Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
  • G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
  • G03C1/76—Photosensitive materials characterised by the base or auxiliary layers
  • G03C1/95—Photosensitive materials characterised by the base or auxiliary layers rendered opaque or writable, e.g. with inert particulate additives
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
  • G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
  • G03C1/76—Photosensitive materials characterised by the base or auxiliary layers
  • G03C1/7614—Cover layers; Backing layers; Base or auxiliary layers characterised by means for lubricating, for rendering anti-abrasive or for preventing adhesion
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
  • G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
  • G03C1/76—Photosensitive materials characterised by the base or auxiliary layers
  • G03C1/815—Photosensitive materials characterised by the base or auxiliary layers characterised by means for filtering or absorbing ultraviolet light, e.g. optical bleaching
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
  • G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
  • G03C1/76—Photosensitive materials characterised by the base or auxiliary layers
  • G03C1/7614—Cover layers; Backing layers; Base or auxiliary layers characterised by means for lubricating, for rendering anti-abrasive or for preventing adhesion
  • G03C2001/7635—Protective layer

Definitions

• This invention relates to an imaging element, and in particular to a silver halide photographic element with improved scratch and abrasion resistance.
• an absorbing dye in particular, an ultraviolet ray absorbing dye
• the dyed light-insensitive layer is used, for example, to control the spectral composition of light incident upon a photographic emulsion layer, to act as an antihalation layer between the support and the photographic emulsion layer or on the side of the support opposite to the photographic emulsion layer to prevent halation caused by light scattering during and after the passage of light through the photographic emulsion layer.
• the dyed light-insensitive layer is used to absorb or to remove ultraviolet light produced by static discharge, which occurs when the surfaces of the photographic element come into contact during production or treatment processes. Electric charges are generated by friction of separation. When accumulation of static electricity by charging reaches a certain limiting value, atmospheric discharge occurs at a particular moment and a discharge spark fires at the same time. When the photographic element is exposed to light by discharging, static marks appear after development.
• the weakening of light-insensitive layers by an absorbing dye dispersion has been a serious problem in, for example, color light sensitive materials, where a light-insensitive layer containing an ultraviolet dye dispersion is often coated as a protective layer on the top of the emulsion layer to remove the ultraviolet light generated by static discharge and for correct color reproduction. Since it is desired to record only visible light, the influence of the ultraviolet light is very apparent. For example, when photographing objects which have a comparatively large quantity of spectral energy in the ultraviolet region, such as a distant view, a snow scene, or an asphalted road, etc. the resulting color images are rich in blue color.
• a foremost objective of the present invention is to provide a silver halide photographic material which exhibits excellent resistance to physical scratches and abrasions.
• a silver halide photographic element comprises a support, at least one light-sensitive silver halide emulsion layer, and a light-insensitive protective layer, the light-insensitive protective layer including at least two layers, with the layer closer to the support comprising at least one ultraviolet ray absorbing dye, a high boiling organic solvent, and a hydrophilic binder, and with the layer farthest from the support (outermost layer) comprising a processing surviving matting agent (matte particles) having a mean particle size of from 0.5 to 10 ⁇ m, a dispersed polymer particle having a mean size of less than 0.2 ⁇ m, preferably from 0.01 to 0.2 ⁇ m and a glass transition temperature of at least 70°C, and a hydrophilic binder.
• a processing surviving matting agent mitting agent
• the photographic elements of this invention exhibit excellent resistance to physical scratches and abrasion and superior post-processing ferrotyping resistance.
• the photographic element of the present invention has a light-insensitive hydrophilic protective layer comprising at least two layers, the layer (UV layer) closer to the support contains at least one ultraviolet absorbing dye, a high boiling organic solvent, and a hydrophilic binder.
• the layer farthest from the support (outermost layer) contains matte particles, dispersed polymer particles, and a hydrophilic binder.
• the matte particles in the outermost layer have a mean particle size of from 0.5 to 10 ⁇ m, preferably from 1 to 5 ⁇ m, and most preferably from 1 to 3 ⁇ m, and a coating weight of from 0.001 g/m 2 to 0.3 g/m 2 , preferably from 0.005 g/m 2 to 0.2 g/m 2 , and most preferably from 0.01 to 0.15 g/m 2 .
