EP0791795A1 - A condenser for vehicle air-conditioning systems - Google Patents

A condenser for vehicle air-conditioning systems Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0791795A1
EP0791795A1 EP97102564A EP97102564A EP0791795A1 EP 0791795 A1 EP0791795 A1 EP 0791795A1 EP 97102564 A EP97102564 A EP 97102564A EP 97102564 A EP97102564 A EP 97102564A EP 0791795 A1 EP0791795 A1 EP 0791795A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fins
tubes
stack
spacing
condenser
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP97102564A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Andrea Parola
Vittorio Bassignana
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Denso Thermal Systems SpA
Original Assignee
Magneti Marelli Climatizzazione SpA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Magneti Marelli Climatizzazione SpA filed Critical Magneti Marelli Climatizzazione SpA
Publication of EP0791795A1 publication Critical patent/EP0791795A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • F28F1/10—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
    • F28F1/12—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element
    • F28F1/24—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending transversely
    • F28F1/32—Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses the means being only outside the tubular element and extending transversely the means having portions engaging further tubular elements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D1/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators
    • F28D1/02—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid
    • F28D1/04—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits
    • F28D1/053—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight
    • F28D1/0535—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being straight the conduits having a non-circular cross-section
    • F28D1/05366—Assemblies of conduits connected to common headers, e.g. core type radiators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
    • F28D2021/0019—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for
    • F28D2021/008—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for for vehicles
    • F28D2021/0084—Condensers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F2275/00—Fastening; Joining
    • F28F2275/12—Fastening; Joining by methods involving deformation of the elements
    • F28F2275/125—Fastening; Joining by methods involving deformation of the elements by bringing elements together and expanding

