EP0743610B1

EP0743610B1 - A 3-D acoustic infinite element based on an oblate spheroidal multipole expansion

Info

Publication number: EP0743610B1
Application number: EP96303209A
Authority: EP
Inventors: David Storer Burnett; Richard Lovell Holford
Original assignee: AT&T Corp; AT&T IPM Corp
Current assignee: AT&T Corp
Priority date: 1995-05-18
Filing date: 1996-05-08
Publication date: 2000-04-12
Anticipated expiration: 2016-05-08
Also published as: BE1009459A3; AU701884B2; DE69607678T2; FR2734379A1; EP0743610A1; DE69607678D1; AU5226096A; FR2734379B1; NZ286567A; CA2174889C; US5604893A; CA2174889A1

Description

Field of the Invention

This invention relates to the finite element method (FEM) and variations and extensions thereof. The FEM is a numerical method for modeling the behavior of physical systems. It is generally carried out with the help of a digital computer. More particularly, this invention relates to the use of the FEM and related methods for simulating the acoustic behavior of a body surrounded by a fluid medium. Simulations of this kind are useful in order, e.g., to predict the distribution of sound waves scattered or radiated by a structure surrounded by water or air.

Background of the Invention

In the field of computational structural acoustics, the problem of efficiently modeling the acoustic field in large exterior domains has remained a difficult challenge for over a quarter century. Many techniques have evolved. Those historically receiving greatest attention in the literature are: the boundary integral equation method or, as it is often called, the boundary element method (BEM), which is based on the surface Helmholtz integral equation applied to the surface of the structure; and the infinite element method (IEM), which is based on the Helmholtz differential equation (the reduced wave equation), applied to semi-infinite sectors of the domain (which are the infinite elements) that are exterior to an artificial boundary surrounding the structure, with finite elements between the structure and the boundary.
The BEM is the method of choice for most researchers and code developers. Its primary advantage is that it is based on a mathematically rigorous formulation, namely, the Helmholtz integral representation, that (i) satisfies the Sommerfield radiation condition and (ii) represents the exact solution throughout the exterior domain. In addition, its reduction of the dimensionality of the problem by one has long been thought to be a significant computational advantage. However, we have found that this is actually disadvantageous because of the much greater bandwidth of the equations, due to the inherent global connectivity of the method.
By contrast, infinite elements were hitherto never intended to represent the exact solution, or even an approximate solution, within the element itself. Based on ad hoc physical assumptions or asymptotic theories, they were only meant to provide an approximate non-reflecting condition on an artificial boundary surrounding the structure, thereby enabling a sufficiently accurate solution to be obtained in the finite region interior to the boundary. The solution exterior to the boundary is then usually obtained from the exterior Helmholtz integral, using the pressure and velocity data computed on the surface of the structure.
Two types of infinite elements have previously been used for acoustic applications: the exponential decay and the "mapped" element.
The exponential decay element approximates the spatial decay of the acoustic pressure amplitude by an exponential, p ∝ e ^-γ ^r e ^- ^ikr , where γ is an empirically adjusted positive number and r is any coordinate that extends to infinity. Because this decay function is inconsistent with acoustical theory, the accuracy rapidly deteriorates away from the artificial boundary.
The mapped element is based on the asymptotic form of the field for large r, using the leading terms of the lower order spherical Hankel functions, namely, p∝ ( α₁ / r + α₂ / r ₂) + ···)e ^- ^ikr . Because of the mapping, the element was intended to be usable in any shape and orientation, i.e., not necessarily aligned with spherical coordinate surfaces, thereby permitting the "radial" sides of different elements to emanate from different spherical origins.
However, we have found that for this representation to converge, (i) the elements must lie outside the smallest sphere circumscribing the structure, and (ii) the sides of all elements in a mesh must conform to radial lines emanating from the origin of the single r coordinate in the expansion. Since the fluid region between the circumscribing sphere and the structure must be meshed with finite-size acoustic elements, the total acoustic mesh would become very large and therefore computationally very inefficient for structures of large aspect ratio. Thus, the element is practical only for "chunky" structures, i.e., those that can be closely circumscribed by a sphere. This is a serious limitation for many applications.
An additional problem of the mapped element is that element generation is relatively expensive. Moreover, generation of the matrices for the mapped element requires inversion of an ill-conditioned matrix. This causes quadrature problems at very high frequencies.
In US Patent 5,604,891 entitled "A 3-D Acoustic Infinite Element Based On A Prolate Spheroidal Multipole Expansion," published 18.02.97, and in D.S.B Burnett, "A 3-D Acoustic Infinite Element Based on a Prolate Spheroidal Multipole Expansion", J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 96(4), October 1994, there is described a new infinite element based on a multipole expansion in prolate spheroidal coordinates. We have found that the use of this infinite element leads to much improved efficiency in the acoustic modeling of elongate structures. However, the same efficiencies are not generally achieved when a prolate, infinite element is used to model a structure that has a generally flat, disc-like shape.
According to the present invention, there is provided a method as defined in claim 1 or a machine as defined in claim 7.
Like the prolate, spheroidal, infinite element mentioned above, the oblate spheroidal infinite element described herein breaks with tradition in that it is based on a mathematically rigorous formulation, namely, a new multipole expansion (a power series in l/r, where r, in this case, is an oblate spheroidal radius) that (i) satisfies the Sommerfeld radiation condition and (ii) represents the exact solution throughout the domain exterior to a minimal circumscribing oblate spheroid. When the leading terms of the expansion, a polynomial in l/r multiplied by an oscillatory factor, are incorporated in an infinite element, accuracy may be increased arbitrarily throughout the element by increasing the number of terms in the polynomial, analogous to p-extension in conventional polynomial-based finite elements.
The oblate spheroidal element improves on the mapped element by removing all of the aforementioned practical limitations. It (i) eliminates the 3-D mapping that mixes together the (troublesome) infinite direction with the (well-behaved) finite directions, (ii) generalizes the circumscribing sphere to a circumscribing oblate spheroid in order to accommodate structures that are flat (large aspect ratio, in which two dimensions are much greater the third) as well as chunky (small aspect ratio, i.e., all three dimensions similar), and (iii) takes advantage of separable coordinates to reduce the 3-D integrals to products of much more cheaply computed 2-D and 1-D integrals, which simultaneously eliminates the ill conditioning.
We believed that the inventive technique is probably the most efficient technique now available for large computational structural acoustics problems. In addition, the technique used for this acoustic element can possibly be extended to other types of wave propagation such as electromagnetism and elastodynamics. Our new element is readily integrated into any structural finite element code.
Our new infinite element is particularly useful when complemented by the prolate infinite element mentioned above. A practitioner who has both of these infinite elements available in a single library of computational modeling tools will readily be able to model acoustical behavior with high efficiency in a broad range of problem geometries.
Finite element codes, in general, are well known and need not be described here in detail. Numerous books are available on this subject, including D.S. Burnett, Finite Element Analysis, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass., 1987 (reprinted 1988), which is hereby incorporated by reference.

