EP0751579B1 - Microwavefilter - Google Patents
Microwavefilter Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0751579B1 EP0751579B1 EP96106894A EP96106894A EP0751579B1 EP 0751579 B1 EP0751579 B1 EP 0751579B1 EP 96106894 A EP96106894 A EP 96106894A EP 96106894 A EP96106894 A EP 96106894A EP 0751579 B1 EP0751579 B1 EP 0751579B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- resonators
- resonator
- microwave filter
- filter according
- mode
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
- H01P1/00—Auxiliary devices
- H01P1/20—Frequency-selective devices, e.g. filters
- H01P1/207—Hollow waveguide filters
- H01P1/208—Cascaded cavities; Cascaded resonators inside a hollow waveguide structure
- H01P1/2082—Cascaded cavities; Cascaded resonators inside a hollow waveguide structure with multimode resonators
Definitions
- the invention relates to a microwave filter consisting of at least two resonators, a first of which Resonators at least two degenerate wave types are capable of resonance.
- Such microwave filters are from IEEE MTT, Vol. 20, No. April 15, 1972, pages 258 to 265; IEEE MTT-32, No. 11 November 1984, pages 1449 to 1454 or from the US 36 97 898, US 45 13 264 or US 47 92 771 known.
- Such filters are characterized in that in Resonators used several wave types at the same time become. In the aforementioned cases, they are degenerate Wave types coupled in each resonator, where this coupling according to the main signal path (Main coupling path) is carried out, that is, in one Wave types located in the resonator form electrically neighboring resonance circuits.
- Main coupling path Main coupling path
- Wave types and resonator shapes can also be different advantageous configurations that may result better selection properties by using can have different types of waves. For example you can use it to polarize the input and Optimally adapt output interface. In addition, the Adjustment effort of such a filter is reduced because Coupling device for coupling degenerate shaft types can do without the wave entpyen detune.
- the microwave filter according to the invention leaves deal with previous resonators, the conventional one Have coupling mechanisms in a simple way to complex Combine filter structures.
- the microwave filter after the Invention consists of at least two neighboring ones Resonators, two of which are in at least one resonator degenerate resonance wave types that are capable of resonance in the Main coupling path are electrically not immediately adjacent.
- the microwave filter after the Invention can be made from cavity resonators, dielectric Resonators or coaxial resonators or possible Build combinations of them.
- a three-circuit filter is to be described as the first exemplary embodiment.
- This filter consists of two cylindrical resonators, which are arranged axially ( Figure 1).
- R1 At the first resonator R1 is the coupling b rotated by 90 ° with respect to the coupling a.
- two degenerate, decoupled wave types H 111 (dual mode) should be capable of resonance.
- the frequency tuning elements c and d which are only symbolically indicated here, lie.
- An aperture for magnetic coupling with openings e and f is located in the partition between the two resonators.
- the openings e and f consist of radial slots which are perpendicular to one another and extend essentially from the outer wall of the cylinder towards the center.
- the resonators R1 and R2 are accordingly in Active connection with each other that an energy transfer from the in the first resonator R1 resonant first degenerate Wave type to a second resonant there as well degenerate wave type outside of this first resonator R1 takes place and that the possible coupling this degenerate wave types only overcouplings are.
- the second exemplary embodiment shows a four-circuit Cauer filter, consisting of two cavity resonators, which are used in dual-mode operation.
- the two degenerate H 111 wave types (modes 1 and 3) should be capable of resonance and in the second resonator R2 the degenerate H 011 - (mode 2) and H 221 - (mode 4) wave types.
- the peculiarity is that different types of waves are capable of resonance in the resonators, which are not coupled within the resonators.
- the apertures for each corresponding coupling are like this positioned that unwanted couplings through orthogonal or equally large opposite field components of others Shaft types in the area of the corresponding coupling openings be suppressed.
- modes 2 and 3 only orthogonal within the coupling opening k23 Field components for modes 1 and 4.
- Modes 3 and 4 have k34 field components orthogonal in the coupling opening to mode 1 and equally large opposite or orthogonal field components to mode 2.