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a condenser for air-conditioning systems for vehicles.
  • the invention relates to a condenser of the so-called mechanical assembly type, including at least one row of tubes fixed to a stack of substantially flat fins by mechanically expanding them after inserting them into aligned holes in the fins, in which the ends of the tubes projecting from the stack of fins are fixed by brazing to a pair of tubular manifolds.
  • Condensers for vehicle air-conditioning systems constitute a very specific class of heat exchangers, because of the difficult operating conditions to which they are subject. Pressures in the tubes can reach values of the order of 30 bar, before a safety system cuts off the system. The operating temperatures of the condenser reach peak values of 120-140°C. These operating conditions make the structural characteristics of a condenser substantially different from those of other types of heat exchangers fitted into a vehicle.
  • Condensers manufactured using braze welding assembly technology use tubes with a plurality of micro-ducts separated from each other by partitions or ribs which enable the tube to resist arduous operating conditions without suffering permanent deformations or damages involving leakage of refrigerant.
  • the performance of condensers of this type is excellent from the point of view of heat exchange capacity and they have a good structural strength, they have the disadvantage of being very expensive.
  • Condensers of the mechanical assembly type are less expensive than braze welded ones but their heat exchange is generally less effective. This is mainly due to the fact that in mechanical assembly technology tubes with a circular cross section are used, since this stable shape enables them to withstand the high levels of pressure in the system. However the shape of the tubes severely impairs the heat exchange performance of the condenser.
  • the document EP-A-O 633 435 of the same Applicant describes a mechanical assembly type condenser having tubes with an oblong cross section. Tubes of this type considerably increase the performance of the condenser in terms of heat exchange efficiency. However, the oblong tubes have some problems with regard to structural strength.
  • the aforesaid document EP-A-0 633 435 solves the problem of the lower structural strength of the tubes with an oblong cross section compared to tubes having a circular cross section by adopting special dimensions for the whole tubes-fins assembly.
  • the structure of the heat exchanger illustrated in this document has given excellent test results and is able to withstand the normal thermal and mechanical stresses to which it is subjected during use in a vehicle.
  • a typical test of this type involves bringing the condenser to a temperature of around 100°C and stressing the tubes from within by a variable pressure alternating between 5 and 30 bar with a frequency of around 0.5-3Hz.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide improvements in mechanical assembly type condensers having tubes with an oblong cross section, which eliminate or reduce the risk of fractures even during pulsing pressure test conditions.
  • This object is achieved according to the present invention by providing a heat exchanger having the characteristics forming the subject of the main claim.
  • the present invention solves the aforesaid problem by reducing the spacing between the fins near the ends of the stack. This reduced spacing does not prevent the deterioration in the mechanical properties of the fins but compensates for it. In fact the greater quantity of material around the end portions of the tubes makes up for the loss of strength of the fins.
  • the condenser 10 includes a row of tubes 12 having an oblong cross section, oval in this specific case. Each tube 12 is inserted into a series of aligned holes through substantially flat fins 14, superimposed over one another to form a stack. The tubes 12 and the fins 14 are joined together by mechanical expansion of the tubes, once these have been inserted through the aligned holes in the fins with a slight clearance. The ends of the tubes projecting from the stack of fins 14 are braze welded to respective manifolds 16 and 18.
  • the spacing of the fins 14 is reduced in the end regions of the stack, indicated 20 in the drawings.
  • the spacing P between the fins 14 in the central portion 22 of the stack is of the order, for example, of 1.2mm.
  • the distance between the fins 14 is maintained, in a known manner, by a series of spacer elements (not shown) integrally formed with the fins 14.
  • the spacing of the fins is reduced to a value P' of the order of 30%-70% of the spacing P.
  • the spacing P' will preferably be between 40% and 60% of the spacing P and will typically be around 50% of P (around 0.6mm).
  • the length A of the reduced-spacing portions 20 is dependent on various factors and in one embodiment is about 10mm.
  • the preferred procedure for reducing the spacing between the fins 14 at the ends of the stack consists in first forming a stack of fins 14 with a constant spacing P. The tubes 12 are then inserted through the aligned holes in the fins 14 and fixed to the stack of fins 14 by an expansion process, in itself known, which mechanically expands the tubes 12. Once the tubes 12 are connected to the fins 14, a compacting force F is applied to the fins 14 parallel to the axes of the tubes 12.
  • the forces F may be applied simultaneously to both ends of the stack or one end may be compacted at a time.
  • the compacting force makes the fins slide relative to the tubes and causes a plastic deformation of the spacer elements.
  • the travel of the member applying the compacting force F will be substantially equal to the desired length A of the reduced-spacing portions 20.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geometry (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
  • Air-Conditioning For Vehicles (AREA)

Abstract

A condenser for vehicle air-conditioning systems, including at least one row of tubes (12) fixed to a stack of substantially flat fins (14) by mechanical expansion of the tubes (12) once they have been inserted through aligned holes (26) in the fins (14). The spacing (P') between the fins (14) at either end of the stack is smaller than the spacing between the fins (14) in the central portion (22) of the stack.

