EP0726385A1 - Intake valve for combustion chamber in an internal combustion engine - Google Patents

Intake valve for combustion chamber in an internal combustion engine Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0726385A1
EP0726385A1 EP95114166A EP95114166A EP0726385A1 EP 0726385 A1 EP0726385 A1 EP 0726385A1 EP 95114166 A EP95114166 A EP 95114166A EP 95114166 A EP95114166 A EP 95114166A EP 0726385 A1 EP0726385 A1 EP 0726385A1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
valve
inlet
valve plate
inlet valve
fuel
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Granted
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EP95114166A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0726385B1 (en
Inventor
Assadollah Dipl.-Ing. Awarzamani
Thomas Dipl.-Ing. Wilfert
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L3/00—Lift-valve, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closure members having at least a component of their opening and closing motion perpendicular to the closing faces; Parts or accessories thereof
    • F01L3/20—Shapes or constructions of valve members, not provided for in preceding subgroups of this group

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an inlet valve for a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • An inlet valve is already known (DE-OS 36 00 067), which has a hollow shaft in which an outlet valve is slidably mounted.
  • the outlet valve has an outlet valve plate, which is part of an inlet valve plate of the inlet valve, in such a way that in the closed position of the outlet valve the outlet valve plate is flush with the inlet valve plate.
  • the exhaust valve plate In the open position of the exhaust valve, the exhaust valve plate is lifted off the intake valve plate in order to discharge the exhaust gases enclosed after combustion in a combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine via the hollow shaft of the intake valve from the combustion chamber.
  • the exhaust gases flow out of the hollow shaft of the inlet valve from a plurality of outlet openings which are slit-shaped and are excluded from an outer lateral surface of the hollow shaft.
  • the outlet valve is closed in order to draw in a fuel-air mixture from an inlet channel over the open inlet valve.
  • the fuel-air mixture is usually processed by a fuel injection valve, which delivers the fuel in the form of a fuel jet in the direction of the inlet valve.
  • the fuel leaving the fuel injection valve breaks down into the finest fuel droplets in order to produce a fuel-air mixture that is as homogeneous as possible. This can lead to condensation of the fuel droplets on the inner walls of the intake duct, on the inner walls of the combustion chamber and in particular on the valve plate of the intake valve, in particular when the internal combustion engine is cold or in the event of sudden load changes, a wall film of fuel being formed. Only relatively large fuel drops can detach from such a wall film, which then lead to a locally over-greased fuel-air mixture in the combustion chamber. An over-greased fuel-air mixture burns only incompletely, so that the proportion of harmful components in the exhaust gas increases accordingly.
  • the inlet valve according to the invention with the characterizing features of claim 1 has the advantage that a condensation of the fuel, for example, from a fuel injector, in particular on the valve plate of the inlet valve, is avoided in a simple manner. This advantageously prevents an increase in the harmful constituents in the exhaust gas, which otherwise takes place in particular during a cold start and the subsequent warm-up phase and in certain operating areas of the internal combustion engine. In addition, the fuel consumption of the internal combustion engine is also reduced with the intake valve designed according to the invention. Is an advantage also that the inlet valve according to the invention has an increased service life compared to the prior art.
  • the drawing shows a partial sectional view of an intake valve 1 designed according to the invention, which is provided in particular for a mixture-compressing, spark-ignition internal combustion engine.
  • the inlet valve 1 is accommodated in a cylinder head 3 of the internal combustion engine and, for example, is displaceably mounted in a valve guide sleeve 7.
  • the inlet valve 1 has a valve plate 12 which has a flat valve closing surface 17 facing a combustion chamber 20 of the internal combustion engine and a valve plate surface 14 facing away from the combustion chamber 20.
  • the valve plate surface 14 merges into a cylindrical shaft 9 of the inlet valve 1, which ends at an actuation end, not shown, outside the cylinder head 3.
  • a rocker arm for example, engages the actuating end of the shaft 9 in a known manner and brings the inlet valve 1 back into an open position and into a closed position by means of a valve spring.
  • the inlet valve 1 is shown in the drawing in its closed position, in which an annular portion of the valve plate surface 14 bears against an example conical valve seat 15.
  • the valve seat 15 is formed, for example, by a sleeve-shaped valve insert 16, which is introduced into the cylinder head 3, for example, by means of an interference fit.
  • a flow connection is released which connects an inlet channel 18 to the combustion chamber 20 of the internal combustion engine via the open inlet valve 1.
  • the inlet duct 18 is connected, for example, via a sealing ring 11 to an intake pipe 22 of the internal combustion engine.
  • the inlet valve 1 opens upon the downward movement of a piston which is displaceable in the combustion chamber 20, air being sucked in from the surroundings via the suction pipe 22.
  • fuel is mixed into the intake air in the intake pipe 22 in order to obtain an ignitable fuel-air mixture for subsequent combustion in the combustion chamber 20.
  • an electromagnetically actuated fuel injection valve 24 is provided, which is attached to the intake pipe 22, in order to deliver the fuel in the form of a more or less bundled, for example conical, fuel jet 25 in the direction of the intake valve 1 into the intake pipe 22 and the inlet channel 18.
  • the fuel injection valve 24, which is only partially shown in the drawing, is connected to a fuel feed pump 26 for supplying fuel, for example via a fuel distributor (a so-called fuel rail), which pumps the fuel from a fuel tank 27.
  • the fuel emitted by the fuel injector 3 breaks down downstream of the fuel injector 24 into the finest fuel droplets, which mix in the intake pipe 22 and in the inlet duct 18 with the flowing air, so that the most homogeneous fuel-air mixture possible.
  • the fuel-air mixture flows into the combustion chamber 20 when the inlet valve 1 is open, is ignited and burns there with the inlet valve 1 closed.
  • the inlet valve 1 has a stem 9 which, according to the invention, is not solid, but has a cavity 28 in its interior.
  • the cavity 28 has an elongated shape and is removed from the shaft 9, for example, by drilling.
  • the cavity 28 extends from a transition region 31 between the valve plate surface 14 and the stem 9 in the direction of a longitudinal valve axis 5 of the inlet valve 1 and ends in the valve guide sleeve 7 when the inlet valve 1 is closed.
  • the stem 9 has at least one inlet stem opening 30 which leads into the cavity 28 from an outer lateral surface 34 of the stem 9.