• the dispersed polymer particle in the outermost layer has a glass transition temperature (Tg) of at least 70°C, a mean particle size of less than 0.2 ⁇ m, preferably from 0.01 ⁇ m to 0.2 ⁇ m, more preferably from 0.02 to 0.15 ⁇ m, and most preferably from 0.02 to 0.1 ⁇ m.
• Tg glass transition temperature
• the weight ratio of dispersed polymer particle to hydrophilic binder in the outermost protective layer ranges from 5:95 to 50:50, preferably from 10:90 to 40:60, and most preferably from 20:80 to 40:60.
• the content of the hydrophilic binder in the UV layer is defined as the ratio of coating weight of the hydrophilic binder to the sum of the coating weights of the ultraviolet absorbing dyes, high boiling organic solvents, the hydrophilic binder, and other addenda, and is preferably in the range of from 30 to 90%, and more preferably from 40 to 80%.
• the thickness of the UV layer of the present invention is usually 0.2 to 3 ⁇ m, and preferably from 0.5 to 2 ⁇ m.
• the thickness of the outermost layer is usually 0.4 to 3 ⁇ m, and more preferably 0.6 to 2 ⁇ m.
• the total thickness of the two layers is 1.5 to 4 ⁇ m.
• the term "thickness" used here refers to the thickness of the portion in which no matte particles are present and is measured, for example, by an electron micrograph of a non-swollen cross-section of the light-sensitive material.
• Photographic elements according to this invention can differ widely in structure and composition. For example, they can vary greatly in regard to the type of the support, the number and composition of the imaging forming layers, and the kinds of auxiliary layers that are included in the elements.
• Typical supports include cellulose nitrate film, cellulose acetate film, poly(vinyl acetal) film, polystyrene film, poly(ethylene terephthalate) film, poly(ethylene naphthalate) film, polycarbonate film, and the like.
• the dispersed polymer particles present in the outermost layer of the photographic element of the present invention can be made by various processes well-known in the art (see, for example, Padget, J. C. in Journal of Coating Technology , Vol 66, No. 839, pages 89-105, 1994; Arnoldus, R. in Waterbourn Coatings, Surface Coating-3 , Ed. by Wilson, A. D., Nicholson, J. W., Prosser, H. J., Elsevier Applied Science, 1990, page 179; El-Aasser, M. S. and Fitch, R. M. Ed. Future Directions in Polymer Colloids , NATO ASI Series, No 138, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987, pages 3-104).
• Any suitable ethylenically unsaturated monomers may be used for the preparation of dispersed polymer particles of the present invention such as, acrylic monomers, including acrylic acid, or methacrylic acid, and their alkyl esters such as methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, hexyl acrylate, n-octyl acrylate, lauryl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, nonyl acrylate, benzyl methacrylate, the hydroxyalkyl esters of the same acids such as 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, and the nitrile and amides of the same acids such as acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, acrylamide and methacrylamide; vinyl monomers, such as, vinyl acetate,
• comonomers which may be used in combination with any of the foregoing monomers include dialkyl maleates, dialkyl itaconates, dialkyl methylene-malonates, isoprene, and butadiene.
• crosslinking comonomers can be used to crosslink the polymer particles of the present invention to effectively increase the glass transition temperature of the particles.
• esters which are polyfunctional with respect to the polymerization reaction include esters of unsaturated monohydric alcohols with unsaturated monocarboxylic acids, such as allyl methacrylate, allyl acrylate, butenyl acrylate, undecenyl acrylate, undecenyl methacrylate, vinyl acrylate, and vinyl methacrylate, dienes such as butadiene and isoprene, esters of saturated glycols or diols with unsaturated monocarboxylic acids, such as ethylene glycol diacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, 1,3-butanediol dimethacrylate, and polyfunctional aromatic compounds such as divinyl benzene.
• Other polymers that may comprise the dispersed polymer particles include condensation polymers such as polyurethanes, polyesters, polycarbonates, polyamides, epoxies,
• the dispersed polymer particles in the present invention can be made in the presence of a certain amount of pre-polymers, or functionalized oligomers, or macromonomers, which may include, for example, functionalized organosiloxanes prepared by reactions between organohydrosiloxane and multifunctional unsaturated monomers, fluorine-containing polymers, polyester urethanes, polyether urethanes, polyacrylourethanes, and the like.
