen der Schaufeln haben, und der Impeller-Käfig als Hilfsschleuderrad ausgestaltet ist, wobei die axiale Länge der Schaufeln des Hilfsschleuderrades diejenige der Schaufeln des Schleuderrades erheblich übertrifft.This object is achieved on the basis of a The centrifugal wheel of the type described above solved that between the blades of the centrifugal wheel Guide blades are arranged, the inner ends of which a greater distance from the center of the centrifugal wheel than those of the blades and the impeller cage is designed as an auxiliary centrifugal wheel, wherein the axial length of the blades of the auxiliary centrifugal wheel that of the blades of the centrifugal wheel considerably surpasses.

Durch die erfindungsgemäße Ausgestaltung des Impeller-Käfigs als Hilfsschleuderrad bewegt sich das eingespeiste Strahlmittel schon vor seinem Eintritt in das Schleuderrad auf einer Kreisbahn, so daß das Strahlmittel, welches das Hilfsschleuderrad verläßt, auf einer spiralförmigen Umlaufbahn in das Schleuderrad gelangt, wodurch das Aufprallen des Strahlmittels auf die Schaufeln des Schleuderrades im wesentlichen unterbunden wird. Zur Verbesserung der spiralförmigen Bewegung des Strahlmittels auf seinem Weg durch das Schleuderrad tragen nach der Erfindung weiter die Führungsschaufeln bei, die vagabundierendes Strahlmittel auffangen und kanalisieren, wodurch eine gleichmäßige Verteilung des Strahlmittels auf der zu behandelnden Oberfläche erzielt wird.The inventive design of the impeller cage the feed moves as an auxiliary centrifugal wheel Abrasives before entering the Centrifugal wheel on a circular path so that the abrasive, which leaves the auxiliary centrifugal wheel on a spiral orbit enters the centrifugal wheel, causing the blasting agent to impact the blades the centrifugal wheel essentially prevented becomes. To improve the spiral movement of the abrasive on its way through the centrifugal wheel continue to carry the guide blades according to the invention at, the vagabundant abrasive and channel, creating an even distribution of the abrasive on the surface to be treated is achieved.

Bei einer bevorzugten Weiterbildung der Erfindung sind die Schaufeln des Hilfsschleuderrades in Richtung auf dessen Einspeiseende verjüngt, so daß sie beim Rotieren dieses Schleuderrades einen in Fließrichtung des Strahlmittels sich konisch verengenden Hohlraum bilden, über den das Strahlmittel zur Erhöhung des Durchsatzes optimal in den Schaufelbereich des Hilfsschleuderrades eindringen kann. Dabei hat es sich weiter bewährt, auf den freien Enden der Schaufeln des Hilfsschleuderrades eine sich in Fließrichtung des Strahlmittels erweiternde kegelstumpfförmige Hülse anzuordnen. Diese Hülse kann auch durch eine entsprechende trichterförmige Erweiterung des Auslaufendes des Zulaufrohres für das Strahlmittel Zu einer Strahlanlage gebildet werden.In a preferred development of the invention the blades of the auxiliary centrifugal wheel in the direction of its feed end tapers so that it rotates this centrifugal wheel one in the flow direction of the Blasting medium form conically narrowing cavity, through which the abrasive to increase the throughput optimal in the bucket area of the auxiliary centrifugal wheel can penetrate. It has also proven itself on the free ends of the blades of the auxiliary centrifugal wheel a widening in the direction of flow of the abrasive Arrange frustoconical sleeve. This sleeve can also be funnel-shaped Extension of the outlet end of the inlet pipe for the Blasting media to be formed to a blasting machine.

Bei einer anderen zweckmäßigen Ausgestaltung der Erfindung sind auf der bzw. den Außenfläche(n) der Seitenscheibe(n) des Schleuderrades Rippen vorgesehen. Durch diese Rippen wird in den Raum zwischen Schleuderrad und dem dasselbe umgebende Gehäuse eindringendes Strahlmittel radial nach außen geschleust, so daß auf eine Abdichtung zwischen Gehäuse und Antriebswelle des Schleuderrades verzichtet werden kann.In another expedient embodiment of the invention are on the outer surface (s) of the side window (s) ribs of the centrifugal wheel are provided. By these ribs will be in the space between the centrifugal wheel and blasting agent penetrating the housing surrounding the same radially smuggled outwards so that on a Sealing between the housing and the drive shaft of the Centrifugal wheel can be dispensed with.

Aufgrund des durch die erfindungsgemäßen Maßnahmen bedingten geringen Verschleißes kann das Schleuderrad als Schweißkonstruktion mit geraden oder gekrümmten Schaufeln ausgebildet werden, was zu einer erheblichen Gewichtsreduzierung führt. Because of the measures according to the invention The centrifugal wheel can cause minor wear as a welded construction with straight or curved Blades are formed, which results in significant Losing weight leads.

Ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung wird noch an Hand der Zeichnungen beschrieben. Es stellen dar:

Fig. 1:
eine schematische Schnittansicht durch ein erfindungsgemäßes Schleuderrad, das in einem Gehäuse angeordnet ist.
Fig. 2:
eine schematische Schnittansicht durch das Schleuderrad und Gehäuse längs der Linie I -I der Fig. 1.
An embodiment of the invention will be described with reference to the drawings. They represent:
Fig. 1:
is a schematic sectional view through an inventive centrifugal wheel, which is arranged in a housing.
Fig. 2:
is a schematic sectional view through the centrifugal wheel and housing along the line I -I of FIG. 1st

Das dargestellte Schleuderrad 1 ist von einem Gehäuse 2 umgeben, in dessen Zentralbereich ein Zulaufrohr 3 mündet, mit dem das Strahlmittel wie Quarzsand oder Stahlschrot dem Schleuderrad 1 zugeführt wird. Gegenüber der Mündung des Zulaufrohres 3 ragt die Antriebswelle 4 des Schleuderrades 1 aus dem Gehäuse 2 heraus.The centrifugal wheel 1 shown is of a housing 2 surround, in the central area an inlet pipe 3 opens with which the blasting medium such as quartz sand or Steel shot is fed to the centrifugal wheel 1. Across from The drive shaft protrudes from the mouth of the inlet pipe 3 4 of the centrifugal wheel 1 out of the housing 2.

Das Schleuderrad 1 verfügt über eine Seitenscheibe 5, die an der Antriebswelle 4 befestigt ist und auf der der Antriebswelle 4 gegenüberliegenden Fläche Schaufeln 6 trägt, deren innere Enden an eine Zuteilhülse 7 mit einer Zuteilöffnung 8 angrenzen. Zwischen den Schaufeln 6 sind an der Seitenscheibe 5 noch Führungsschaufeln 9 gehalten, deren innere Enden im Gegensatz zu den inneren Enden der Schaufeln 6 einen Abstand zur Zuteilhülse 7 haben. Innerhalb der Zuteilhülse 7 ist ein drehfest mit der Antriebswelle 4 bzw. der Seitenscheibe 5 verbundenes Hilfsschleuderrad 10 ausgebildet. Dabei übertrifft die axiale Länge der Schaufeln 11 des Hilfsschleuderrades 10 diejenige der Schaufeln 6 und Führungsschaufeln 9 des Schleuderrades 1 erheblich. Die freien Enden der Schaufeln 11 des Hilfsschleuderrades 10 verjüngen sich in Richtung auf das Einspeiseende für das Strahlmittel bzw. das Zulaufrohr 3 pfeilartig, so daß im Innenraum des rotierenden Hilfsschleuderrades 10 ein in Richtung auf die Seitenscheibe 5 konischer oder becherförmiger Hohlraum 12 entsteht, über den das Strahlmittel in das Hilfsschleuderrad 10 eintritt. Die sich verjüngenden freien Enden der Schaufeln 11 des Hilfsschleuderrades 10 ragen in das der Schaufelform angepaßte sich trichterförmig erweiternde Ende 13 des Zulaufrohres 3 hinein.The centrifugal wheel 1 has a side window 5, which is attached to the drive shaft 4 and on the surface of the drive shaft 4 opposite blades 6 carries, the inner ends of an allotment sleeve 7 adjoin with an allotment opening 8. Between Blades 6 are still guide blades on the side window 5 9 held, the inner ends in contrast a distance from the inner ends of the blades 6 have to the allocation sleeve 7. Inside the allotment sleeve 7 is a non-rotatable with the drive shaft 4 or Side window 5 connected auxiliary centrifugal wheel 10 is formed. The axial length of the blades exceeds 11 of the auxiliary centrifugal wheel 10 that of the blades 6 and guide blades 9 of the centrifugal wheel 1 considerably. The free ends of the blades 11 of the auxiliary centrifugal wheel 10 taper towards that End of feed for the abrasive or the feed pipe 3 arrow-like, so that in the interior of the rotating auxiliary centrifugal wheel 10 one towards the side window 5 conical or cup-shaped cavity 12 is formed, through which the abrasive in the auxiliary centrifugal wheel 10 occurs. The tapered free ends of the Paddles 11 of the auxiliary centrifugal wheel 10 protrude into that the funnel-shaped widening adapted to the shape of the blade End 13 of the inlet pipe 3.

Auf der den Schaufeln 6 gegenüberliegenden Fläche der Seitenscheibe 5 sind weiter Rippen 14 ausgebildet.On the surface of the blades 6 opposite the Side window 5 further ribs 14 are formed.