Brief Description of the Drawings

FIG. 1A is a flowchart illustrating the basic steps in the use and operation of a finite element code.
FIG. 1B is a block diagram of exemplary apparatus for practicing the finite element method.
FIG. 2 depicts a flat (disk-like) structure of otherwise arbitrary shape, together with its smallest circumscribing sphere S, having radius r ₀.
FIGS. 3a - 3d depict the closed coordinate surfaces of four orthogonal coordinate systems. These surfaces are: (a) sphere; (b) prolate spheroid; (c) oblate spheroid; and (d) ellipsoid.
FIG. 4 depicts a set of confocal ellipses and hyperbolas. When rotated about the z-axis, these curves form the oblate spheroidal and one-sheeted hyperboloidal coordinate surfaces, respectively, of the oblate spheroidal coordinate system.
FIG. 5 illustrates the oblate spheroidal coordinates r, , and , and related geometric parameters. In the figure, the oblate radius r is defined as 1 / 2 (c ₁ + c ₂).
FIG. 6 depicts a flat (disk-like) structure of otherwise arbitrary shape, and a minimal circumscribing oblate spheroid S, with oblate radius r ₀.
FIG. 7 depicts an illustrative oblate spheroidal infinite element.
FIG. 8 depicts a typical mesh using infinite elements according to the invention.
FIG. 9 shows the base of an illustrative infinite element, lying on the infinite element spheroid. The dashed lines in the figure are , -coordinate lines.
FIG. 10 is a 2D slice through a 3D mesh for a typical structural acoustics problem.
FIG. 11 shows the geometric discontinuity at an interface between adjacent infinite and finite-size elements.
FIG. 12 illustrates a local node numbering convention for the particular case of a quadratic Lagrange quadrilateral (n = 9) in the angular directions and a quadrupole (m = 3) in the radial direction (N = m × n = 27).

Overview of the Finite Element Method

The finite element method (FEM) is a method, performed with the help of a computer, for predicting the behavior of a physical system by obtaining numerical solutions to mathematical equations that describe the system and its loading conditions. The use of the FEM may be thought of as comprising three phases: preprocessing, solution, and postprocessing. These phases are now discussed in further detail with reference to FIG. 1A.
In the preprocessing phase, the physical domain of the problem is partitioned into a pattern of subdomains of simple geometry, referred to as "elements". The resulting pattern is referred to as a "mesh". In addition, problem data such as physical properties, loads, and boundary conditions are specified. This procedure is represented as step 10 of the figure.
The solution phase comprises steps 20 - 50 in the figure. In the first of these four steps, numerical values are computed for the coefficients in the "element matrix equation" associated with each element in the mesh. The element matrix equation, the derivation of which is indicated in box 15 of the figure, is a set of numerically computable mathematical formulas that are derived theoretically and implemented into the computer code that forms the FEM program.
During the use of the FEM program, the code for these formulas is accessed by each element in the mesh, and numerical values are computed for the coefficients in the formulas using the geometric and physical data associated with each element.
We are providing, for the first time, a set of such formulas (i.e., the element matrix equation) that is specific to a oblate spheroidal acoustic infinite element.
The procedure used in the derivation of the element matrix equation, which is described in detail below, embodies the following general ideas. The unknown field variable, for which the finite-element analysis is seeking a solution (such as the acoustic pressure), is represented approximately within each element as a finite sum of known functions, referred to as "shape" functions. These shape functions are usually chosen to be polynomials. There are unknown parameters in this representation, referred to as "degrees of freedom (DOF)", that become the new unknowns which the finite-element analysis will find values for. The DOF are often the values that the unknown field variable takes at specific points in the element, referred to as "nodes". The purpose of this representation is that when values for the DOF are subsequently computed in step 50, a solution will then be known everywhere, continuously, throughout each element. This is possible because at that stage, both the shape functions and the parameters will be known, and these, together, define the complete solution.
The representation of the unknown field variable in terms of shape functions is then inserted into the governing physics equations (which are, typically, differential or integral equations) that express the physical laws to which the physical system is subject. These calculus equations reduce to a system of linear algebraic equations which, when written in matrix form, is the element matrix equation. The expressions for the coefficients in this matrix equation are manipulated using calculus and algebra until they are in a form that can be numerically evaluated by the computer. These numerical coefficients are the output of step 20.
In step 30, the element matrix equations from all the elements are combined together (i.e., they are said to be "assembled") into one large "system matrix equation." The matrices associated with elements that touch each other in the mesh will partially overlap, thereby establishing continuity in the field variable from element to element. Since the overlap is partial, the system matrix grows larger and larger as element equations are assembled, resulting in one very large system matrix.
The system matrix equation is then modified (step 40) to take account of the boundary and loading conditions. The system matrix equation is then solved (step 50), using conventional techniques of numerical analysis. Although there may be thousands, or even hundreds of thousands, of unknown DOF, the solution of this matrix equation is generally a very tractable problem. That is because the matrix elements tend to assume non-zero values only within a relatively narrow band along the matrix diagonal. A well-known measure of the width of this band (and thus, of the time required for solution) is the "rms half-bandwidth" B_rms .
In the postprocessing phase, the solution to the system matrix equation is displayed in an appropriate, meaningful form (step 60). In this phase, other useful information may be derived from the solution and likewise displayed. Below, we present a detailed description of the derivation of the element matrix equation for the inventive oblate spheroidal acoustic infinite element.
Structural acoustic finite element codes have a wide range of useful applications. By simulating the complete acoustic field in and around a structure and its interaction with the vibrating structure, the design of the structure can be more quickly and efficiently modified (as compared to the current expensive, repeated prototyping procedures) to improve or optimize the acoustic performance, e.g., to reduce the overall sound pressure level or to alter the directivity pattern. Important applications include reduction of environmental noise from machinery, automobiles, aircraft, etc., and quieting of noisy consumer products, such as power tools, appliances and PC fans. Terminal equipment for telecommunications systems (speakerphones, loudspeakers, public phone booths, cellular phones, etc.) can be better designed for echo control, background noise discrimination, active noise cancellation, and speech enhancement. Products in the entertainment industry can be more optimally designed for high sound fidelity: stereo systems, musical instruments and the audio portion of home multimedia centers. There are also military applications to sonar and submarine quieting and acoustic countermeasures.

Apparatus for Practicing the Finite Element Method

With reference to FIG. 1B, we now describe apparatus useful for practicing the FEM in general and our inventive method in particular.
A mesh generator 100 executes the preprocessing phase 10 of FIG. 1A. It is common practice to use for the mesh generator, a programmed, general-purpose digital computer. Descriptions of the physical system to be modeled may be input to the mesh generator directly from a user terminal 102, or they may be input from a data storage device 105, such as a magnetic disk or a digital memory. The mesh generator will typically call upon a stored library 107 of elements (i.e., of nodal patterns arranged within sectors of triangular and/or quadrilateral cross-section). The mesh and other output data of the mesh generator are stored in memory device 110, which is typically a magnetic disk and also optionally a digital computer memory.
The solution phase (steps 20-50 of FIG. 1A) is also typically carried out in a programmed computer, represented in the figure as element 115. As noted, an intermediate step of the solution phase is the evaluation of the coefficients of the element matrix equations. These coefficients are stored in a digital memory, denoted element 120 in the figure.
It is a general property of the solution phase that as the acoustic frequency increases, the computation time increases exponentially. For this reason, it will often be advantageous to use, for computer element 115, a parallel processor, such as a massively parallel processor or a scalable parallel processor.
Table 1 gives an indication of the capacity needed by element 120. For acoustic modeling, each infinite element requires two matrices: an acoustic stiffness matrix and an acoustic mass matrix. Each has the same memory requirements, which are listed in the table according to the type of infinite element. Each entry is evaluated by multiplying together 16 bytes (for a double precision word) times the square of the number of degrees of freedom.
In step 30 of FIG. 1A, the element matrix coefficients are assembled into a system matrix equation. The memory element for storing the system matrix coefficients is denoted element 125 in FIG. 1B.