Description

  • The present invention relates to a condenser for air-conditioning systems for vehicles.
  • More specifically, the invention relates to a condenser of the so-called mechanical assembly type, including at least one row of tubes fixed to a stack of substantially flat fins by mechanically expanding them after inserting them into aligned holes in the fins, in which the ends of the tubes projecting from the stack of fins are fixed by brazing to a pair of tubular manifolds.
  • Condensers for vehicle air-conditioning systems constitute a very specific class of heat exchangers, because of the difficult operating conditions to which they are subject. Pressures in the tubes can reach values of the order of 30 bar, before a safety system cuts off the system. The operating temperatures of the condenser reach peak values of 120-140°C. These operating conditions make the structural characteristics of a condenser substantially different from those of other types of heat exchangers fitted into a vehicle.
  • Condensers manufactured using braze welding assembly technology use tubes with a plurality of micro-ducts separated from each other by partitions or ribs which enable the tube to resist arduous operating conditions without suffering permanent deformations or damages involving leakage of refrigerant. Although the performance of condensers of this type is excellent from the point of view of heat exchange capacity and they have a good structural strength, they have the disadvantage of being very expensive.
  • Condensers of the mechanical assembly type are less expensive than braze welded ones but their heat exchange is generally less effective. This is mainly due to the fact that in mechanical assembly technology tubes with a circular cross section are used, since this stable shape enables them to withstand the high levels of pressure in the system. However the shape of the tubes severely impairs the heat exchange performance of the condenser.
  • The document EP-A-O 633 435 of the same Applicant describes a mechanical assembly type condenser having tubes with an oblong cross section. Tubes of this type considerably increase the performance of the condenser in terms of heat exchange efficiency. However, the oblong tubes have some problems with regard to structural strength. The aforesaid document EP-A-0 633 435 solves the problem of the lower structural strength of the tubes with an oblong cross section compared to tubes having a circular cross section by adopting special dimensions for the whole tubes-fins assembly.
  • The structure of the heat exchanger illustrated in this document has given excellent test results and is able to withstand the normal thermal and mechanical stresses to which it is subjected during use in a vehicle.
  • However, experience has shown that there are still critical points from the structural strength point of view, especially when the condenser is put through laboratory tests which subject it to far greater stress conditions than those which would normally arise during use in a vehicle.
  • In particular, laboratory experience has revealed the presence of fragile points which could give rise to fractures, especially as a result of stress tests involving pulsing pressure. A typical test of this type involves bringing the condenser to a temperature of around 100°C and stressing the tubes from within by a variable pressure alternating between 5 and 30 bar with a frequency of around 0.5-3Hz.
  • The object of the present invention is to provide improvements in mechanical assembly type condensers having tubes with an oblong cross section, which eliminate or reduce the risk of fractures even during pulsing pressure test conditions.
  • This object is achieved according to the present invention by providing a heat exchanger having the characteristics forming the subject of the main claim.
  • More precisely, it was noticed that the portions of the tubes situated inside the stack of fins and immediately adjacent the ends of the stack were weaker than those portions of tubes situated in the central portion of the stack of fins.
  • Studies carried out by the Applicant have shown that, during braze welding, the fins situated at the ends of the stack were subjected to a reheating treatment during which they were heated by a flame then air cooled. The mechanical characteristics of the fins subjected to this heat treatment were impaired and they became weaker than the other fins. Thus the fins situated at the ends of the stack resist the pressure inside the tubes less effectively and the associated portions of tubes run a greater risk of fractures.
  • The present invention solves the aforesaid problem by reducing the spacing between the fins near the ends of the stack. This reduced spacing does not prevent the deterioration in the mechanical properties of the fins but compensates for it. In fact the greater quantity of material around the end portions of the tubes makes up for the loss of strength of the fins.
  • Further characteristics and advantages of the present invention will become clear from the detailed description which follows, given purely by way of non-limitative example, with reference to the appended drawings, in which:
    • Figure 1 is a schematic perspective view of a condenser according to the invention,
    • Figure 2 is a schematic front elevation view of the condenser of Figure 1.
  • With reference to Figures 1 and 2, a condenser for vehicle air-conditioning systems is indicated 10. The condenser 10 includes a row of tubes 12 having an oblong cross section, oval in this specific case. Each tube 12 is inserted into a series of aligned holes through substantially flat fins 14, superimposed over one another to form a stack. The tubes 12 and the fins 14 are joined together by mechanical expansion of the tubes, once these have been inserted through the aligned holes in the fins with a slight clearance. The ends of the tubes projecting from the stack of fins 14 are braze welded to respective manifolds 16 and 18.
  • Structural resistance tests have shown that the portions of tube at either end of the stack of fins 14 are more exposed to the risk of fracture, especially when subjected to an internal pulsing pressure which puts fatigue stress on the system.
  • According to the invention, in order to improve the structural strength of the ends portions of the tubes, the spacing of the fins 14 is reduced in the end regions of the stack, indicated 20 in the drawings.
  • As is schematically illustrated in Figure 2, the spacing P between the fins 14 in the central portion 22 of the stack is of the order, for example, of 1.2mm. The distance between the fins 14 is maintained, in a known manner, by a series of spacer elements (not shown) integrally formed with the fins 14.
  • In the end portions 20 of the stack of fins, the spacing of the fins is reduced to a value P' of the order of 30%-70% of the spacing P. The spacing P' will preferably be between 40% and 60% of the spacing P and will typically be around 50% of P (around 0.6mm). The length A of the reduced-spacing portions 20 is dependent on various factors and in one embodiment is about 10mm.
  • The preferred procedure for reducing the spacing between the fins 14 at the ends of the stack consists in first forming a stack of fins 14 with a constant spacing P. The tubes 12 are then inserted through the aligned holes in the fins 14 and fixed to the stack of fins 14 by an expansion process, in itself known, which mechanically expands the tubes 12. Once the tubes 12 are connected to the fins 14, a compacting force F is applied to the fins 14 parallel to the axes of the tubes 12.
  • The forces F may be applied simultaneously to both ends of the stack or one end may be compacted at a time. The compacting force makes the fins slide relative to the tubes and causes a plastic deformation of the spacer elements. The travel of the member applying the compacting force F will be substantially equal to the desired length A of the reduced-spacing portions 20.
  • After compacting the spacing between the end fins 14, the ends portions of the tubes 14 projecting from the stack of fins 14 are braze welded to the manifolds 16, 18.