  • the valve guide sleeve 7 also has an opening 36 which leads from an inner surface 37 to an outer surface 38 of the valve guide sleeve 7.
  • the valve guide opening 36 is, for example, by drilling out of the valve guide sleeve 7 except and extends, for example, transversely to the valve longitudinal axis 5 of the inlet valve 1.
  • the valve guide opening 36 of the valve guide sleeve 7 is connected to a pressure line 41 via a corresponding cylinder opening 40 in the cylinder head 3.
  • the pressure line 41 is connected, for example, to an electromagnetically actuated two-way valve 44.
  • the two-way valve 44 is connected to a compressed air tank 45 via a connection pressure line 42.
  • the compressed air tank 45 is connected via a compressed air tank line 46 to a pump device 47, for example.
  • the pump device 47 is designed, for example, in the form of a diaphragm-driven air pump, in which the pressure fluctuations generated in a crankshaft housing of the internal combustion engine by a piston due to its upward and downward movements are used to pump a gaseous medium, in particular air.
  • the compressed air tank 45 can be refilled with air by the pump device 47 in certain operating ranges in order to provide sufficient compressed air in the compressed air tank 45 for supplying compressed air.
  • the pressure provided by the compressed air tank 45 is applied to the valve guide opening 36 of the valve guide sleeve 7 via the connection pressure line 42, the pressure line 41 and the cylinder opening 40.
  • valve guide opening 36 of the valve guide sleeve 7 As shown in the drawing, in the closed position of the inlet valve 1 there is an axial distance from the valve guide opening 36 of the valve guide sleeve 7 to the inlet shaft opening 30 of the shaft 9, the valve guide opening 36 being closer to the combustion chamber 20 than is the inlet shaft opening 30 of the shaft 9 the case is. Furthermore, in the transition region 31 between the shaft 9 and the valve plate surface 14, at least one outlet opening 50 is provided on the valve plate 12, which is, for example, transverse to Valve longitudinal axis 5 is excluded from the valve plate surface 14 in order to establish a flow connection with the cavity 28 of the stem 9.
  • the axial distance between the valve guide opening 36 and the inlet shaft opening 30 and their opening cross sections are selected such that when the transition from the closed position into the open position of the inlet valve 1, in particular in the area of the maximum open position of the inlet valve 1, there is a coverage of the inlet shaft opening 30 with the valve guide opening 36 comes that completely open into one another in the maximum open position of the inlet valve 1.
  • compressed air flows from the pressure vessel 45 via the connection pressure line 42, the open two-way valve 44 into the pressure line 41 and via the cylinder opening 40 into the valve guide opening 36 into the cavity 28 and out through the at least one outlet opening 50 the valve plate surface 14 again.
  • a plurality of inlet shaft openings 30 are provided on the circumference of the outer circumferential surface 34 of the shaft 9, so that even when the inlet valve 1 rotates, there is a flow connection of the valve guide opening 36 with at least one of the plurality of inlet shaft openings 30. It is also conceivable to provide a plurality of valve guide openings 36 on the circumference of the outer surface 38 of the valve guide sleeve 7, which then correspond to, for example, a plurality of slit-shaped inlet shaft openings 30 in order to always establish a flow connection from the compressed air tank 45 to the outlet opening 50 of the inlet valve 1 when the inlet valve 1 is in the open position. It is also possible for a circumferential groove to be formed in the region of the valve guide opening 36 on the inner surface 37, with which the inlet shaft opening 30 can overlap in any rotational position of the inlet valve 1 in the open position.
  • an air film is formed in the open position of the inlet valve 1, which essentially surrounds the valve plate 12.
  • the air film prevents condensation of fuel droplets that would otherwise occur, particularly in the cold state of the internal combustion engine and in certain operating areas of the internal combustion engine, which then accumulate in particular on the valve plate surface 14.
  • outlet openings 50 are also possible to provide, instead of or in addition to the outlet openings 50 in the transition region 31, further outlet openings 50 which are excluded, for example, from the valve plate surface 14 or from the outer lateral surface 34 of the shaft 9, in particular in the vicinity of the valve plate 12.
  • the outlet openings 50 can also be arranged in such a way that a plurality of outlet openings 50 perforate the valve plate surface 14 in a sieve shape. The compressed air emerging from the plurality of outlet openings 50 creates a particularly uniform air film, which then surrounds the entire valve plate surface 14 with the valve plate 12.
  • valve plate surface 14 with a rough surface which swirls the compressed air emerging from an outlet opening 50 or, for example, from a plurality of outlet openings 50, on the rough surface in such a way that an air flow forms around the valve plate 12.
  • the production of a rough surface of the valve plate surface 14 can for example by a sintering process in which a metal layer is applied to the valve plate surface 14 in order to produce a rough surface.
  • the outlet openings 50 and the rough surface of the valve plate surface 14 it is also possible to form the inlet valve 1 in two parts, a part consisting, for example, of the stem 9 and a part of the valve plate 12, which after the separate machining of the stem 9 and valve plate 12 can be put together again.
  • the blowing out of the compressed air at the inlet valve 1 is provided in particular during the cold start phase and the subsequent warm-up phase and in certain operating areas of the internal combustion engine.
  • the time of the compressed air supply is controllable on the one hand depending on the selected distance of the at least one valve guide opening 36 to the at least one inlet shaft opening 30 and on the other hand by the two-way valve 44.
  • the two-way valve 44 is connected, for example, via an electrical connecting line 52 to an electronic control device 53, which only brings the two-way valve 44 into an open position in certain operating areas, in particular in the cold start phase of the internal combustion engine, in order to blow compressed air out of the inlet valve 1 .
  • the compressed air supply is provided in particular during the first 120 seconds after the internal combustion engine has started.
  • the compressed air emitted via the valve plate surface 14 of the valve plate 12 also has the effect that an improved mixing of the fuel emitted by the fuel injection valve 24 takes place, in particular in the combustion chamber 20. This leads to an optimal combustion of the fuel in the combustion chamber 20, which also reduces the fuel consumption of the internal combustion engine.
  • the intake valve 1 is cooled by the compressed air flowing in the cavity 28 and flowing out of the valve plate 12, so that its thermal load, in particular when the internal combustion engine is fully loaded, is reduced, which increases the service life of the intake valve 1, among other things.