- Figure 3 shows an embodiment of a four-circuit filter, which is constructed with three resonators.
- the first resonator R1 is operated in dual mode (H 111 ) and the other two R2, R3 in single mode (H 211 ).
- Magnetic couplings are implemented by means of diaphragms (k12, k23, k34).
- the microwave filter according to the invention can with Waveguide resonators, dielectric resonators, Coaxial resonators or resonators using the Superconductivity can be built up or from combinations hereof.
- the resonators can also capacitive couplings or combinations of magnetic and capacitive couplings can be used. It the main principle to be observed here is that the possible coupling of the degenerate shaft types are essentially overcouplings. Usually one will strive for coupling of the degenerate shaft types only overcouplings provide; that is, the degenerate wave types are not are coupled to one another via main couplings.
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Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Mikrowellenfilter bestehend aus mindestens zwei Resonatoren, wobei in einem ersten dieser Resonatoren mindestens zwei entartete Wellentypen resonanzfähig sind.The invention relates to a microwave filter consisting of at least two resonators, a first of which Resonators at least two degenerate wave types are capable of resonance.
Derartige Mikrowellenfilter sind aus IEEE MTT, Vol. 20, No. 15, April 1972, Seiten 258 bis 265; IEEE MTT-32, No. 11, November 1984, Seiten 1449 bis 1454 oder aus der US 36 97 898, US 45 13 264 oder der US 47 92 771 bekannt. Solche Filter sind dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß in Resonatoren mehrere Wellentypen gleichzeitig ausgenutzt werden. In vorgenannten Fällen sind die entarteten Wellentypen in jedem Resonator miteinander verkoppelt, wobei diese Verkopplung entsprechend dem Hauptsignalweg (Hauptkoppelweg) durchgeführt ist, das heißt, die in einem Resonator befindlichen Wellentypen bilden elektrisch benachbarte Resonanzkreise. Im Falle der aus der IEEE MTT. Vol. 25, No. 12, Dezember 1977, Seiten 1021 bis 1026 bekannten Filterstruktur spricht man von der kanonischen Form, bei der eine Hauptkopplung zwischen den Wellentypen eines kurzgeschlossenen Resonators durchgeführt wird, während die Verkopplung der Wellentypen innerhalb der anderen Resonatoren zur Überkopplung (Querkopplung) je einer geradzahligen Anzahl von Resonanzkreisen dient.Such microwave filters are from IEEE MTT, Vol. 20, No. April 15, 1972, pages 258 to 265; IEEE MTT-32, No. 11 November 1984, pages 1449 to 1454 or from the US 36 97 898, US 45 13 264 or US 47 92 771 known. Such filters are characterized in that in Resonators used several wave types at the same time become. In the aforementioned cases, they are degenerate Wave types coupled in each resonator, where this coupling according to the main signal path (Main coupling path) is carried out, that is, in one Wave types located in the resonator form electrically neighboring resonance circuits. In the case of the IEEE MTT. Vol. 25, No. 12, December 1977, pages 1021 to 1026 known filter structure is called the canonical Shape where a main coupling between the shaft types a short-circuited resonator is carried out, while coupling the shaft types within the other resonators for overcoupling (cross coupling) one each even number of resonance circuits.
Mit den Maßnahmen gemäß den Merkmalen des Anspruchs 1 lassen
sich auf einfache Weise neue Filterstrukturen realisieren.