Claims (3)

  1. A condenser for vehicle air-conditioning systems, including at least one row of tubes (12) fixed to a stack of substantially flat fins (14) by mechanical expansion of the tubes once they have been inserted into aligned holes (26) through the fins (14), in which the ends of the tubes (12) projecting from the stack of fins (14) are braze welded to a pair of tubular manifolds (16, 18), characterised in that the spacing (P') between the fins (14) at the ends of the stack is smaller than the spacing (P) between the fins (14) in the central portion (22) of the stack.
  2. A condenser according to Claim 1, characterised in that the spacing (P') between the fins (14) at the ends of the stack is between 30% and 70%, and preferably between 40% and 60%, of the spacing (P) between the fins (14) in the central portion (22) of the stack.
  3. A process for the manufacture of a condenser according to Claim 1 or Claim 2, characterised in that it includes, in order, the steps of:
    - arranging a stack of fins (14) with a substantially constant spacing (P) between the fins (14),
    - inserting a plurality of tubes (12) through aligned holes in the fins (14),
    - fixing the tubes (12) to the stack of fins (14) by mechanical expansion of the tubes (12),
    - reducing the spacing (P') of the fins (14) at either end (20) of the stack, by applying a force (F) parallel to the axes of the tubes (12), and
    - welding the ends of the tubes (12) projecting from the stack of fins (14) to a pair of tubular manifolds (16, 18).
EP97102564A 1996-02-26 1997-02-18 A condenser for vehicle air-conditioning systems Withdrawn EP0791795A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IT96TO000128A IT1285262B1 (en) 1996-02-26 1996-02-26 CONDENSER FOR AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES.
ITTO960128 1996-02-26

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0791795A1 true EP0791795A1 (en) 1997-08-27

Family

ID=11414301

Family Applications (1)

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EP97102564A Withdrawn EP0791795A1 (en) 1996-02-26 1997-02-18 A condenser for vehicle air-conditioning systems

Country Status (8)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0791795A1 (en)
JP (1) JPH102634A (en)
CN (1) CN1159989A (en)
AR (1) AR006014A1 (en)
BR (1) BR9700259A (en)
IT (1) IT1285262B1 (en)
PL (1) PL318580A1 (en)
TR (1) TR199700143A1 (en)