Die Erfindung ist nicht auf die dargestellte und beschriebene Ausführungsform begrenzt. So können am Schleuderrad zwischen den einzelnen Schaufeln 6 auch mehr als jeweils eine Führungsschaufel 9 vorgesehen sein. Die Führungsschaufeln 9 können die gleiche Radiallänge wie die Schaufeln 6 haben und ragen folglich über die äußeren Enden der Schaufeln 6 hinaus.The invention is not limited to that shown and described Embodiment limited. So can on the centrifugal wheel between the individual blades 6 more than one guide blade 9 is also provided be. The guide blades 9 can have the same radial length how the blades 6 have and thus protrude beyond the outer ends of the blades 6.

Claims (6)

  1. Impeller wheel (1) with radially standing vanes (6) which are fastened on at least one lateral disc (5) and of which the internal ends are spaced from the centre, and with an impeller cage (7) which is arranged in the central region thereof, rotates together with the impeller wheel (1) and in whose central region the jet medium to be accelerated is fed in an axial direction, characterised in that between the vanes (6) of the impeller wheel (1) there are arranged guide vanes (9) of which the inner ends are at a greater distance from the centre of the impeller wheel (1) than those of the vanes (6), and the impeller cage is designed as an auxiliary impeller wheel (10), wherein the axial length of the vanes (11) of the auxiliary impeller wheel (10) considerably exceeds that of the vanes (6) of the impeller wheel (1).
  2. Impeller wheel according to claim 1, characterised in that the vanes (11) of the auxiliary impeller wheel (10) taper in the direction of the feed end for the jet medium.
  3. Impeller wheel according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that, at the free ends of the vanes (11) of the auxiliary impeller wheel (10) there is arranged a truncated cone shaped sleeve which widens in the direction of flow of the jet medium.
  4. Impeller wheel according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that ribs (14) are provided on the external face(s) of the lateral disc(s) (5) of the flywheel (1).
  5. Impeller wheel according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the impeller wheel (1) is constructed as a weldment.
  6. Impeller wheel according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the auxiliary impeller wheel (10) can be driven independently of the impeller wheel (1).
EP96933379A 1995-09-30 1996-09-25 Impeller wheel Expired - Lifetime EP0794849B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE29623998U DE29623998U1 (en) 1995-09-30 1996-09-25 Centrifugal wheel

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19536723 1995-09-30
DE19536723A DE19536723C2 (en) 1995-09-30 1995-09-30 Centrifugal wheel
PCT/EP1996/004178 WO1997012726A1 (en) 1995-09-30 1996-09-25 Impeller wheel

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0794849A1 EP0794849A1 (en) 1997-09-17
EP0794849B1 true EP0794849B1 (en) 1999-11-17

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ID=7773852

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP96933379A Expired - Lifetime EP0794849B1 (en) 1995-09-30 1996-09-25 Impeller wheel

Country Status (9)

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US (1) US5769693A (en)
EP (1) EP0794849B1 (en)
JP (1) JP3004733B2 (en)
CN (1) CN1077828C (en)
AT (1) ATE186669T1 (en)
DE (2) DE19536723C2 (en)
ES (1) ES2141538T3 (en)
RU (1) RU2140846C1 (en)
WO (1) WO1997012726A1 (en)

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EP3808504A4 (en) * 2019-09-06 2022-01-19 Kunshan Airbag Packing Corp Impeller device for shot peening machine and shot peening machine

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DE102010053172B4 (en) * 2010-12-03 2017-06-01 Jost Wadephul Impeller for accelerating abrasive
CN102672622A (en) * 2012-05-23 2012-09-19 太仓凯鑫电子有限公司 Centrifugal abrasive material projection machining device
CN102794418B (en) * 2012-08-24 2014-07-09 浙江正耀环保科技有限公司 Amorphous belt spraying machine
KR102193923B1 (en) * 2013-10-31 2020-12-22 신토고교 가부시키가이샤 Side plate unit and centrifugal projector
CN105773444B (en) * 2014-01-10 2017-12-05 中国航发常州兰翔机械有限责任公司 The centrifugal impeller combination blast shield jig of hand labor intensity can be reduced
EP2946882A1 (en) * 2014-05-19 2015-11-25 WADEPHUL, Jost Impeller for feeding blast abrasive into a spinner gate
WO2016013525A1 (en) * 2014-07-22 2016-01-28 新東工業株式会社 Shot peening device
RU2709317C2 (en) * 2014-09-25 2019-12-17 Вилабратор Груп Лимитед Blade for centrifugal shot-blasting turbine machine and method of servicing centrifugal shot blasting turbine machine

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Publication number Publication date
DE19536723A1 (en) 1997-04-17
DE19536723C2 (en) 1997-08-21
ES2141538T3 (en) 2000-03-16
RU2140846C1 (en) 1999-11-10
ATE186669T1 (en) 1999-12-15
WO1997012726A1 (en) 1997-04-10
DE59603673D1 (en) 1999-12-23
CN1077828C (en) 2002-01-16
JP3004733B2 (en) 2000-01-31
EP0794849A1 (en) 1997-09-17
CN1166149A (en) 1997-11-26
JPH10510485A (en) 1998-10-13
US5769693A (en) 1998-06-23

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