Abstract

The inlet valve where the gaseous medium flows into the hollow space (28) via an inlet shaft opening (30) is provided in the shaft (9). The medium flows out again via an outlet opening (50) which is provided on the side of the inlet valve (1) turned away from the combustion chamber (20). An outlet opening is provided in a transition region (31) between the valve disc (12) and the shaft. The outlet opening is in the valve disc surface (14).

Description

Stand der TechnikState of the art

Die Erfindung geht aus von einem Einlaßventil für einen Brennraum einer Brennkraftmaschine nach der Gattung des Anspruchs 1. Es ist bereits eine Einlaßventil bekannt (DE-OS 36 00 067), das einen hohlen Schaft aufweist, in welchem ein Auslaßventil verschiebbar gelagert ist. Das Auslaßventil besitzt einen Auslaßventilteller, der Teil eines Einlaßventiltellers des Einlaßventils ist, und zwar der Art, daß in Schließstellung des Auslaßventils der Auslaßventilteller bündig mit dem Einlaßventilteller abschließt. In Offenstellung des Auslaßventils ist der Auslaßventilteller vom Einlaßventilteller abgehoben, um die nach der Verbrennung in einem Brennraum der Brennkraftmaschine eingeschlossenen Abgase über den hohlen Schaft des Einlaßventils aus dem Brennraum abzuführen. Die Abgase strömen dabei aus dem hohlen Schaft des Einlaßventils aus mehreren Auslaßöffnungen aus, die schlitzförmig aus einer äußeren Mantelfläche des hohlen Schaftes ausgenommen sind. Bei geöffnetem Einlaßventil ist das Auslaßventil geschlossen, um über das offene Einlaßventil hinweg ein Brennstoff-Luft-Gemisch aus einem Einlaßkanal anzusaugen.The invention relates to an inlet valve for a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine according to the preamble of claim 1. An inlet valve is already known (DE-OS 36 00 067), which has a hollow shaft in which an outlet valve is slidably mounted. The outlet valve has an outlet valve plate, which is part of an inlet valve plate of the inlet valve, in such a way that in the closed position of the outlet valve the outlet valve plate is flush with the inlet valve plate. In the open position of the exhaust valve, the exhaust valve plate is lifted off the intake valve plate in order to discharge the exhaust gases enclosed after combustion in a combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine via the hollow shaft of the intake valve from the combustion chamber. The exhaust gases flow out of the hollow shaft of the inlet valve from a plurality of outlet openings which are slit-shaped and are excluded from an outer lateral surface of the hollow shaft. When the inlet valve is open, the outlet valve is closed in order to draw in a fuel-air mixture from an inlet channel over the open inlet valve.

Das Brennstoff-Luft-Gemisch wird üblicherweise von einem Brennstoffeinspritzventil aufbereitet, das den Brennstoff in Form eines Brennstoffstrahls in Richtung des Einlaßventils abgibt. Der das Brennstoffeinspritzventil verlassende Brennstoff zerfällt dabei in feinste Brennstofftröpfchen, um ein möglichst homogenes Brennstoff-Luft-Gemisch zu erzeugen. Dabei kann es, insbesondere im kalten Zustand der Brennkraftmaschine oder bei plötzlichen Lastwechseln, zu einer Kondensation der Brennstofftröpfchen an Innenwandungen des Einlaßkanals, an Innenwänden des Brennraums und insbesondere am Ventilteller des Einlaßventils kommen, wobei sich ein Wandfilm aus Brennstoff bildet. Aus einem derartigen Wandfilm können sich nur relativ große Brennstofftropfen ablösen, die dann im Brennraum zu einem lokal überfetteten Brennstoff-Luft-Gemisch führen. Ein überfettetes Brennstoff-Luft-Gemisch verbrennt jedoch nur unvollständig, so daß sich der Anteil schädlicher Bestandteile im Abgas dementsprechend erhöht.The fuel-air mixture is usually processed by a fuel injection valve, which delivers the fuel in the form of a fuel jet in the direction of the inlet valve. The fuel leaving the fuel injection valve breaks down into the finest fuel droplets in order to produce a fuel-air mixture that is as homogeneous as possible. This can lead to condensation of the fuel droplets on the inner walls of the intake duct, on the inner walls of the combustion chamber and in particular on the valve plate of the intake valve, in particular when the internal combustion engine is cold or in the event of sudden load changes, a wall film of fuel being formed. Only relatively large fuel drops can detach from such a wall film, which then lead to a locally over-greased fuel-air mixture in the combustion chamber. An over-greased fuel-air mixture burns only incompletely, so that the proportion of harmful components in the exhaust gas increases accordingly.

Vorteile der ErfindungAdvantages of the invention

Das erfindungsgemäße Einlaßventil mit den kennzeichnenden Merkmalen des Anspruchs 1 hat demgegenüber den Vorteil, daß auf einfache Art und Weise eine Kondensation des beispielsweise von einem Brennstoffeinspritzventil abgegebenen Brennstoffs, insbesondere am Ventilteller des Einlaßventils, vermieden wird. Vorteilhafterweise wird dadurch eine insbesondere während eines Kaltstarts und der nachfolgenden Warmlaufphase sowie bei bestimmten Betriebsbereichen der Brennkraftmaschine ansonsten stattfindende Erhöhung der schädlichen Bestandteile im Abgas verhindert. Darüber hinaus verringert sich mit dem erfindungsgemäß ausgebildeten Einlaßventil auch der Brennstoffverbrauch der Brennkraftmaschine. Von Vorteil ist ebenfalls, daß das erfindungsgemäße Einlaßventil gegenüber dem Stand der Technik eine erhöhte Lebensdauer aufweist.The inlet valve according to the invention with the characterizing features of claim 1 has the advantage that a condensation of the fuel, for example, from a fuel injector, in particular on the valve plate of the inlet valve, is avoided in a simple manner. This advantageously prevents an increase in the harmful constituents in the exhaust gas, which otherwise takes place in particular during a cold start and the subsequent warm-up phase and in certain operating areas of the internal combustion engine. In addition, the fuel consumption of the internal combustion engine is also reduced with the intake valve designed according to the invention. Is an advantage also that the inlet valve according to the invention has an increased service life compared to the prior art.