The result of the solution phase is a description of the values assumed by an acoustic field variable throughout the mesh. This information is typically subjected to post-processing in a processing element denoted 130 in the figure, and output to a storage device 135 or display device 140.

Type of Infinite Acoustic Element	Memory Requirements (Bytes)
quadratic triangle x dipole	2304
quadratic-serendipity x dipole	4096
quadratic quadrilateral x dipole	5184
quadratic triangle x quadrupole	5184
quadratic triangle x octopole	9216
quadratic quadrilateral x quadrupole	11664
quartic triangle x dipole	14400
quadratic quadrilateral x octopole	20736
quartic quadrilateral x dipole	40000
quartic triangle x octopole	57600
quartic quadrilateral x octopole	160000

Detailed Description

A. The Classical Expansion Exterior to a Sphere

Consider an arbitrary structure immersed in an infinite homogeneous fluid and vibrating at constant frequency ω (FIG. 2). Let S be a sphere of minimum radius r ₀ that just circumscribes the structure, as shown in FIG. 2. It is well known that the scattered and/or radiated pressure p exterior to S can be represented by the following multipole expansion in spherical coordinates r, ,:
where k is acoustic wavenumber, the F_n are smooth, differentiable functions, and the series converges in r > r ₀.
Since Eq. (1) is valid only outside a circumscribing sphere, then infinite elements based on Eq. (1) should only lie outside a circumscribing sphere. The region between the structure and the sphere must therefore be filled with finite-size acoustic elements. This limits the usefulness of such infinite elements to structures that are "chunky", i.e., that fill up most of the space inside a sphere. Long and/or flat structures would need an excessive number of finite-size elements (or DOF for p-type elements) to fill the space. Therefore a different multipole expansion is needed, one that is appropriate for non-chunky structures. Since multipole expansions are limited to a specific coordinate system (because they provide an explicit functional form for the "radial" coordinate that goes to infinity), the first step is to select an appropriate coordinate system.

B. Coordinate Systems for Different Aspect Ratios

The closed coordinate surfaces relating, respectively, to four orthogonal coordinate systems are shown in FIG. 3. They are all ellipsoids, i.e., quadric surfaces for which the three orthogonal principal cross-sections are ellipses, including circles as a degenerate form. The most general case, involving three different elliptical cross -sections, is case (d). The others are given special names: spheres, prolate spheroids and oblate spheroids. Prolate and oblate spheroids are generated by rotating ellipses about their major and minor axes, respectively.
Oblate spheroidal coordinates can closely circumscribe any structure for which two dimensions are similar and the third comparable or smaller, i.e., structures that vary from "chunky" to "flat." The applications of interest herein involve flat (or chunky) structures, for which the appropriate coordinate system is oblate spheroidal. Therefore, described below is the development of an oblate spheroidal infinite element.

C. A New Expansion Exterior to an Oblate Spheroid

1. Oblate spheroidal coordinates

FIG. 4 shows a family of confocal ellipses and hyperbolas, which are orthogonal. When rotated about the minor axis of the ellipses (the z-axis), the curves become quadric surfaces, called, respectively, oblate spheroids and one-sheeted hyperboloids. Combined with planes through the z-axis, these orthogonal surfaces are the coordinate surfaces comprising the oblate spheroidal system.
FIG. 5 defines the parameters relevant to the oblate spheroidal coordinates r, , : r = oblate radius = c 1 + c 2 2
 = polar angle = complement of half angle of asymptotic cone of hyperboloid (0 ≤  ≤ π)
 = circumferential angle, about z axis, same as spherical  (0 ≤  < 2π) (3)
f = radius of focal circle, x ² + y ² = f ² , z = 0
a = semi-major axis = r
b = semi-minor axis = r 2 - f 2 (r≥f)
ε = eccentricity of spheroid = f / r (4)
Surfaces of constant r are confocal spheroids, constant- surfaces are confocal one-sheeted hyperboloids, and constant- surfaces are planes containing the z-axis.
The transformation from Cartesian to oblate spheroidal coordinates is as follows: x = rsin cos, y = rsinsin, z = r 2 -f 2 cos
It should be noted that standard treatments of spheroidal wave functions often prefer a different choice for the oblate radial coordinate, namely, r = r 2-f 2 . See, for example, C. Flammer, "Spheroidal Wave Functions," Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif., 1957, pages 6-10.
The choice represented by Equation (5) is essential to our invention, because the standard oblate radial coordinate r will lead to a divergent multipole expansion (i.e., an expansion of the form represented by Equation (6), below).

2. An oblate spheroidal multipole expansion

Consider the same structure as in FIG. 2, but now let S be an oblate spheroid of minimal oblate radius r ₀ that just circumscribes the structure (FIG. 6). The scattered and/or radiated pressure p exterior to S can be represented by the following multipole expansion in oblate spheroidal coordinates r, , :
with properties similar to Eq. (1). The series in Eq. (6) converges absolutely and uniformly in r, and  in any region r≥r ₀+ε>r ₀. There is a four term recursion formula that defines the functions G_n , n≥3, in terms of G ₀, G ₁ and G ₂.
Eq. 6 is a generalization of Eq. (1), including the latter as a special case. Whereas Eq. (6) is appropriate for a wide range of shapes, varying from chunky to arbitrarily flat, Eq. (1) is only appropriate for chunky shapes. Stated geometrically, oblate spheroids have a wide range of shapes but spheres have only one.
The appropriateness of Eq. (6) for flat structures can be seen by considering the difference in radial response along the major and minor axes of the oblate spheroidal coordinates. In the plane of the major axis (z=0) the oblate radial coordinate, r, is the distance from the origin, a; hence, r is the same as the spherical radius. In any other direction r is not the distance from the origin. In particular, along the minor axis (z axis) b is the distance from the origin. Since r = b 2 - f 2 , then close to the structure, where b/f<<1, dr/db ≅b/f. Thus, r is changing more slowly than b. This can be appreciated by reexamining FIG. 4; since spheroids are surfaces of constant r, a l/rⁿ decay is spread over greater radial distances at  = 0 than at  = π/2. In short, the spatial rate of decay in the radial direction in Eq. (6) is like spherical spreading in the plane of the major axis, but close to the side of a flat structure the decay is slower, as one might expect. In the far field, a, b, and r approach equality, so the decay approaches spherical spreading in all directions.