• the dispersed polymer particles of the present invention can contain one phase or two or more incompatible phases.
• the incompatibility may be determined in various ways known in the art. The use of electron microscopy using staining techniques to emphasize the differences between the appearance of the phases, for example, is such a technique.
• the glass transition temperature of the dispersed polymer particles of the present invention can be measured by various well-known techniques such as, for example, dilatometry, calorimetry (differential thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry), dielectric, and dynamical mechanical measurements.
• dilatometry calorimetry (differential thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry), dielectric, and dynamical mechanical measurements.
• calorimetry differential thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry
• dielectric dielectric
• dynamical mechanical measurements Such techniques have been described in detail in, for example, Rabek, J. F., Experimental Methods in Polymer Chemistry , Wiley-Interscience, Chichester, 1980.
• the dispersed polymer particles may contain a hydrophilic group, such as a carboxylic acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a hydroxyl group, an amide group, a poly(ethylene oxide) group, and the like.
• the hydrophilic groups can be incorporated into the dispersed particles either during polymerization process or by post polymerization reaction. There is no particular restriction on the amount of hydrophilic groups present, but their amount is preferably in the range of from 0.5 to 30 wt%.
• Various permanent matting agents for use in the outermost layer of the photographic element of the present invention include, for example, inorganic particles such as silicone dioxide, barium sulfate, desensitized silver halide, zinc particles, calcium carbonate, and the like; organic particles of cellulose esters, cellulose ethers, starches, addition-type polymers and interpolymers prepared from ethylenically unsaturated monomers such as acrylates including acrylic acid, methacrylates including methacrylic acid, acrylamides and methacrylate amides, itaconic acid and its half esters and diesters, styrenes including substituted styrenes, acrylonitriles and methcrylonitriles, vinyl acetates, vinyl ethers, vinyl and vinylidene halides and olefins.
• inorganic particles such as silicone dioxide, barium sulfate, desensitized silver halide, zinc particles, calcium carbonate, and the like
• the matte particles can be crosslinked by employing crosslinking monomers such as 1,4-butyleneglycol methacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacetate, allyl methacrylate, diallyl phthalate, divinyl benzene, and the like.
• crosslinking monomers such as 1,4-butyleneglycol methacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacetate, allyl methacrylate, diallyl phthalate, divinyl benzene, and the like.
• Other polymers that may comprise matting particles include condensation polymers such as polyurethanes, polyesters, polyamides, epoxies, and the like. Matte particles useful for the present invasion are described in further detail in Research Disclosure No 308, published December 1989, pages 1008-009. Organic matte particles are preferred.
• the matte particles When the matte particles is polymeric in nature, it may include reactive functional groups which form covalent bonds with binders by intermolecular crosslinking or by reaction with a crosslinking agent (i.e., a hardener). Suitable reactive functional groups include hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbodiimide, epoxide, aziridine, vinyl sulfone, sulfinic acid, active methylene, amino, amide, allyl, and the like. There is not particular restriction on the amount of reactive groups present, but their concentrations are preferably in the range of from 0.5 to 10 weight percent.
• the particle surface may be surrounded with a layer of colloidal inorganic particles as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,288,598, or a layer of colloidal polymer latex particles which have affinity with suitable binder as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,279,934, or a layer of gelatin as described in U.S. Patent No. 4,855,219.
• Processing removable mattes can be used together with a processing survival matte particle in the pratice of the invention to further enhance the resistance of the photographic element to ferrotyping and blocking.
• processing removable matte include particles of, for example, copolymers of alkyl (meth)acrylates and methacrylic acid, or acrylic acid, or itaconic acid, copolymers of alkyl (meth)acrylates and maleic monoesters or monoamides, copolymers of styrene or vinyl toluene and a,b-unsaturated mono- or di-carboxylic acids, or dicarboxylic monoesters or monoamides, graft copolymers containing maleic anhydride or methacrylic acid, and dicarboxylic acid mono-ester of a cellulose derivative, such as phthalate and hexahydro phthalate of methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, or hydroxypropylomethyl cellulose.