Durch die in den Unteransprüchen aufgeführten Maßnahmen sind vorteilhafte Weiterbildungen und Verbesserungen des im Anspruch 1 angegebenen Einlaßventils möglich.Advantageous further developments and improvements of the inlet valve specified in claim 1 are possible through the measures listed in the subclaims.

Zeichnungdrawing

Ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung ist in der Zeichnung vereinfacht dargestellt und in der nachfolgenden Beschreibung näher erläutert.An embodiment of the invention is shown in simplified form in the drawing and explained in more detail in the following description.

Beschreibung des AusführungsbeispielsDescription of the embodiment

Die Zeichnung zeigt in teilweiser Schnittdarstellung ein erfindungsgemäß gestaltetes Einlaßventil 1, das insbesondere für eine gemischverdichtende, fremdgezündete Brennkraftmaschine vorgesehen ist. Das Einlaßventil 1 ist in einem Zylinderkopf 3 der Brennkraftmaschine untergebracht und beispielsweise in einer Ventilführungshülse 7 verschiebbar gelagert. Das Einlaßventil 1 besitzt einen Ventilteller 12, der eine einem Brennraum 20 der Brennkraftmaschine zugewandte, ebene Ventilschließfläche 17 und eine dem Brennraum 20 abgewandte Ventiltellerfläche 14 hat. Die Ventiltellerfläche 14 geht mit Krümmung in einen zylindrischen Schaft 9 des Einlaßventils 1 über, der an einem nicht näher dargestellten Betätigungsende außerhalb des Zylinderkopfes 3 endet. Zur Betätigung des Einlaßventils 1 greift in bekannter Weise am Betätigungsende des Schaftes 9 beispielsweise ein Kipphebel an, der das Einlaßventil 1 in eine Offen- und mittels einer Ventilfeder in eine Schließstellung zurückbringt.The drawing shows a partial sectional view of an intake valve 1 designed according to the invention, which is provided in particular for a mixture-compressing, spark-ignition internal combustion engine. The inlet valve 1 is accommodated in a cylinder head 3 of the internal combustion engine and, for example, is displaceably mounted in a valve guide sleeve 7. The inlet valve 1 has a valve plate 12 which has a flat valve closing surface 17 facing a combustion chamber 20 of the internal combustion engine and a valve plate surface 14 facing away from the combustion chamber 20. The valve plate surface 14 merges into a cylindrical shaft 9 of the inlet valve 1, which ends at an actuation end, not shown, outside the cylinder head 3. To actuate the inlet valve 1, a rocker arm, for example, engages the actuating end of the shaft 9 in a known manner and brings the inlet valve 1 back into an open position and into a closed position by means of a valve spring.

Das Einlaßventil 1 ist in der Zeichnung in seiner Schließstellung dargestellt, bei der ein ringförmiger Abschnitt der Ventiltellerfläche 14 an einem beispielsweise konisch ausgebildeten Ventilsitz 15 anliegt. Der Ventilsitz 15 wird zum Beispiel von einem hülsenförmigen Ventileinsatz 16 gebildet, der beispielsweise mittels einer Preßpassung in den Zylinderkopf 3 eingebracht ist. In Offenstellung des Einlaßventils 1 mit vom Ventilsitz 15 abgehobener Ventiltellerfläche 14 wird eine Strömungsverbindung freigegeben, die über das offene Einlaßventil 1 einen Einlaßkanal 18 mit dem Brennraum 20 der Brennkraftmaschine verbindet.The inlet valve 1 is shown in the drawing in its closed position, in which an annular portion of the valve plate surface 14 bears against an example conical valve seat 15. The valve seat 15 is formed, for example, by a sleeve-shaped valve insert 16, which is introduced into the cylinder head 3, for example, by means of an interference fit. In the open position of the inlet valve 1 with the valve plate surface 14 lifted off from the valve seat 15, a flow connection is released which connects an inlet channel 18 to the combustion chamber 20 of the internal combustion engine via the open inlet valve 1.

Der Einlaßkanal 18 ist beispielsweise über einen Dichtring 11 mit einem Ansaugrohr 22 der Brennkraftmaschine verbunden. Das Einlaßventil 1 öffnet bekanntermaßen bei der nach unten gerichteten Bewegung eines im Brennraum 20 verschiebbaren Kolbens, wobei Luft über das Ansaugrohr 22 aus der Umgebung angesaugt wird. Der angesaugten Luft wird beispielsweise im Ansaugrohr 22 Brennstoff zugemischt, um zur nachfolgenden Verbrennung im Brennraum 20 ein zündfähiges Brennstoff-Luft-Gemisch zu erhalten. Zur Brennstoffaufbereitung ist beispielsweise ein elektromagnetisch betätigbares Brennstoffeinspritzventil 24 vorgesehen, das am Ansaugrohr 22 angebracht ist, um den Brennstoff in Form eines mehr oder weniger gebündelten, beispielsweise kegelförmigen Brennstoffstrahls 25 in Richtung des Einlaßventils 1 in das Ansaugrohr 22 und den Einlaßkanal 18 abzugeben. Das in der Zeichnung nur teilweise dargestellte Brennstoffeinspritzventil 24 ist zur Brennstoffversorgung beispielsweise über einen Brennstoffverteiler (ein sogenanntes Fuel-Rail) an einer Brennstofförderpumpe 26 angeschlossen, die den Brennstoff aus einem Brennstoffbehälter 27 fördert.The inlet duct 18 is connected, for example, via a sealing ring 11 to an intake pipe 22 of the internal combustion engine. As is known, the inlet valve 1 opens upon the downward movement of a piston which is displaceable in the combustion chamber 20, air being sucked in from the surroundings via the suction pipe 22. For example, fuel is mixed into the intake air in the intake pipe 22 in order to obtain an ignitable fuel-air mixture for subsequent combustion in the combustion chamber 20. For fuel preparation, for example, an electromagnetically actuated fuel injection valve 24 is provided, which is attached to the intake pipe 22, in order to deliver the fuel in the form of a more or less bundled, for example conical, fuel jet 25 in the direction of the intake valve 1 into the intake pipe 22 and the inlet channel 18. The fuel injection valve 24, which is only partially shown in the drawing, is connected to a fuel feed pump 26 for supplying fuel, for example via a fuel distributor (a so-called fuel rail), which pumps the fuel from a fuel tank 27.