D. Geometry of a 3-D Variable Multipole Oblate Spheroidal Infinite Acoustic Element

The infinite element is shown in FIG. 7, and a 2-D cross-section of a typical 3-D mesh outside a 3-D body is shown in FIG. 8. One face of the element, the "base", must attach to, and conform to the shape of, an oblate spheroidal surface of oblate radius r ₁ surrounding the structure, called the "infinite element spheroid". The base may be a curvilinear quadrilateral (shown here) or triangle; it need not conform to the , coordinate lines (FIG. 9). This permits one to construct a completely general 2-D mesh on the spheroid, comprising curvilinear quadilaterals and triangles of any shape and orientation. Any type of FE representation may be used over the base, e.g., Lagrange, serendipity or hierarchic polynomials of any degree. (The quadratic Lagrange nodal pattern shown here, and in later figures, is for illustrative purposes.)
The infinite element spheroid uniquely determines a focal radius, f, which in turn defines a system of confocal spheroids and hyperboloids (cf. FIG. 4) that are used in the construction of the rest of the element. The side faces of the element are the loci of confocal hyperbolas emanating from the sides of the base. A multipole of order
requires m layers of nodes that are on confocal spheroids of prolate radii r ₁, r ₂,..., r_m. The nodal pattern is identical on each spheroid. The value m = 2 corresponds to a dipole, m = 3 to a quadrupole (as shown in FIG. 7), m = 4 to an octopole, etc. A "variable-multipole" element contains a variable number of layers of nodes, permitting the analyst to refine the mesh radially in the infinite region by increasing the multipole order, m, analogous to p-extension for finite-size elements.
Finally, there is an outer spheroidal face, S and, at oblate radius r and, that recedes to infinity in the theoretical development. Thus, in deriving the element matrix equation, the element begins with a finite size, r ₁ ≤ r ≤ r and, so that the Sommerfeld radiation condition can be applied to the outer face, and then the limit is taken as r and→∞.
Conventional ξ,η coordinates (illustrated in FIG. 9 for a quadrilateral) are defined over the element cross-section, i.e., on spheroids, by the mapping
where n is the number of nodes in the quadrilateral or triangle, _v,_v are the oblate spheroidal angular coordinates of the ν^th node, and χ a / ν (ξ,η) are interpolation polynomials. (Alternatively, blending functions could be used if the elements are hierarchic.)
Since the base, intermediate nodal layers, and outer face conform to confocal spheroids and the side faces are the loci of confocal hyperbolas, the element is a right cylinder in r,,-space (or r,ξ,η-space) and the 3-D integrals separate into well-conditioned 2-D angular integrals and 1-D infinite integrals. An additional benefit is that the above mapping is limited to just the two finite angular dimensions, i.e., the , coordinates, over spheroidal surfaces. The radial coordinate uses a separate mapping. This avoids the numerical ill-conditioning associated with 3-D mappings that mix together the infinite dimension with the two finite dimensions.
The use of these infinite elements is illustrated in FIG. 10, which shows a typical mesh for a structural acoustic problem. It is a cross-section of a 3-D mesh of the structure and the surrounding infinite fluid region. The structure is axisymmetric, consisting of two thin, parallel plates joined at their edges by a thin, annular shell with a rounded conical cross section. Between the plates are some internal structures. There are two layers of finite-size acoustic elements between the structure and the infinite element spheroid and then a layer of infinite elements, shown with dashed lines, outside the spheroid. The dashed lines are all hyperbolas. The first layer of finite-size elements is generated by projecting all the nodes on the shell's outer surface the same distance outward along normals to the shell, creating a surface parallel to the shell. The second layer projects the nodes on the parallel surface outward, along normals, to the spheroid. This is a simple procedure for automatic mesh generation for convex surfaces; concave surfaces would require a more sophisticated 3-D mesh generator.
There may or may not be a discontinuity (in ξ,η coordinates and therefore in the dependent variable, pressure) between the infinite elements and adjacent finite-size elements along the infinite element spheroid (FIG. 11), depending on how the geometry for the finite-size elements is generated. If these finite-size elements use a conventional polynomial mapping based on the global Cartesian coordinates of the nodes, then the elements will not conform exactly to the shape of the spheroid. However, the mapping in Eq. (7) for the infinite element defines a set of ξ,η coordinates that lie exactly on the spheroid. Thus there is a "sliver" of space, comprising gaps and overlaps, between the finite and infinite elements, and the ξ,η coordinates in the two elements do not exactly coincide on their interface. This is not a problem because the error due to this geometric discontinuity converges to zero, as the mesh is h or p-refined, at the same rate as does the (well-known) error at the boundary of a curved domain when using conventional polynomial-mapped elements. Indeed, simple numerical calculations show that the maximum spatial separation between identical ξ,η values on the faces of adjacent finite and infinite elements is typically several orders of magnitude less than internodal distances. (Using blending functions for the geometry of the finite-size elements would, of course, eliminate the discontinuity.)

E. Governing Physics Equations

Time-harmonic (e^iωt ) behavior is governed by the 3-D Helmholtz equation, ▿2 p + k 2 p = 0 where k is the wavenumber ( = ω/c), c is sound speed ( = B/ρ ), B is bulk modulus, ρ is density, and p is the complex-valued amplitude of scattered and/or radiated pressure:
To ensure uniqueness of the solution, the pressure must satisfy the Sommerfeld radiation condition at the outer "boundary" at infinity:
where the lower case o, read "little o", means "faster than". The r in Eq. (10) is a spherical r. However, oblate spheroidal coordinates approach spherical coordinates as r→∞, so Eq. (10) can be used with oblate spheroidal coordinates in the limit as r→∞.
When Eq. (10) is applied to the outer face of the element S and, at oblate radius r and, as it recedes to infinity, Eq. (10) can be satisfied by the proper choice of shape functions.

F. Finite Element Representation of Pressure

1. General expression; DOF numbering

The scattered and/or radiated pressure is represented as follows,
where ψ j (ξ,η,r) = ψ a v (ξ,η) ψ r µ (r) ν = 1,2,...,n; µ = 1,2,...,m n × m = N Here ψ a / v(ξ,η) are "angular" shape functions that interpolate p over spheroidal surfaces confocal to the infinite element surface, and ψ r / µ(r) are "radial" shape functions that interpolate p along hyperbolic rays. Interelement C°-continuity is established by enforcing the interpolation property: ψ a v (ξ v ',η v ') = δ vv ' ψ r µ (r µ') = δµµ'
The currently preferred local node numbering convention is to begin with the nodes on the base of the element and then proceed radially outward, a layer of nodes at a time. This is summarized in Table I and illustrated in FIG. 12.

2. Angular shape functions

The functions ψ a / v(ξ,η) are conventional 2-D polynomials (serendipity, Lagrange or hierarchic).
For example, for the quadratic Lagrange quadrilateral elements depicted in FIGS. 7, 9 and 12, the angular shape functions are ψ a v (ξ,η) = τα(ξ)τα'(η) ν = 1,2,...,9 (α = 1,2,3; α' = 1,2,3) where τ1(u) = 12 u(u-1) ; τ2(u) = 1 - u 2 ; τ3(u) = 12 u(u + 1)
If the functions ψ a / v(ξ,η) are also used for the mapping functions χ a / v(ξ,η) in Eq. (7), then the element is "isoparametric" in the angular directions.