Bei den aus dem Stand der Technik bekannten
Filterstrukturen, die unter anderem entartete Wellentypen
innerhalb von Resonatoren verwenden, ist mindestens in einem
Resonator eine Verkopplung der in diesem Resonator
befindlichen entarteten Wellentypen notwendig. Die Erfindung
kommt ohne eine solche Verkopplung entarteter Wellentypen
innerhalb von Resonatoren aus. Durch die Verwendung von
unterschiedlichen Wellentypen, insbesondere durch
Kombination von höhermodigen Resonatoren mit
Single-Mode-Resonatoren, die eine höhere Güte aufweisen,
kann eine geringere Einfügungsdämpfung im Vergleich zu einem
Filter erreicht werden, welches für alle Kreise den gleichen
Wellentyp ausnutzen würde. Durch die Realisierung anderer
Wellentypen und Resonatorformen können sich zudem weitere
vorteilhafte Konfigurationen ergeben, die unter Umständen
bessere Selektionseigenschaften durch die Verwendung von
unterschiedlichen Wellentypen aufweisen können. Zum Beispiel
kann man damit die Polarisation der Ein- und
Ausgangsschnittstelle optimal anpassen. Zudem wird der
Abgleichaufwand eines solchen Filters reduziert, da man auf
Koppelmittel zur Verkopplung entarteter Wellentypen
verzichten kann, die beim Abgleich die Wellentpyen
verstimmen. Das Mikrowellenfilter nach der Erfindung läßt
sich mit bisherigen Resonatoren, die herkömmliche
Koppelmechanismen aufweisen, auf einfache Weise zu komplexen
Filterstrukturen kombinieren. Das Mikrowellenfilter nach der
Erfindung besteht aus mindestens zwei benachbarten
Resonatoren, von denen in mindestens einem Resonator zwei
entartete Resonanzwellentypen resonanzfähig sind, die im
Hauptkoppelweg elektrisch nicht unmittelbar benachbart sind.
Im Hauptkoppelweg zwischen den Resonanzwellentypen sind
mögliche entartete Wellentypen innerhalb anderer Resonatoren
nicht miteinander verkoppelt. Das Mikrowellenfilter nach der
Erfindung läßt sich aus Hohlraumresonatoren, dielektrischen
Resonatoren oder Koaxial-Resonatoren oder möglichen
Kombinationen davon aufbauen.Leave with the measures according to the features of
Anhand der Figuren werden einige Ausführungsbeispiele der
Erfindung näher erläutert. Es zeigen
Als erstes Ausführungsbeispiel soll ein Dreikreisfilter beschrieben werden. Dieses Filter besteht aus zwei Zylinderresonatoren, die axial angeordnet sind (Figur 1). Am ersten Resonator R1 befindet sich die gegenüber der Einkopplung a um 90° gedrehte Auskopplung b. In diesem Resonator sollen zwei entartete entkoppelte Wellentypen H111 (Dual-Mode) resonanzfähig sein. Gegenüber der Einkopplung und der Auskopplung liegen die hier nur symbolisch angedeuteten Frequenzabstimmelemente c und d. Eine Blende zur magnetischen Kopplung mit den Öffnungen e und f befindet sich in der Trennwand zwischen den beiden Resonatoren. Die Öffnungen e und f bestehen aus radialen Schlitzen, die senkrecht aufeinanderstehen und sich im wesentlichen von der Zylinderaußenwand in Richtung Zentrum hin erstrecken.A three-circuit filter is to be described as the first exemplary embodiment. This filter consists of two cylindrical resonators, which are arranged axially (Figure 1). At the first resonator R1 is the coupling b rotated by 90 ° with respect to the coupling a. In this resonator, two degenerate, decoupled wave types H 111 (dual mode) should be capable of resonance. Compared to the coupling and decoupling, the frequency tuning elements c and d, which are only symbolically indicated here, lie. An aperture for magnetic coupling with openings e and f is located in the partition between the two resonators. The openings e and f consist of radial slots which are perpendicular to one another and extend essentially from the outer wall of the cylinder towards the center.
Im zweiten Resonator R2 ist der H011-Wellentyp (Single-Mode)
resonanzfähig, der durch das Frequenzabstimmelement g
abgleichbar ist. Der H011-Wellentyp weist parallele
Feldkomponenten in der Blendenebene sowohl zum ersten als
auch zum zweiten H111-Wellentyp des ersten Resonators auf.