Der vom Brennstoffeinspritzventil 3 abgegebene Brennstoff zerfällt stromabwärts des Brennstoffeinspritzventils 24 in feinste Brennstofftröpfchen, die sich im Ansaugrohr 22 und im Einlaßkanal 18 mit der strömenden Luft vermischen, so daß ein möglichst homogenes Brennstoff-Luft-Gemisch entsteht. Das Brennstoff-Luft-Gemisch strömt bei offenem Einlaßventil 1 in den Brennraum 20 ein, wird gezündet und verbrennt dort bei geschlossenem Einlaßventil 1. Um insbesondere in der Kaltstartphase und der nachfolgenden Warmlaufphase sowie bei bestimmten Betriebsbereichen der Brennkraftmaschine eine möglichst vollständige Verbrennung des Brennstoff-Luft-Gemisches zu erhalten, muß ein Kondensieren des vom Brennstoffeinspritzventil 24 abgegebenen Brennstoffs an Wänden des Ansaugrohres 22, an Wänden des Einlaßkanals 18, an Innenwänden des Brennraums 20 und insbesondere am Einlaßventil 1 an der Ventiltellerfläche 14 verhindert werden. Hierzu besitzt das Einlaßventil 1 einen Schaft 9, der erfindungsgemäß nicht massiv ausgebildet ist, sondern einen Hohlraum 28 in seinem Inneren aufweist. Der Hohlraum 28 hat eine längliche Form und ist beispielsweise durch Bohren aus dem Schaft 9 ausgenommen. Der Hohlraum 28 erstreckt sich ausgehend von einem Übergangsbereich 31 zwischen Ventiltellerfläche 14 und Schaft 9 in Richtung einer Ventillängsachse 5 des Einlaßventils 1 und endet im geschlossenen Zustand des Einlaßventils 1 in der Ventilführungshülse 7.The fuel emitted by the fuel injector 3 breaks down downstream of the fuel injector 24 into the finest fuel droplets, which mix in the intake pipe 22 and in the inlet duct 18 with the flowing air, so that the most homogeneous fuel-air mixture possible. The fuel-air mixture flows into the combustion chamber 20 when the inlet valve 1 is open, is ignited and burns there with the inlet valve 1 closed. In order, in particular in the cold start phase and the subsequent warm-up phase and in certain operating areas of the internal combustion engine, the fuel-air is burned as completely as possible To obtain a mixture, condensation of the fuel discharged from the fuel injection valve 24 must be prevented on the walls of the intake pipe 22, on the walls of the inlet duct 18, on the inner walls of the combustion chamber 20 and in particular on the inlet valve 1 on the valve plate surface 14. For this purpose, the inlet valve 1 has a stem 9 which, according to the invention, is not solid, but has a cavity 28 in its interior. The cavity 28 has an elongated shape and is removed from the shaft 9, for example, by drilling. The cavity 28 extends from a transition region 31 between the valve plate surface 14 and the stem 9 in the direction of a longitudinal valve axis 5 of the inlet valve 1 and ends in the valve guide sleeve 7 when the inlet valve 1 is closed.

An einem in der Ventilführungshülse 7 gelegenen Endbereich 29 des Hohlraums 28 besitzt der Schaft 9 zumindest eine Einlaßschaftöffnung 30, die von einer äußeren Mantelfläche 34 des Schaftes 9 in den Hohlraum 28 führt. Die Ventilführungshülse 7 besitzt ebenfalls eine Öffnung 36, die von einer Innenfläche 37 zu einer Außenfläche 38 der Ventilführungshülse 7 führt. Die Ventilführungsöffnung 36 ist beispielsweise durch Bohren aus der Ventilführungshülse 7 ausgenommen und erstreckt sich zum Beispiel quer zur Ventillängsachse 5 des Einlaßventils 1. Die Ventilführungsöffnung 36 der Ventilführungshülse 7 ist über eine korrespondierende Zylinderöffnung 40 im Zylinderkopf 3 mit einer Druckleitung 41 verbunden. Die Druckleitung 41 ist mit einem beispielsweise elektromagnetisch betätigbaren Zweiwege-Ventil 44 verbunden. Das Zweiwege-Ventil 44 ist über eine Anschlußdruckleitung 42 an einen Druckluftbehälter 45 angeschlossen. Der Druckluftbehälter 45 ist über eine Druckluftbehälterleitung 46 zum Beispiel an eine Pumpvorrichtung 47 angeschlossen. Die Pumpvorrichtung 47 ist beispielsweise in Form einer membranangetriebenen Luftpumpe ausgebildet, bei der die in einem Kurbelwellengehäuse der Brennkraftmaschine von einem Kolben durch seine Auf- und Abwärtsbewegungen erzeugten Druckschwankungen zum Pumpen eines gasförmigen Mediums, insbesondere von Luft, ausgenutzt werden. Der Druckluftbehälter 45 kann bei laufender Brennkraftmaschine in bestimmten Betriebsbereichen von der Pumpvorrichtung 47 mit Luft nachgefüllt werden, um zur Druckluftversorgung ausreichend Druckluft im Druckluftbehälter 45 bereitzustellen. In Offenstellung des Zweiwege-Ventils 44 steht der vom Druckluftbehälter 45 bereitgestellte Druck über die Anschlußdruckleitung 42, die Druckleitung 41 und über die Zylinderöffnung 40 an der Ventilführungsöffnung 36 der Ventilführungshülse 7 an.At an end region 29 of the cavity 28 located in the valve guide sleeve 7, the stem 9 has at least one inlet stem opening 30 which leads into the cavity 28 from an outer lateral surface 34 of the stem 9. The valve guide sleeve 7 also has an opening 36 which leads from an inner surface 37 to an outer surface 38 of the valve guide sleeve 7. The valve guide opening 36 is, for example, by drilling out of the valve guide sleeve 7 except and extends, for example, transversely to the valve longitudinal axis 5 of the inlet valve 1. The valve guide opening 36 of the valve guide sleeve 7 is connected to a pressure line 41 via a corresponding cylinder opening 40 in the cylinder head 3. The pressure line 41 is connected, for example, to an electromagnetically actuated two-way valve 44. The two-way valve 44 is connected to a compressed air tank 45 via a connection pressure line 42. The compressed air tank 45 is connected via a compressed air tank line 46 to a pump device 47, for example. The pump device 47 is designed, for example, in the form of a diaphragm-driven air pump, in which the pressure fluctuations generated in a crankshaft housing of the internal combustion engine by a piston due to its upward and downward movements are used to pump a gaseous medium, in particular air. The compressed air tank 45 can be refilled with air by the pump device 47 in certain operating ranges in order to provide sufficient compressed air in the compressed air tank 45 for supplying compressed air. In the open position of the two-way valve 44, the pressure provided by the compressed air tank 45 is applied to the valve guide opening 36 of the valve guide sleeve 7 via the connection pressure line 42, the pressure line 41 and the cylinder opening 40.