3. Radial shape functions

The functions ψ r / µ (r) use a truncated form of the radial part of the multipole expansion in Eq. (6), namely, an mth order multipole expansion:
The phase factor e^ikr _^µ does not need to be included; if omitted, it will simply appear in each h _µµ' in Eq. (20) below. The factors k^µ' in the denominators are also not necessary; they are included only to make the h _µµ' nondimensional.
The coefficients h _µµ' are determined by the requirement of interelement C⁰-continuity. Applying Eq. (14) to Eq. (16) yields m sets of m linear algebraic equations: [H][S] = [I] where H µµ' = h µµ', S µµ' = (kr µ')-µ, and [I] is the identity matrix. Therefore, [H] = [S]-1 This procedure defines m layers of nodes (with n nodes on each layer) lying on spheroids of oblate radii r ₁,r ₂,...,r_m (cf. FIG. 12).
To illustrate, consider a dipole element (m = 2),
Inverting a 2×2 [S] matrix yields
The procedure in Eqs. (16)-(20) is the one that has been used to date. However, a hierarchic formulation would have the usual advantages of ease of mesh refinement (by p-extension), improved numerical conditioning and elimination of all nodes exterior to the infinite element spheroid. The last advantage is especially important because it would eliminate the need to locate nodes on hyperbolic trajectories, which is not a standard technique in FE mesh generators. To convert to a hierarchic formulation, the angular directions would employ the standard 2-D hierarchic shape functions for quadrilaterals and triangles. The radial direction would use the mapping ζ = 1 - 2r ₁/r, which linearly maps the interval 1/r ∈ [1/r ₁,0) to the interval ζ ∈ [-1,1), and then employ the standard 1-D hierarchic shape functions in ζ, excluding the linear function that is unity at infinity, i.e., at ζ = 1.

4. Stiffness, Mass, and Radiation Damping Matrices, and the Element Matrix Equation

Further mathematical details of the derivation of these expressions may be found in the Appendix attached hereinbelow as well as in the article by D. S. Burnett, "A 3-D Acoustic Infinite Element Based on a Prolate Spheroidal Multipole Expansion," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 96 (4), October, 1994.

1. Formal expressions

The matrices for the element matrix equation are derived by starting with a finite-size element, i.e., with the outer face on a spheroid of oblate radius r and (cf. FIG. 7), and then taking the limit as r and→∞. Thus, applying the Galerkin-weighted residual method to Eq. (8) over a single element yields
using k ² = ω² ρ/B and the test functions ψ _i . Although it is useful to use, for test functions, the basis functions ψ _j used in Equation (7) and represented in Equation (23), this is not a unique choice. That is, other test functions may in at least some cases be used to achieve secondary benefits. One example is to use ψ * / i , i.e., the complex conjugates of the ψ _i . This choice would reduce the computation time of the R_i integrals in Equation (112), below, by a small amount.
The first integral is converted into a surface integral and another volume integral using the identity ψ _i ▿²p = ▿·(ψ₁ ▿p) - ▿ψ _i · ▿p and the divergence theorem. Substituting Eq. (11) into the volume integrals yields the following element matrix equation: ([K] - ω2[M]){P} = {F}, where the stiffness matrix [K], mass matrix [M], and pressure gradient vector {F} are, respectively,
The surface integral for {F} is over the entire boundary of the element, S ⁽ ^e ⁾. It is split into two integrals: one over the outer face S and ⁽ ^e ⁾ and the other over the remaining faces S ⁽ ^e ⁾ - S and ⁽ ^e ⁾,
Consider the first integral in Eq. (26). As r and → ∞, oblate spheroidal coordinates approach spherical coordinates so ∂p/∂n → ∂p/∂r and dS→r ² sin dd, where r,, are spherical coordinates. To evaluate ∂p/∂r as r and → ∞, substitute Eqs. (11), (12), and (16) into Eq. (10), which yields a stronger form of the Sommerfeld condition,
where the upper-case O, read "big oh," means "at least as fast as." Substitute ∂p/∂r in Eq. (27) for ∂p/∂n in the first integral. The O(1/r ² ) term makes no contribution to the integral because ψ _i is O(1/r) and dS∝r ² as r and→ ∞. In the remaining term ikp, substitute Eq. (11) for p.
In the second integral in Eq. (26), substitute the balance of linear momentum for ∂p/∂n, viz., ∂p/∂n = ω² ρu_n, where u_n is the amplitude of the normal component of particle displacement.
Making these substitutions, Eq. (26) becomes {F} = - iω[C]{P} + {D}, where
The [C] matrix is the radiation damping matrix, representing radiation loss to infinity. The {D} vector permits specification of u_n on the side or bottom faces of the element.
Substituting Eq. (28) into Eq. (24) yields, for the element matrix equation, ([K] + iω[C] - ω2[M]) {P} = {D}, where, summarizing, the formal expressions for the stiffness, mass, and radiation damping matrices are, respectively,

The D_i are zero in virtually all practical applications.

2. Transformation of integrals; final expressions

The remaining mathematics transform the integrals in Eq. (31) to expressions that can be numerically evaluated. (The D_i integrals are ignored because they are zero in virtually all practical applications.) Mathematical details may be found in the Appendix; following is a brief description of the principal steps.

• Transform the integrals in Eq. (31) to oblate spheroidal coordinates r,,.

The differential volume and surface elements are dV = J_ν drdd and dS = J_sdd, where J_ν is the volume Jacobian and J_s is the surface Jacobian. J_ν and J_s , as well as the gradient operator, ▿, in K_ij in Eq. (31), are expressed in oblate spheroidal coordinates. This separates the 3-D integrals for K_ij and M_ij into products of 2-D "angular" integrals over , and 1-D "radial" integrals over r, and the 2-D integral for C_ij into the product of a 2-D angular integral and a function of r.

• Develop final expressions for the angular integrals.

Transform the , coordinates to local ξ,η coordinates using the coordinate mapping in Eq. (7) [cf. FIG. 9]. The resulting well-defined integrals can be numerically integrated using Gauss rules in the conventional FE manner.

• Develop final expressions for the radial integrals for K_ij and M_ij and radial function for C_ij.

Substitute Eq. (16) into each of the radial integrals and radial function and perform various algebraic operations. Some of the integrals become well-defined Fourier sine or cosine transforms, which can be evaluated by standard algorithms available in many mathematics software packages. The other integrals, as well as the radial function, result in undefined oscillatory terms, which are treated in the next step.

• Form final expression for element matrix equation.