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2771481A1 (en) * 1997-11-24 1999-05-28 Valeo Thermique Moteur Sa Profiled heat exchanger for motor vehicle engine
US6429261B1 (en) 2000-05-04 2002-08-06 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Ion-sensitive, water-dispersible polymers, a method of making same and items using same
US6444214B1 (en) 2000-05-04 2002-09-03 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Ion-sensitive, water-dispersible polymers, a method of making same and items using same
US6548592B1 (en) 2000-05-04 2003-04-15 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Ion-sensitive, water-dispersible polymers, a method of making same and items using same
US6579570B1 (en) 2000-05-04 2003-06-17 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Ion-sensitive, water-dispersible polymers, a method of making same and items using same
US6599848B1 (en) 2000-05-04 2003-07-29 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Ion-sensitive, water-dispersible polymers, a method of making same and items using same
US6683143B1 (en) 2000-05-04 2004-01-27 Kimberly Clark Worldwide, Inc. Ion-sensitive, water-dispersible polymers, a method of making same and items using same
US6713414B1 (en) 2000-05-04 2004-03-30 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Ion-sensitive, water-dispersible polymers, a method of making same and items using same
US6815502B1 (en) 2000-05-04 2004-11-09 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Ion-sensitive, water-dispersable polymers, a method of making same and items using same
WO2005036079A2 (en) * 2003-10-15 2005-04-21 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Heat pump apparatus

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS61237996A (en) * 1985-04-15 1986-10-23 Toyo Radiator Kk Reinforcement of mounting section of tube for plate fin type radiator

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS61237996A (en) * 1985-04-15 1986-10-23 Toyo Radiator Kk Reinforcement of mounting section of tube for plate fin type radiator

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 011, no. 082 (M - 571) 12 March 1987 (1987-03-12) *

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2771481A1 (en) * 1997-11-24 1999-05-28 Valeo Thermique Moteur Sa Profiled heat exchanger for motor vehicle engine
US6429261B1 (en) 2000-05-04 2002-08-06 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Ion-sensitive, water-dispersible polymers, a method of making same and items using same
US6444214B1 (en) 2000-05-04 2002-09-03 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Ion-sensitive, water-dispersible polymers, a method of making same and items using same
US6548592B1 (en) 2000-05-04 2003-04-15 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Ion-sensitive, water-dispersible polymers, a method of making same and items using same
US6579570B1 (en) 2000-05-04 2003-06-17 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Ion-sensitive, water-dispersible polymers, a method of making same and items using same
US6599848B1 (en) 2000-05-04 2003-07-29 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Ion-sensitive, water-dispersible polymers, a method of making same and items using same
US6602955B2 (en) 2000-05-04 2003-08-05 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Ion-sensitive, water-dispersible polymers, a method of making same and items using same
US6683143B1 (en) 2000-05-04 2004-01-27 Kimberly Clark Worldwide, Inc. Ion-sensitive, water-dispersible polymers, a method of making same and items using same
US6713414B1 (en) 2000-05-04 2004-03-30 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Ion-sensitive, water-dispersible polymers, a method of making same and items using same
US6815502B1 (en) 2000-05-04 2004-11-09 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Ion-sensitive, water-dispersable polymers, a method of making same and items using same
WO2005036079A2 (en) * 2003-10-15 2005-04-21 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Heat pump apparatus
WO2005036079A3 (en) * 2003-10-15 2005-07-07 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd Heat pump apparatus

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AR006014A1 (en) 1999-07-21
TR199700143A1 (en) 1997-09-21
CN1159989A (en) 1997-09-24
ITTO960128A1 (en) 1997-08-26
JPH102634A (en) 1998-01-06
ITTO960128A0 (en) 1996-02-26
PL318580A1 (en) 1997-09-01
BR9700259A (en) 1998-10-27
IT1285262B1 (en) 1998-06-03

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