Durch die Lage und Größe der Koppelöffnungen e und f in der
Blende kann man z.B. eine magnetische Verkopplung der Kreise
in folgender Weise realisieren:
Die Resonatoren R1 und R2 stehen demnach derart in Wirkverbindung miteinander, daß ein Energietransfer von dem im ersten Resonator R1 resonanzfähigen ersten entarteten Wellentyp auf einen zweiten dort ebenfalls resonanzfähigen entarteten Wellentyp außerhalb dieses ersten Resonators R1 stattfindet und daß die möglichen Verkopplungen dieser entarteten Wellentypen untereinander nur Überkopplungen sind.The resonators R1 and R2 are accordingly in Active connection with each other that an energy transfer from the in the first resonator R1 resonant first degenerate Wave type to a second resonant there as well degenerate wave type outside of this first resonator R1 takes place and that the possible coupling this degenerate wave types only overcouplings are.
Das zweite Ausführungsbeispiel (Figur 2) zeigt einen
Vierkreis-Cauer-Filter, bestehend aus zwei
Hohlraumresonatoren, die im Dual-Mode-Betrieb verwendet
werden. Im ersten Resonator R1 sollen die beiden entarteten
H111-Wellentypen (Mode 1 und 3) resonanzfähig sein und im
zweiten Resonator R2 die entarteten H011-(Mode 2) und
H221-(Mode 4)Wellentypen. Die Besonderheit besteht darin,
daß verschiedene Wellentypen in den Resonatoren
resonanzfähig sind, die innerhalb der Resonatoren nicht
verkoppelt sind.The second exemplary embodiment (FIG. 2) shows a four-circuit Cauer filter, consisting of two cavity resonators, which are used in dual-mode operation. In the first resonator R1 the two degenerate H 111 wave types (
Auch in diesem Beispiel werden ausschließlich magnetische Kopplungen über Blenden realisiert. Bemerkenswert ist hierbei, daß ein weitgehend unabhängiges Blendendesign für die Hauptkopplungen k12, k23 und k34 und positive oder negative Nebenkopplung k14 möglich ist.In this example too, only magnetic ones are used Couplings implemented via panels. Remarkably here that a largely independent aperture design for the main couplings k12, k23 and k34 and positive or negative secondary coupling k14 is possible.
Die Blendenöffnungen für jede entsprechende Kopplung sind so
positioniert, daß unerwünschte Kopplungen durch orthogonale
oder gleich große entgegengesetzte Feldkomponenten anderer
Wellentypen im Bereich der entsprechenden Koppelöffnungen
unterdrückt werden. So haben z.B. die Moden 2 und 3
innerhalb der Koppelöffnung k23 nur orthogonale
Feldkomponenten zu den Moden 1 und 4. Die Moden 3 und 4
weisen in der Koppelöffnung k34 Feldkomponenten orthogonal
zum Mode 1 und gleich große entgegengesetzte bzw.
orthogonale Feldkomponenten zum Mode 2 auf.The apertures for each corresponding coupling are like this
positioned that unwanted couplings through orthogonal
or equally large opposite field components of others
Shaft types in the area of the corresponding coupling openings
be suppressed. For example,
Figur 3 zeigt ein Ausführungsbeispiel eines Vierkreisfilters, welches mit drei Resonatoren aufgebaut ist. Der erste Resonator R1 wird dabei im Dual-Mode (H111) betrieben und die anderen beiden R2, R3 im Single-Mode (H211). Durch Blenden werden magnetische Kopplungen realisiert (k12, k23, k34).Figure 3 shows an embodiment of a four-circuit filter, which is constructed with three resonators. The first resonator R1 is operated in dual mode (H 111 ) and the other two R2, R3 in single mode (H 211 ). Magnetic couplings are implemented by means of diaphragms (k12, k23, k34).
Zu beachten ist, daß die Zeichnungen nur das Prinzip der Erfindung darstellen. Die unterschiedlichen Wellentypen bedingen natürlich unterschiedliche Dimensionen der Resonatoren, bei den gezeigten zylindrischen Hohlraumresonatoren insbesondere unterschiedliche Durchmesser. It should be noted that the drawings only the principle of Represent invention. The different types of waves naturally require different dimensions of the Resonators, in the cylindrical shown Cavity resonators in particular different Diameter.