All the above expressions, including both the well-defined integrals and the undefined oscillatory terms, are substituted into Eq. (30), the element matrix equation. The parenthetical expression for the three matrices becomes, [K] + iω[C] - ω2[M] = [K ∞] - ω2[M ∞] + undefined oscillatory terms where [K ^∞] and [M ^∞ ] comprise all the well-defined integrals. The undefined oscillatory terms all cancel, leaving as the final form of the element matrix equation,
where the expressions for K ∞ / ij and M ∞ / ij are as follows (D_i are zero in virtually all practical applications):
where B is bulk modulus, ρ is density, r ₁ is the oblate radius of the infinite element spheroid, and ε₁ ( = f/r ₁) is the eccentricity of the infinite element spheroid.
The angular integrals, A (i) / ν' ν ,i = 1,...,4, ν', ν = 1,...,n (cf. Table I), are
where
All four integrals in Eq. (35) can be numerically integrated using standard Gauss rules since the integrands are smooth and bounded (including the 1 / sin term because J∝ as →0).
The Jacobian, J, is computed from the coordinate mapping in Eq. (7),
and the derivatives of ψ a / v are evaluated in the conventional finite-element manner,
The angle , for the functions sin  and cos , is also computed from Eq. (7).
The radial integrals, R (i) / µ'µ, i = 1,...,4, µ',µ = 1,...,m (cf. Table I), are
where L µ'µ = (1/k) e ik(r µ'+r µ) ζ = kr 1
which are Fourier sine and cosine transforms that can be evaluated by standard algorithms available in many mathematics software packages,

which can all be evaluated with the same software used for I _β. Relationships between these integrals are Iβ = J β - (kf)2 J β+2 β ≥ 1 and H = G + (kf)2 J 2. Also, a µ a = - ih µα - (α - 1)h µ,α-1 µ = 1,2,...,m α = 1,2,...,m+1 and h _µ0 = h _µ, _m ₊₁ = 0.
and, from Eq. (48), a _µα = 0 for α > m + 1.
and h _µα are determined by Eq. (20).
The tensor products A _ν'ν R _µ'µ in Eq. (34) are N×N matrices that are constructed by multiplying each term in the m×m [R] matrix by the entire n×n [A] matrix, as shown in Eq. (51). Above and to the left of the matrix are tables, reproduced from Table II, showing the relationship of the indices µ and ν to j, and µ' and ν' to i:
Eq. (33), which is the element matrix equation, and its supporting Eqs. (34) - (51) are the equations cited in box 20 of FIG. 1A. These equations are sufficient to implement this invention. They may be coded into any scientific programming language; FORTRAN is currently the most popular choice.
Some practical observations in implementing the above equations into software are as follows. The radial integrals in Eq. (39) are identical for every infinite element in a mesh (because they are independent of angular variables and are along identical oblate radial paths, i.e., confocal hyperbolas emanating from the same oblate spheroid), so they only need to be evaluated once for a given problem; their computational cost is totally insignificant. Hence, the numerical integration required to generate [K^∞ ] and [M ^∞] for each infinite element involves only the evaluation of the 2-D angular integrals, making these 3-D elements as cheap to generate as 2-D elements. In addition, since the frequency dependence of the element is contained only in the radial integrals, element generation during a frequency sweep is essentially free after the first frequency.
It should be noted that in order to practice the IEM, it is necessary to generate a 3-D mesh in the fluid surrounding the structure. This is a relatively simple matter for structures with convex outer surfaces. Only two or three commands would typically be required to generate the entire fluid mesh for a structure having such a surface. The user would simply project outward the 2-D mesh that is on the fluid-contacting surface of the structure. For more general structural geometries, 3-D meshes can be generated by a wide variety of commercially available mesh generation programs.

APPENDIX

1. Formal expressions

The element matrices are derived by starting with a finite-size element, i.e., with the outer face on a spheroid of oblate radius r and, and then taking the limit as r and→∞. Thus, applying the Galerkin weighted residual method to Eq. (8) over a single element yields
using k² = ω² ρ/B. The first integral is converted into a surface integral and another volume integral using the identity ψ _i ▿² p = ▿·(ψ _i ▿p)-▿ψ_i ·▿p and the divergence theorem. Substituting Eq. (11) into the volume integrals yields the following element matrix equation: ([K] - ω2[M]){P} = {F}, where the stiffness matrix [K], mass matrix [M], and pressure gradient vector {F} are, respectively,
The surface integral for {F} is over the entire boundary of the element, S ⁽ ^e ⁾. It is split into two integrals: one over the outer face S and ⁽ ^e ⁾ and the other over the remaining faces S^(e) - S and^(e),
Consider the first integral in Eq. (55). As r and → ∞, oblate spheroidal coordinates approach spherical coordinates so ∂p/∂n→∂p/∂r and dS→r ² sindd, where r, , are spherical coordinates. To evaluate ∂p/∂r as r and → ∞, substitute Eqs. (11), (12) and (16) into Eq. (10), which yields a stronger form of the Sommerfeld condition,
where the upper case o, read "big o", means "at least as fast as". Substitute ∂p/∂r in Eq. (56) for ∂p/∂n in the first integral. The O(1/r ² ) term makes no contribution to the integral because ψ _i is O( 1/r) and dS ∝ r ² as r and → ∞. In the remaining term, ikp, substitute Eq. (11) for p.
In the second integral in Eq. (55), substitute the balance of linear momentum for ∂p/∂n, viz., ∂p/∂n = ω² ρu_n , where u_n is the amplitude of the normal component of particle displacement.
Making these substitutions, Eq. (55) becomes {F} = - iω[C]{P} + {D} where
The [C] matrix is the radiation damping matrix, representing radiation loss to infinity.
The {D} vector permits specification of u_n on the side or bottom faces of the element. These faces are either on the boundary of, or interior to, the domain.

Face on boundary of domain: A nonzero value corresponds to a moving boundary with a known normal displacement (or velocity) amplitude. Along the side faces, a nonzero u_n must decay fast enough in the radial direction for the integral in Eq. (58) to be finite. A zero value corresponds to a rigid boundary, i.e., motion permitted parallel to the boundary but not perpendicular to it. Perhaps the most common occurrence of a rigid infinite boundary is when there is a plane of symmetry through the structure and fluid, permitting the analyst to model only the structure and fluid on one side of the plane, i.e., an infinite half-space problem. A plane of symmetry occurs when all passive system properties (geometry, constraints, material properties and, if present, hydrostatic prestresses) are symmetric with respect to a plane. If the excitation is also symmetric, or just the symmetric component of an asymmetric excitation is being considered, then the system response must possess the same symmetry. Therefore, vector quantities must be a mirror reflection across the plane. In the case of particle displacement, this means that the normal component must vanish, in order to preserve material continuity.
Face in interior of domain: Every interior face is common to two adjacent infinite or finite-size acoustic elements. Assembly of the {D} vectors from two adjacent elements yields, on the interface, a sum of two surface integrals with opposite sign because the outward normals are in opposite directions. The pair of integrals therefore represents the difference of u_n across the interface. A nonzero difference corresponds to a jump discontinuity in the normal displacement, i.e., a separation of the fluid. A zero difference corresponds to preservation of material continuity, the usual condition in practical applications.

Substituting Eq. (57) into Eq. (53) yields for the element matrix equation: ([K] + iω[C] - ω2[M]){P} = {D} where, summarizing, the stiffness, mass and radiation damping matrices are, respectively,
Below, we transform the integrals in Eq. (60) to expressions that can be numerically evaluated. The vector {D} is zero in almost all practical applications.