• Such processing soluble mattes are described in further
• UV dyes ultraviolet ray absorbers used in the present invasion are not particularly limited provided their absorption maximum wavelengths fall wthin the range from 300 to 400 nm, and they have no harmful effect on the photographic properties of the element.
• UV dyes include ultraviolet absorbers of the thiazolidone type, the benzotriazole type, the acrylonitrile type, the benzophenone type, and the aminobutadiene type and have been described in detail in, for example, U.S. Patent Nos.
• the amount of UV absorbers used in the present invention is in the range of from 0.05 to 1 g/m 2 , and preferably 0.1 to 0.5 g/m 2 .
• the aforementioned UV absorbers are so selected as to have an absorption maximum in a wavelength region required for the photographic performance, and are used singly or in combination.
• UV dyes used for the present invention are preferably used in a pre-dispersion form (UV dye dispersion), which can be prepared, for example, by dissolving the UV dye in a high boiling organic solvent and then adding the resulting solution in an aqueous gelatin solution containing a surfactant such as, for example, sodium dodecyl sufonate. The mixture is stirred at high speed to make an emulsified dispersion, and the dispersion is added to the coating liquid, which is then coated.
• a surfactant such as, for example, sodium dodecyl sufonate.
• Those UV absorbers which are liquid at room temperature can be emulsified and dispersed without the use of high boiling organic solvent, and are preferable in the present invention.
• Typical high boiling organic solvents useful for the present invention have a boiling point of 175°C or more at atmospheric pressure, and include, for example, phthalic esters, e.g., dibutyl phthalate, dipentyl phthalate, didodecyl phthalate, didecyl phthalate, diethylhexyl phthalate, dicyclohexyl phthalate, phosphanate or phosphanate esters, e.g.
• tricresyl phosphate trihexyl phosphate, tri(2-ethyl hexyl) phosphate, tridodecyl phosphate, Benzoate esters, e.g., 2-ethylhexyl benzoate, dodecyl benzoate, 2-ethylhexyl- p -hydroxybenzoate, alcohols and phenols, e.g., p -dodecyl phenol isostearyl alcohol, 2,4-tert-amylphenol, aliphatic carboxylate esters, an aniline derivative, and hydrocarbons.
• High boiling organic solvents which can be used for the practice of the present invention are described further in detail in, for example, U.S. Patent No. 2,322,027, WO 94/11787.
• hydrophilic binder Any suitable hydrophilic binder may be used in the outermost layer and the UV layer in practice of the present invention. Gelatin is the most preferred hydrophilic binder.
• Other hydrophilic binders include both naturally occurring substances such as proteins, protein derivatives, cellulose derivatives (e.g., cellulose esters), polysaccharides, casein, and the like, and synthetic water permeable colloids such as poly(vinyl lactams), acrylamide polymers, poly(vinyl alcohol) and its derivatives, hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetates, polymers of alkyl and sulfoalkyl acrylates and methacrylates, polyamides, polyvinyl pyridine, acrylic acid polymers, maleic anhydride copolymers, polyalkylene oxide, methacrylamide copolymers, polyvinyl oxazolidinones, maleic acid copolymers, vinyl amine copolymers, methacrylic acid copolymers, acryloyl
• crosslinkable binder such as gelatin
• the binder is preferably cross-linked so as to provide a high degree of cohesion and adhesion.
• Crosslinking agents or hardeners which may effectively be used in the coating compositions of the present invention include aldehydes, epoxy compounds, polyfunctional aziridines, vinyl sulfones, methoxyalkyl mealtimes, triazines, polyisocyanates, dioxane derivatives such as dihydroxydioxane, carbodiimides, chrome alum, zirconium sulfate, and the like.
• Typical lubricants include (1) silicone based materials disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,489,567; 3,080,317; 3,042,522; 4,004,927; and 4,047,958; and in British Patent Nos. 955,061 and 1,143,118; (2) higher fatty acids and derivatives, higher alcohols and derivatives, metal salts of higher fatty acids, higher fatty acid esters, higher fatty acid amides, polyhydric alcohol esters of higher fatty acids, etc disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos.