Neben den gezeigten Wellentyp-Kombinationen lassen sich noch beliebige weitere Kombinationen finden, die nach dem Prinzip der Erfindung arbeiten, z.B. Tripel-Dual-Mode-Resonatoren. Das Mikrowellenfilter nach der Erfindung kann mit Hohlleiter-Resonatoren, dielektrischen Resonatoren, Koaxial-Resonatoren oder Resonatoren unter Verwendung der Supraleitung aufgebaut werden oder aus Kombinationen hiervon.In addition to the shown shaft type combinations, find any other combinations based on the principle of the invention, e.g. Triple dual-mode resonators. The microwave filter according to the invention can with Waveguide resonators, dielectric resonators, Coaxial resonators or resonators using the Superconductivity can be built up or from combinations hereof.
Anstelle der magnetischen Kopplung der Resonatoren können auch kapazitive Kopplungen oder Kombinationen von magnetischen und kapazitiven Kopplungen verwendet werden. Es ist hierbei nur das Hauptprinzip zu beachten, daß die möglichen Verkopplungen der entarteten Wellentypen untereinander im wesentlichen Überkopplungen sind. Normalerweise wird man bestrebt sein, für die Verkopplung der entarteten Wellentypen ausschließlich Überkopplungen vorzusehen; das heißt, daß die entarteten Wellentypen nicht über Hauptkopplungen miteinander gekoppelt sind.Instead of magnetic coupling the resonators can also capacitive couplings or combinations of magnetic and capacitive couplings can be used. It the main principle to be observed here is that the possible coupling of the degenerate shaft types are essentially overcouplings. Usually one will strive for coupling of the degenerate shaft types only overcouplings provide; that is, the degenerate wave types are not are coupled to one another via main couplings.
Claims (10)
- Microwave filter, consisting of at least two resonators (R1, R2, R3), whereby in a first one of these resonators (R1) at least two degenerate wave modes are capable of resonance, characterised in that the resonators (R1, R2, R3) are coupled such that a transfer of energy from a first degenerate wave mode capable of resonance in the first resonator (R1) to a further degenerate wave mode also capable of resonance there essentially takes place outside this first resonator (R1) and that the possible couplings between the degenerate wave modes are overcouplings.
- Microwave filter according to Claim 1, characterised in that the first resonator (R1) is operated in dual mode and its electrically adjacent resonator (R2) is operated in single mode.
- Microwave filter according to Claim 1, characterised in that the first resonator (R1) as well as its further electrically adjacent resonator (R2) is operated in dual mode.
- Microwave filter according to Claim 1, characterised in that the first resonator (R1) is operated in triple mode and its electrically adjacent resonator (R2) is operated in dual mode.
- Microwave filter according to Claim 2, characterised in that a further resonator (R3) operated in single mode is electrically adjacent to the first resonator (R1).
- Microwave filter according to one of Claims 1 to 5, characterised in that degenerate wave modes in the resonators (R1, R2, R3) are not coupled together by means of main couplings.
- Microwave filter according to one of Claims 1 to 6, characterised in that the microwave filter (R1, R2, R3) is combined with further resonators which have traditional coupling mechanisms.
- Microwave filter according to one of Claims 1 to 7, characterised in that the microwave filter consists of cavity resonators, dielectric resonators, coaxial resonators and/or resonators under the use of supraconductivity.
- Microwave filter according to one of Claims 1 to 8, characterised in that the resonators are coupled magnetically by means of apertures in their walls.