2. Transformation of integrals to oblate spheroidal coordinates

The differential volume and surface elements are dV = J_vdrdd and dS = J_Sdd, where J_v is the volume Jacobian and J_S is the surface Jacobian (on spheroids). Since the faces of the infinite element conform to spheroids (, - surfaces) and hyperbolas (r-lines), the integration limits for the volume integrals can be separated into angular limits and radial limits. Thus, Eq. (60) becomes
where σ⁽ ^e ⁾ is the "spheroidal cross section" of the element, i.e., any confocal spheroidal surface inside the element and bounded by the side faces. There is only one spheroidal cross section in r,,-space because the , coordinates of the boundary of the cross section are independent of r. Hence, S and ⁽ ^e ⁾ is equivalent to σ^(e) in the surface integration for C_ij. The transformation of J_V,J_S and ▿ to prolate spheroidal coordinates is as follows.

• Volume Jacobian

JV = ∂d∂r . ∂d∂ × ∂d∂ = hr a r · h  a × h a = hrhh where d = x i + y j + z k is the position vector and a _r ,a _,a _ are unit vectors, with dimensions of length, in the r, ,  directions, respectively. For orthogonal coordinates, a _r · a _ × a _ = 1. The scale factors h_r , h _ and h _ are given by
Using Eq. (5) yields hr = r 2 - f 2 sin2 r 2 - f 2 h = r 2 - f 2 sin2 h  = r sin  and Eq. (64) becomes JV = r 2 - f 2 sin2  r 2 - f 2 r sin

• Surface Jacobian

J_S is needed in C_ij only on the outer face, i.e., on the spheroid at r = r and,
and it is needed only in the limit as r and→∞ (while f remains constant). Hence,
which is the same as the surface Jacobian in spherical coordinates because oblate spheroidal coordinates → spherical coordinates r and→∞.

• Gradient

▿ = a r 1 h r ∂∂r + a 1 h  ∂∂ + a 1 h  ∂∂ The gradient is needed only in K_ij, where it occurs as ▿ψ _i · ▿ψ _jJ_V . Using Eqs. (64), (65) and (68) yields ▿ψ i · ▿ψ j JV = r r 2 - f 2 sin ∂ψr ∂r ∂ψ j ∂r + r r 2 - f 2 sin ∂ψ i ∂ ∂ψ j ∂ + r 2 - f 2 sin r r 2 - f 2 sin ∂ψ i ∂ ∂ψ j ∂
Eq. (69), (65) and (67) can now be substituted into Kubij, M_ij and C_ij , respectively, in Eq. (61). In addition, Eq. (12) i substituted for ψ _i and ψ _j , introducing prime to distinguish the indices v and µ that are associated with the index i: π i (ξ,η,r) = ψ a v' (ξ,η) π r µ' (r) π j (ξ,η,r) = ψ a v (ξ,η) π r µ (r)
Performing these substitutions, and noting that the angular shape functions are implicitly functions of , [because of the coordinate mapping in Eq. (7)], all the 3-D integrals separate into products of 2-D "angular" integrals, A _v _' ⁽ ⁱ ⁾ _v _' and 1-D "radial" integrals, R (i) / µ'µ. The 2-D surface integral for C_ij separates in a similar manner. The resulting expressions are as follows

where

and ε1 = f r 1 = eccentricity of infinite element spheroid The symbols R (1) / µ'µ and R (4) / µ'µ include an overbar because a term will later be removed from each integral [cf. Eqs. (87) and (101)] and the remaining terms will be labeled R (1) / µ'µ and R (4) / µ'µ, so that all four radial integrals will have uniform symbols (no overbars) in the final expressions [Eq. (112)].
The tensor products A _v'v R _µ'µ are N×N matrices that are constructed by multiplying each term in the m×m [R] matrix by the entire n×n [A] matrix, as shown in Eq. (75). Above and to the left of the matrix are tables, reproduced from Table II, showing the relationship of the indices µ and v to j, and µ' and v' to i.

• Angular integrals

Because of the coordinate mapping in Eq. (7), dd = Jdξ dη, where the Jacobian is
Hence Eqs. (72) become,

where
All four integrals can be numerically integrated using Gauss rules since the integrands are smooth and bounded (including the l/sin term because J ∝  as  → 0). The derivatives of ψ a / v are evaluated in the conventional manner,
Indeed, the entire evaluation of the angular integrals follows conventional finite element analysis procedures.

4. Radial integrals

• R (1) / µ'µ

From Eq.(16),
where a µ a = -ih µα - (α - 1)h µ, α -1 µ = 1,2,...,m α = 1,2,...,m + 1 and h _µ0 = h _µ, _m ₊₁ = 0.
where
and, from Eq. (81), α_µα = 0 for α>m + 1.
Substituting Eq. (82) into the first of Eqs. (73) yields
where L µ'µ = 1 k e ik(r µ' +r µ) A factor k is introduced into the integrals (and cancelled by the l/k in L _µ'µ) to make them dimensionless. The b ₂ integral is separated from the others because the upper limit yields an undefined term (which will later be cancelled by similar terms from M_ij and C_ij ). Formally, we shall write
The other integrals are well defined, so the limiting process only requires changing the upper limit from r and to ∞. Eq. (84) becomes
where
ξ = kr 1 , and

The G and I _β integrals can be evaluated by making the change of variable x = kr - ζ Eqs. (90) and (91) become

which are Fourier sine and cosine transforms that can be evaluated by standard algorithms available in many mathematics software packages.

• R (2) / m'm

From Eq.(16),
where
and h _µα = 0 for α > m. Substituting Eq. (95) into the second of Eqs. (73) and letting the upper limit be ∞, since all integrals are well defined, yields
where
The term 1 - (f/r)² > 0 because r ≥ r ₁ > f. Using Eq. (92) converts J _β to Fourier sine and cosine transforms,
which can be evaluated by the same mathematics software package used to evaluate G and I _β above.

• R (3) / m'm

Substituting Eq. (95) into the third of Eqs. (73) and letting the upper limit be ∞, since all integrals are well defined, yields

• R (4) / m'm

Substituting Eq. (95) into the fourth of Eqs. (73) and proceeding in the same manner as for R (1) / µ'µ (viz., separating the c ₂ integral from the others because the upper limit produces an undefined oscillatory term) yields
where
and
Again using Eq. (92) converts H to Fourier sine and cosine transforms,
which can also be evaluated by the same mathematics software package used to evaluate G,I _β and J _β above.