Wie in der Zeichnung dargestellt ist, ist in Schließstellung des Einlaßventils 1 ein axialer Abstand von der Ventilführungsöffnung 36 der Ventilführungshülse 7 zur Einlaßschaftöffnung 30 des Schaftes 9 vorhanden, wobei die Ventilführungsöffnung 36 näher am Brennraum 20 liegt, als dies bei der Einlaßschaftöffnung 30 des Schaftes 9 der Fall ist. Weiterhin ist im Übergangsbereich 31 zwischen Schaft 9 und Ventiltellerfläche 14 zumindest eine Auslaßöffnung 50 am Ventilteller 12 vorgesehen, die beispielsweise quer zur Ventillängsachse 5 aus der Ventiltellerfläche 14 ausgenommen ist, um eine Strömungsverbindung mit dem Hohlraum 28 des Schaftes 9 herzustellen. Der axiale Abstand der Ventilführungsöffnung 36 zur Einlaßschaftöffnung 30 sowie deren Öffnungsquerschnitte sind derart gewählt, daß es beim Übergang von der Schließstellung in die Offenstellung des Einlaßventils 1, insbesondere im Bereich der maximalen Offenstellung des Einlaßventils 1, zu einer Überdeckung der Einlaßschaftöffnung 30 mit der Ventilführungsöffnung 36 kommt, die in maximaler Offenstellung des Einlaßventil 1 vollständig ineinander münden. Bei sich überdeckenden Öffnungen 30, 36 strömt Druckluft vom Druckbehälter 45 über die Anschlußdruckleitung 42, das offen geschaltete Zweiwege-Ventil 44 in die Druckleitung 41 und über die Zylinderöffnung 40 in die Ventilführungsöffnung 36 in den Hohlraum 28 ein und über die zumindest eine Auslaßöffnung 50 aus der Ventiltellerfläche 14 wieder aus. Vorzugsweise sind mehrere Einlaßschaftöffnungen 30 am Umfang der äußeren Mantelfläche 34 des Schaftes 9 vorgesehen, so daß auch bei einer Rotation des Einlaßventils 1 eine Strömungsverbindung der Ventilführungsöffnung 36 mit zumindest einer der mehreren Einlaßschaftöffnungen 30 vorhanden ist. Es ist auch denkbar, am Umfang der Außenfläche 38 der Ventilführungshülse 7 mehrere Ventilführungsöffnungen 36 vorzusehen, die dann mit beispielsweise mehreren, schlitzförmigen Einlaßschaftöffnungen 30 korrespondieren, um in Offenstellung des Einlaßventils 1 stets eine Strömungsverbindung vom Druckluftbehälter 45 zur Auslaßöffnung 50 des Einlaßventils 1 herzustellen. Es ist auch möglich, daß im Bereich der Ventilführungsöffnung 36 an der Innenfläche 37 eine umlaufende Nut ausgebildet ist, mit der sich in Offenstellung die Einlaßschaftöffnung 30 in jeder Drehstellung des Einlaßventils 1 überdecken kann.As shown in the drawing, in the closed position of the inlet valve 1 there is an axial distance from the valve guide opening 36 of the valve guide sleeve 7 to the inlet shaft opening 30 of the shaft 9, the valve guide opening 36 being closer to the combustion chamber 20 than is the inlet shaft opening 30 of the shaft 9 the case is. Furthermore, in the transition region 31 between the shaft 9 and the valve plate surface 14, at least one outlet opening 50 is provided on the valve plate 12, which is, for example, transverse to Valve longitudinal axis 5 is excluded from the valve plate surface 14 in order to establish a flow connection with the cavity 28 of the stem 9. The axial distance between the valve guide opening 36 and the inlet shaft opening 30 and their opening cross sections are selected such that when the transition from the closed position into the open position of the inlet valve 1, in particular in the area of the maximum open position of the inlet valve 1, there is a coverage of the inlet shaft opening 30 with the valve guide opening 36 comes that completely open into one another in the maximum open position of the inlet valve 1. With overlapping openings 30, 36, compressed air flows from the pressure vessel 45 via the connection pressure line 42, the open two-way valve 44 into the pressure line 41 and via the cylinder opening 40 into the valve guide opening 36 into the cavity 28 and out through the at least one outlet opening 50 the valve plate surface 14 again. Preferably, a plurality of inlet shaft openings 30 are provided on the circumference of the outer circumferential surface 34 of the shaft 9, so that even when the inlet valve 1 rotates, there is a flow connection of the valve guide opening 36 with at least one of the plurality of inlet shaft openings 30. It is also conceivable to provide a plurality of valve guide openings 36 on the circumference of the outer surface 38 of the valve guide sleeve 7, which then correspond to, for example, a plurality of slit-shaped inlet shaft openings 30 in order to always establish a flow connection from the compressed air tank 45 to the outlet opening 50 of the inlet valve 1 when the inlet valve 1 is in the open position. It is also possible for a circumferential groove to be formed in the region of the valve guide opening 36 on the inner surface 37, with which the inlet shaft opening 30 can overlap in any rotational position of the inlet valve 1 in the open position.