• liquid paraffin and paraffin or wax like materials such as carnauba wax, natural and synthetic waxes, petroleum waxes, mineral waxes and the like;
• perfluoro- or fluoro- or fluorochloro-containing materials which include poly(tetrafluoroethlyene), poly(trifluorochloroethylene), poly(vinylidene fluoride, poly(trifluorochloroethylene-co-vinyl chloride), poly(meth)acrylates or poly(meth)acrylamides containing perfluoroalkyl side groups, and the like.
• Lubricants useful in the present invention are described in further detail in Research Disclosure No. 308, published December 1989, page 1006.
• the outermost protective layer useful in the practice of the invention may optionally contain surface active agents, antistatic agents, charge control agents, thickeners, silver halide particles, colloidal inorganic particles, magnetic recording particles, and various other additives.
• the UV layer useful in the practice of the present invention may optionally contain silver halide particles, antistatic agents, thickeners, surfactants, polymer latex particles, and various other additives.
• the protective layer useful in the practice of the invention can be applied by any of a number of well-know techniques, such as dip coating, rod coating, blade coating, air knife coating, gravure coating and reverse roll coating, extrusion coating, slide coating, curtain coating, and the like.
• the protective layer is generally dried by simple evaporation, which may be accelerated by known techniques such as convention heating.
• known techniques such as convention heating.
• Known coating and drying methods are described in further detail in Research Disclosure No. 308, published December 1989, pages 1007-1008.
• the present invention is also directed to a single use camera having incorporated therein a photographic element as described above.
• Single use cameras are known in the art under various names: film with lens, photosensitive material package unit, box camera and photographic film package. Other names are also used, but regardless of the name, each shares a number of common characteristics.
• Each is essentially a photographic product (camera) provided with an exposure function and preloaded with a photographic material.
• the photographic product comprises an inner camera shell loaded with the photographic material, a lens opening and lens, and an outer wrapping(s) of some sort.
• the photographic material is exposed in a similar manner as any photographic materials are exposed in cameras, and then the product is sent to the developer who removes the photographic material and develops it. Return of the product to the consumer does not normally occur.
• UV-1 is an aqueous dispersion containing 7.5 wt% 3-di-n-hexylaminoallylidene-malononitrile UV absorber, 7.5 wt% 1,4-cyclohexylene dimethylene bis-2-ethylhexanoate high boiling organic solvent, 0.934 wt% of a mixture of di- and tri-isopropyl napthalene sulfonate, sodium salt, sold by DuPont Co. under the trade designation Alkanol XC surfactant, and 7.5 wt% gelatin. Small particles are obtained by using a homogenizer at 3500 psi and at 45°C.
• UV-1 An aqueous dispersion containing 7.5 wt% 3-di-n-hexylaminoallylidene-malononitrile UV absorber, 7.5 wt% 1,4-cyclohexylene dimethylene bis-2-ethylhexanoate high boiling organic solvent, 0.934 wt% Alkanol XC surfactant, and 7.5 wt% gelatin
• UV-2 An aqueous dispersion containing 7.5 wt% propyl 2-cyano-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenoate UV absorber, 7.5 wt% 1,4-cyclohexylene dimethylene bis-2-ethylhexanoate high boiling organic solvent, 0.934 wt% Alkanol
• Dispersed polymer particles are:
• Dispersed polymer particles used in the example coatings are listed in Table 2 together with their glass transition temperature and mean particle size.
• Table 2 Polymer Particle Polymer Composition Tg, o C Size ( ⁇ m) p-1* Poly(methyl methacrylate-co-sodium styrene sulfonate) 98/2 wt% 125 0.062 P-2* Poly(ethyl methacrylate-co-sodium styrene sulfonate) 99/1 wt% 65 0.06 P-3 Poly(methyl methacrylate-co-methacrylic acid) 97/3 wt% 125 0.07 * P-1 and p-2 were prepared by emulsion polymerization process in the presence of gelatin (see U.S. Patent No. 2,958,884).
• the particle size and glass transition temperature data are for particles in which the gelatin has been removed by enzymolysis.