- Microwave filter according to one of Claims 1 to 9, characterised in that coupling and decoupling of the microwave filter are effected at only one of the resonators, with these being arranged at a 90° angle to each other.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19523220A DE19523220A1 (en) | 1995-06-27 | 1995-06-27 | Microwave filter |
DE19523220 | 1995-06-27 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0751579A1 EP0751579A1 (en) | 1997-01-02 |
EP0751579B1 true EP0751579B1 (en) | 2002-11-27 |
Family
ID=7765296
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP96106894A Expired - Lifetime EP0751579B1 (en) | 1995-06-27 | 1996-05-02 | Microwavefilter |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6066996A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0751579B1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2178702C (en) |
DE (2) | DE19523220A1 (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9325046B2 (en) | 2012-10-25 | 2016-04-26 | Mesaplexx Pty Ltd | Multi-mode filter |
US9614264B2 (en) | 2013-12-19 | 2017-04-04 | Mesaplexxpty Ltd | Filter |
US9843083B2 (en) | 2012-10-09 | 2017-12-12 | Mesaplexx Pty Ltd | Multi-mode filter having a dielectric resonator mounted on a carrier and surrounded by a trench |
Families Citing this family (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6459346B1 (en) * | 2000-08-29 | 2002-10-01 | Com Dev Limited | Side-coupled microwave filter with circumferentially-spaced irises |
DE10123318A1 (en) * | 2001-05-14 | 2002-12-05 | Marconi Comm Gmbh | microwave filters |
US8665039B2 (en) | 2010-09-20 | 2014-03-04 | Com Dev International Ltd. | Dual mode cavity filter assembly operating in a TE22N mode |
US9406988B2 (en) | 2011-08-23 | 2016-08-02 | Mesaplexx Pty Ltd | Multi-mode filter |
US9437910B2 (en) | 2011-08-23 | 2016-09-06 | Mesaplexx Pty Ltd | Multi-mode filter |
GB201303024D0 (en) * | 2013-02-21 | 2013-04-03 | Mesaplexx Pty Ltd | Filter |
GB201303018D0 (en) * | 2013-02-21 | 2013-04-03 | Mesaplexx Pty Ltd | Filter |
GB201303016D0 (en) * | 2013-02-21 | 2013-04-03 | Mesaplexx Pty Ltd | Filter |
GB201303019D0 (en) * | 2013-02-21 | 2013-04-03 | Mesaplexx Pty Ltd | Filter |
GB201303013D0 (en) * | 2013-02-21 | 2013-04-03 | Mesaplexx Pty Ltd | Filter |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2795763A (en) * | 1951-05-03 | 1957-06-11 | Bell Telephone Labor Inc | Microwave filters |
JPS62204601A (en) * | 1986-03-04 | 1987-09-09 | Murata Mfg Co Ltd | Dual mode filter |
DE3621299A1 (en) * | 1986-06-25 | 1988-01-07 | Ant Nachrichtentech | MICROWAVE FILTER |
DE3621298A1 (en) * | 1986-06-25 | 1988-01-07 | Ant Nachrichtentech | MICROWAVE FILTER WITH MULTIPLE-COUPLED HOMELINE RESONATORS |
US5083102A (en) * | 1988-05-26 | 1992-01-21 | University Of Maryland | Dual mode dielectric resonator filters without iris |
US5498171A (en) * | 1994-07-05 | 1996-03-12 | Ford Motor Company | Connector locking and unlocking configuration |
-
1995
- 1995-06-27 DE DE19523220A patent/DE19523220A1/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1996
- 1996-05-02 DE DE59609902T patent/DE59609902D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-05-02 EP EP96106894A patent/EP0751579B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-05-28 US US08/654,032 patent/US6066996A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-06-10 CA CA002178702A patent/CA2178702C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9843083B2 (en) | 2012-10-09 | 2017-12-12 | Mesaplexx Pty Ltd | Multi-mode filter having a dielectric resonator mounted on a carrier and surrounded by a trench |
US9325046B2 (en) | 2012-10-25 | 2016-04-26 | Mesaplexx Pty Ltd | Multi-mode filter |
US9614264B2 (en) | 2013-12-19 | 2017-04-04 | Mesaplexxpty Ltd | Filter |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0751579A1 (en) | 1997-01-02 |
CA2178702C (en) | 2000-07-18 |
US6066996A (en) | 2000-05-23 |
DE59609902D1 (en) | 2003-01-09 |
DE19523220A1 (en) | 1997-01-02 |
CA2178702A1 (en) | 1996-12-28 |
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