Durch die im Bereich der Ventiltellerfläche 14 aus zumindest einer Auslaßöffnung 50 ausströmende Druckluft bildet sich in Offenstellung des Einlaßventils 1 ein Luftfilm, der im wesentlichen den Ventilteller 12 umgibt. Der Luftfilm verhindert, daß es insbesondere im kalten Zustand der Brennkraftmaschine sowie in bestimmten Betriebsbereichen der Brennkraftmaschine zu einer ansonsten stattfindenden Kondensation von Brennstofftröpfchen kommt, die sich dann insbesondere an der Ventiltellerfläche 14 anlagern. Wie in der Zeichnung dargestellt ist, ist es auch möglich, mehrere Auslaßöffnungen 50 aus der Ventiltellerfläche 14 auszunehmen, die zum Beispiel vom Übergangsbereich 31 zwischen Ventiltellerfläche 14 und Schaft 9 radial zum Hohlraum 28 führen, um durch die ausströmende Luft einen besonders gleichmäßigen Luftfilm an der Ventiltellerfläche 14 zu erzeugen. Es ist auch möglich, anstelle oder zusätzlich zu den Auslaßöffnungen 50 im Übergangsbereich 31 weitere Auslaßöffnungen 50 vorzusehen, die beispielsweise aus der Ventiltellerfläche 14 oder aus der äußeren Mantelfläche 34 des Schaftes 9, insbesondere in der Nähe des Ventiltellers 12, ausgenommen sind. Die Anordnung der Auslaßöffnungen 50 kann auch derart erfolgen, daß eine Vielzahl von Auslaßöffnungen 50 siebförmig die Ventiltellerfläche 14 durchlöchern. Die aus der Vielzahl von Auslaßöffnungen 50 austretende Druckluft erzeugt einen besonders gleichmäßigen Luftfilm, der dann die ganze Ventiltellerfläche 14 mit dem Ventilteller 12 umgibt.Due to the compressed air flowing out of at least one outlet opening 50 in the area of the valve plate surface 14, an air film is formed in the open position of the inlet valve 1, which essentially surrounds the valve plate 12. The air film prevents condensation of fuel droplets that would otherwise occur, particularly in the cold state of the internal combustion engine and in certain operating areas of the internal combustion engine, which then accumulate in particular on the valve plate surface 14. As shown in the drawing, it is also possible to remove a plurality of outlet openings 50 from the valve plate surface 14, which, for example, lead radially from the transition region 31 between the valve plate surface 14 and the shaft 9 to the cavity 28, in order to ensure a particularly uniform air film on the air flowing out To produce valve plate surface 14. It is also possible to provide, instead of or in addition to the outlet openings 50 in the transition region 31, further outlet openings 50 which are excluded, for example, from the valve plate surface 14 or from the outer lateral surface 34 of the shaft 9, in particular in the vicinity of the valve plate 12. The outlet openings 50 can also be arranged in such a way that a plurality of outlet openings 50 perforate the valve plate surface 14 in a sieve shape. The compressed air emerging from the plurality of outlet openings 50 creates a particularly uniform air film, which then surrounds the entire valve plate surface 14 with the valve plate 12.

Es ist aber auch möglich, die Ventiltellerfläche 14 mit einer rauhen Oberfläche auszubilden, welche die aus einer Auslaßöffnung 50 oder beispielsweise aus mehreren Auslaßöffnungen 50 austretende Druckluft an der rauhen Oberfläche derart verwirbelt, daß sich ein Luftstrom um den Ventilteller 12 herum ausbildet. Die Herstellung einer rauhen Oberfläche der Ventiltellerfläche 14 kann beispielsweise durch einen Sinterprozeß erfolgen, bei dem eine Metallschicht auf die Ventiltellerfläche 14 aufgebracht wird, um eine rauhe Oberfläche zu erzeugen. Zur Herstellung der Auslaßöffnungen 50 und der rauhen Oberfläche der Ventiltellerfläche 14 ist es auch möglich, das Einlaßventil 1 zweiteilig auszubilden, wobei ein Teil beispielsweise aus dem Schaft 9 und ein Teil aus dem Ventilteller 12 besteht, die nach der getrennten Bearbeitung von Schaft 9 und Ventilteller 12 wieder zusammengefügt werden.However, it is also possible to form the valve plate surface 14 with a rough surface which swirls the compressed air emerging from an outlet opening 50 or, for example, from a plurality of outlet openings 50, on the rough surface in such a way that an air flow forms around the valve plate 12. The production of a rough surface of the valve plate surface 14 can for example by a sintering process in which a metal layer is applied to the valve plate surface 14 in order to produce a rough surface. To produce the outlet openings 50 and the rough surface of the valve plate surface 14, it is also possible to form the inlet valve 1 in two parts, a part consisting, for example, of the stem 9 and a part of the valve plate 12, which after the separate machining of the stem 9 and valve plate 12 can be put together again.

Das Ausblasen der Druckluft am Einlaßventil 1 ist insbesondere während der Kaltstartphase und der nachfolgenden Warmlaufphase sowie in bestimmten Betriebsbereichen der Brennkraftmaschine vorgesehen. Der Zeitpunkt der Druckluftzufuhr ist einerseits abhängig vom gewählten Abstand der wenigstens einen Ventilführungsöffnung 36 zur wenigstens einen Einlaßschaftöffnung 30 und andererseits vom Zweiwege-Ventil 44 steuerbar. Das Zweiwege-Ventil 44 ist hierzu beispielsweise über eine elektrische Anschlußleitung 52 an ein elektronisches Steuergerät 53 angeschlossen, das nur bei bestimmten Betriebsbereichen, insbesondere in der Kaltstartphase der Brennkraftmaschine, das Zweiwege-Ventil 44 in eine Offenstellung bringt, um Druckluft aus dem Einlaßventil 1 auszublasen. Die Druckluftzufuhr ist insbesondere während der ersten 120 Sekunden nach dem Start der Brennkraftmaschine vorgesehen. Es ist aber auch möglich, die Druckluftzufuhr zusätzlich noch in Betriebsbereichen der Brennkraftmaschine durchzuführen, bei denen beispielsweise nur kurzzeitig erhöhte schädliche Bestandteile im Abgas, zum Beispiel bei Vollast, auftreten. Derartige Betriebsbereiche können vom elektronischen Steuergerät 53 mittels mit dem Steuergerät 53 verbundener Sensoren erfaßt werden.The blowing out of the compressed air at the inlet valve 1 is provided in particular during the cold start phase and the subsequent warm-up phase and in certain operating areas of the internal combustion engine. The time of the compressed air supply is controllable on the one hand depending on the selected distance of the at least one valve guide opening 36 to the at least one inlet shaft opening 30 and on the other hand by the two-way valve 44. For this purpose, the two-way valve 44 is connected, for example, via an electrical connecting line 52 to an electronic control device 53, which only brings the two-way valve 44 into an open position in certain operating areas, in particular in the cold start phase of the internal combustion engine, in order to blow compressed air out of the inlet valve 1 . The compressed air supply is provided in particular during the first 120 seconds after the internal combustion engine has started. However, it is also possible to additionally carry out the compressed air supply in operating areas of the internal combustion engine in which, for example, increased harmful components in the exhaust gas, for example at full load, occur only briefly. Such operating areas can be detected by the electronic control unit 53 by means of sensors connected to the control unit 53.