5. Radial functions on outer face

The radiation damping matrix, C_ij , in Eq. (71) includes the term
Using Eq. (95),
Taking the limit as r and→∞ eliminates all the c _β terms except c ₂, which contains an undefined oscillatory term:

6. Vanishing of undefined oscillatory terms

The expressions for all the radial integrals [Eqs. (87), (88), (97), (100), (101) and (102)] and the radial functions on the outer face [Eq. (106)] can now be substituted into the stiffness, mass and damping matrices in Eq. (71). Adding those three matrices together as in the element matrix equation, Eq. (59), yields [K] + iω[C] - ω 2 [M] = [K ∞] - ω2[M ∞] + undefined oscillatory terms where [K ^∞ ] and [M ^∞ ] comprise all the well-defined integrals and are summarized in the next section. The "undefined oscillatory terms" comprise all terms containing the expression
There are three such occurrences: Eqs. (87), (101) and (106), which contribute to [K], [C] and [M], respectively. Thus,
undefined oscillatory terms =
using ω = ck and c ² = B/ρ. From Eqs. (81) and (83),
b ₂ = a _µ'1 a _µ1 = - h _µ'1 h _µ1, and from Eq. (96), c ₂ = h _µ'1 h _µ1 = - b ₂ . Hence,
undefined oscillatory terms = 0. (109)
In words, the stiffness and mass matrices consist of two types of terms: those that are independent of the location of the outer face (the "well-defined" integrals) and those that do depend on its location and therefore oscillate as the face recedes to infinity. The damping matrix, which represents application of the Sommerfeld radiation condition to the outer face, is completely oscillatory. Eq. (109) states that the radiation condition exactly cancels the oscillatory terms in the stiffness and mass matrices.

7. Final expressions

From Eqs. (107) and (109) it follows that the final form of the element matrix equation for the infinite acoustic element is
where
The vector {D} is given in Eq. (58); it is zero in almost all practical applications. The angular integrals, A (i) / v'v i = 1,2,3,4, are given in Eq. (77). The radial integral are
and L _µ'µ, G, I _β, j _β, H, b_β, c _β, and ζ are given by Eqs. (85), (90), (91), (98), (103), (83), (96) and (89), respectively. Eqs. (83) and (96), in turn, need h _µα, which are determined by Eq. (20).
The radial integrals in Eq. (112) are identical for every infinite element in a mesh (because they are independent of angular variables and are along identical oblate radial paths, i.e., hyperbolas emanating from the same spheroid), so they only need to be evaluated once for a given problem; their computational cost is totally insignificant. Hence, the numerical integration required to generate [K ^∞ ] and [M ^∞] for each infinite element involves only the evaluation of the 2-D angular integrals, making these 3-D elements as cheap to generate as 2-D elements. In addition, since the frequency dependence of the element is contained only in the radial integrals, element generation during a frequency sweep is essentially free after the first frequency.

Claims

A method for operating a digital computer, having at least one digital memory and at least one data processing element, to simulate the acoustic behavior of a body surrounded by a fluid medium, the body having an outer surface, and the body subjected to given driving conditions, comprising:

a) subdividing at least the fluid medium into a pattern of elements, said pattern to be referred to as a mesh, and storing said mesh in the memory;

b) for each element of the mesh, computing a set of element matrix coefficients, and storing said coefficients in the memory;

c) assembling all of the element matrix coefficients into a system matrix, and storing the system matrix in the memory;

d) in the data processing element, solving the system matrix equation, thereby to create a description of the values assumed by an acoustic field variable throughout the mesh; and

e) recording the description in a data-storage device, wherein:

A. the subdividing step comprises:

f) constructing an inner boundary of the fluid medium, such that said inner boundary coincides with the outer surface of the body;

g) constructing an oblate spheroid, to be referred to as the bounding spheroid, which encloses the inner fluid boundary; and

h) filling a space surrounding the bounding spheroid with elements, to be referred to as infinite elements, wherein: (i) each infinite element is bounded by a base, at least three side faces, and an outer face; (ii) each respective base lies on the bounding spheroid; (iii) each respective outer face belongs to an oblate spheroidal surface confocal with the bounding spheroid; (iv) each respective side face is a locus of hyperbolas confocal with the bounding spheroid; and (v) the outer face recedes to an infinite oblate radius; and

B. the step of computing element matrix coefficients comprises:
i) applying the Helmholtz equation to an approximation of a multipole expansion of an acoustic field variable, said expansion expressed in oblate spheroidal coordinates r, , , wherein r is oblate radius,  is polar angle,  is circumferential angle, f is a radius of a focal circle, and said oblate spheroidal coordinates are related to Cartesian coordinates x, y, z via the transformations

x = rsin cos, y = rsinsin, z = r 2 - f 2 cos
The method of claim 1, wherein the subdividing step further comprises:
constructing at least one intermediate layer of finite elements between the inner fluid boundary and the bounding spheroid.
The method of claim 1, wherein the bounding spheroid coincides with the inner fluid boundary.
The method of claim 1, wherein the subdividing step further comprises:

a) constructing a geometrical representation of the body; and

b) subdividing the body representation into finite elements.
The method of claim 1, wherein the bounding spheroid is a minimal oblate spheroid about the inner fluid boundary.
The method of claim 1, wherein the step of computing element matrix coefficients is carried out in such a manner as to satisfy the Sommerfield radiation condition.
A machine for simulating the acoustic behavior of a body surrounded by a fluid medium, the body having an outer surface, and the body subjected to given driving conditions, comprising:

a) means for subdividing at least the fluid medium into a pattern of elements, said pattern to be referred to as a mesh;

b) a digital memory element for storing the mesh;

c) digital processing means for computing a set of element matrix coefficients for each element of the mesh;

d) a digital memory element for storing the element matrix coefficients, assembled from all of the elements, as a system matrix;

e) digital processing means for solving the system matrix, thereby to create a description of the values assumed by an acoustic field variable throughout the mesh; and

f) means for recording the resulting description of the acoustic field variable, wherein:

A. the subdividing means comprise:

g) means for constructing an inner boundary of the fluid medium, such that said inner boundary coincides with the outer surface of the body;

h) means for constructing an oblate spheroid, to be referred to as the bounding spheroid, which encloses the inner fluid boundary; and

i) means for filling a space surrounding the bounding spheroid with elements, to be referred to as infinite elements, wherein: (i) each infinite element is bounded by a base, at least three side faces, and an outer face; (ii) each respective base lies on the bounding spheroid; (iii) each respective outer face belongs to an oblate spheroidal surface confocal with the bounding spheroid; (iv) each respective side face is a locus of hyperbolas confocal with the bounding spheroid; and (v) the outer face recedes to an infinite oblate radius; and

B. the means for computing a set of element matrix coefficients comprise:
j) means for applying the Helmholtz equation to an approximation of a multipole expansion of an acoustic field variable, said expansion expressed in oblate spheroidal coordinates r, , , wherein r is oblate radius,  is polar angle,  is circumferential angle, f is a radius of a focal circle, and said oblate spheroidal coordinates are related to Cartesian coordinates x, y, z via the transformations x = rsin cos, y = rsinsin, z = r 2 - f 2 cos
The machine of claim 7, wherein the subdividing means further comprise:
means for constructing at least one intermediate layer of finite elements between the inner fluid boundary and the bounding spheroid.
The machine of claim 7, wherein the bounding spheroid coincides with the inner fluid boundary.
The machine of claim 7, wherein the subdividing means further comprise:

a) means for constructing a geometrical representation of the body; and

b) means for subdividing the body representation into finite elements.
The machine of claim 7, wherein the bounding spheroid is a minimal oblate spheroid about the inner fluid boundary.
The machine of claim 7, wherein the means for computing element matrix coefficients are constrained to satisfy the Sommerfeld radiation condition.