• a series of photographic elements are prepared as follows: A cellulose triacetate film support having an antihalation layer on one side and an antistatic backing layer on the other side (as described below) is coated on the antihalation layer with the image forming layers in sequence of Example 2 of U.S. Patent No. 5,288,598, a slow cyan-dye forming layer, a fast cyan-dye forming layer, an interlayer, a slow magenta dye-forming layer, a fast magenta dye-forming layer, an interlayer, a slow yellow dye-forming layer, a fast yellow dye forming layer.
• the UV layer is prepared according to the composition in Table 3 and coated on the top of the fast yellow dye forming layer.
• the outermost layer is prepared according to the composition in Table 4 and coated on the top of the UV layer.
• UV-1, UV-2, and UV-3 dispersions are used to form the coating solutions.
• the coating examples are presented in terms of dry coating compositions.
• Table 3 Composition of the UV layer Gelatin 0.7 g/m 2 Colloidal Silver 0.215 g/m 2 High boiling organic solvent HS-1 or HS-2 in Table 5 UV Dye-1 in Table 5
• UV Dye-2 in Table 5 HS-1: 1,4-cyclohexylene dimethylene bis-2-ethylhexanoate
• HS-2 tricresyl phosphate
• UV Dye-1 3-di-n-hexylaminoallylidenemalononitrile
• UV Dye-2 propyl 2-cyano-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenoate
• Table 4 Composition of the Outermost Layer Gelatin, Type IV 0.89 g/m 2 Silicone lube, DC-200 (Dow Corning) 0.04 g/m 2 Fluorad FC-134 0.004 g/m 2 Aero
• aqueous dispersions of matte particles and dispersed polymer particles are used to form the coating solutions.
• the coating examples are presented in terms of dry coating compositions.
• Table 5 shows the compositions of the UV and outermost layers of each photographic element prepared. Table 5 Coating No Outermost Layer UV Layer Polymer Coverage g/m 2 UV-Dye 1 g/m 2 UV-Dye 2 g/m 2 H. B.
• the comparative samples A and B contain neither high boiling organic solvent nor UV dyes in the UV layer.
• the use of 0.323 g/m 2 of P-3 polymer particles in the outermost layer (Sample B) has no effect on the scratch resistance of the outermost layer.
• the comparative samples A and C-H shows that the scratch resistance of the outermost protective layer becomes increasingly worse as the level of UV dyes and high boiling organic solvent in the UV layer increases.
• Sample C contains about 0.216 g/m2 of HS-1 solvent, UV -Dye 1, and UV-Dye 2 and has a Ra x PPCM value of about 12.3.
• Sample E contains about 0.376 g/m 2 of HS-1, UV-Dye 1, and UV-Dye-2, and has a Ra x PPCM value of about 37.8. It is not clear why an increase in the level of high boiling organic solvent and UV dyes in the UV layer has caused such a significant decrease in the scratch resistance of the outermost protective layer. However, the use of 0.323 g/m 2 of P-3 polymer particles in the outermost layer has reduced the Ra X PPCM values from 12.3 to 8.6 (Sample C and Example 1), and from 37.8 to 20.6 (Sample E and Example 3), and therefore has improved significantly the scratch resistance of the outermost protective layer.
• Sample G contains about 0.302 g/m 2 of HS-2, UV-Dye 1, and UV-Dye 2, and has a Ra x PPCM value of 23.2.
• Table 6 also shows that the photographic elements prepared according to the present invention have a superior post-process ferrotyping resistance compared to the photographic elements with conventional constructions.
• the photographic processing steps to which the raw film may be subject may include, but are not limited to the following:
• each of the steps indicated can be used with multistage applications as described in Hahm, U.S. Pat. No. 4,719,173, with co-current, counter-current, and contraco arrangements for replenishment and operation of the multistage processor.
• any photographic processor known to the art can be used to process the photosensitive materials described herein.
• large volume processors and so-called minilab and microlab processors may be used.
• Particularly advantageous would be the use of Low Volume Thin Tank processors as described in the following references: WO 92/10790; WO 92/17819; WO 93/04404; WO 92/17370; WO 91/19226; WO 91/12567; WO 92/07302; WO 93/00612; WO 92/07301; WO 02/09932; U.S. 5,294,956; EP 559,027; U.S. 5,179,404; EP 559,025; U.S. 5,270,762; EP 559,026; U.S. 5,313,243; U.S. 5,339,131.

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