Die über die Ventiltellerfläche 14 des Ventiltellers 12 abgegebene Druckluft bewirkt zudem, daß eine verbesserte Vermischung des vom Brennstoffeinspritzventil 24 abgegebenen Brennstoffs, insbesondere im Brennraum 20, stattfindet. Dies führt zu einer optimalen Verbrennung des Brennstoffs im Brennraum 20, wodurch sich auch der Brennstoffverbrauch der Brennkraftmaschine reduziert. Überdies erfolgt durch die im Hohlraum 28 strömende und aus dem Ventilteller 12 ausströmende Druckluft eine Kühlung des Einlaßventils 1, so daß dessen thermische Belastung, insbesondere bei Vollast der Brennkraftmaschine, reduziert wird, wodurch sich unter anderem die Lebensdauer des Einlaßventils 1 erhöht.The compressed air emitted via the valve plate surface 14 of the valve plate 12 also has the effect that an improved mixing of the fuel emitted by the fuel injection valve 24 takes place, in particular in the combustion chamber 20. This leads to an optimal combustion of the fuel in the combustion chamber 20, which also reduces the fuel consumption of the internal combustion engine. In addition, the intake valve 1 is cooled by the compressed air flowing in the cavity 28 and flowing out of the valve plate 12, so that its thermal load, in particular when the internal combustion engine is fully loaded, is reduced, which increases the service life of the intake valve 1, among other things.

Claims (7)

Einlaßventil für einen Brennraum einer Brennkraftmaschine, das einen Ventilteller und einen hohlen Schaft mit einem Hohlraum hat, durch welchen ein gasförmiges Medium strömen kann, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das gasförmige Medium über zumindest eine im Schaft (9) vorgesehene Einlaßschaftöffnung (30) in den Hohlraum (28) einströmt und aus zumindest einer Auslaßöffnung (50) wieder ausströmt, welche an einer dem Brennraum (20) der Brennkraftmaschine abgewandten Seite des Einlaßventils (1) vorgesehen ist.Inlet valve for a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine, which has a valve disk and a hollow shaft with a cavity through which a gaseous medium can flow, characterized in that the gaseous medium into the cavity via at least one inlet shaft opening (30) provided in the shaft (9) (28) flows in and flows out of at least one outlet opening (50), which is provided on a side of the inlet valve (1) facing away from the combustion chamber (20) of the internal combustion engine. Einlaßventil nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die zumindest eine Auslaßöffnung (50) in einem Übergangsbereich (31) zwischen Ventilteller (12) und Schaft (9) vorgesehen ist.Intake valve according to Claim 1, characterized in that the at least one outlet opening (50) is provided in a transition region (31) between the valve plate (12) and the stem (9). Einlaßventil nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die zumindest eine Auslaßöffnung (50) aus einer dem Brennraum (20) abgewandten Ventiltellerfläche (14) des Ventiltellers (12) ausgenommen ist.Inlet valve according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the at least one outlet opening (50) is excluded from a valve plate surface (14) of the valve plate (12) facing away from the combustion chamber (20). Einlaßventil nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die zumindest eine Auslaßöffnung (50) aus einer äußeren Mantelfläche (34) des Schaftes (9) ausgenommen ist.Intake valve according to claim 1, characterized in that the at least one outlet opening (50) is recessed from an outer lateral surface (34) of the stem (9). Einlaßventil nach Anspruch 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß mehrere Auslaßöffnungen (50) vorgesehen sind, die sich radial vom Hohlraum (28) zum Ventilteller (12) erstrecken.Inlet valve according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that a plurality of outlet openings (50) are provided which extend radially from the cavity (28) to the valve plate (12). Einlaßventil nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß eine dem Brennraum (20) abgewandte Ventiltellerfläche (14) des Ventiltellers (12) über die das aus der zumindest einen Auslaßöffnung (50) austretende Medium strömt, rauh ausgebildet ist.Inlet valve according to claim 1, characterized in that a valve plate surface (14) of the valve plate (12) facing away from the combustion chamber (20) is rough, through which the medium emerging from the at least one outlet opening (50) flows. Einlaßventil nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Einlaßventil (1) aus zwei Teilen, dem Schaft (9) und dem Ventilteller (12), hergestellt ist.Inlet valve according to claim 1, characterized in that the inlet valve (1) is made of two parts, the stem (9) and the valve plate (12).
EP95114166A 1995-02-09 1995-09-09 Device for supplying a pressure fluid to an intake valve for combustion chamber in an internal combustion engine Expired - Lifetime EP0726385B1 (en)

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DE19504239A DE19504239A1 (en) 1995-02-09 1995-02-09 Inlet valve for a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine

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WO1997041346A1 (en) * 1996-05-02 1997-11-06 Ab Volvo Device and method in combustion engines
US6138616A (en) * 1996-05-02 2000-10-31 Ab Volvo Device and method in combustion engines
WO1999010630A1 (en) * 1997-08-27 1999-03-04 Kvaerner Asa Exhaust valve for internal combustion engines
WO2010104985A3 (en) * 2009-03-10 2011-03-24 Sturman Digital Systems, Llc Dual fuel compression ignition engines and methods
US8327831B2 (en) 2009-03-10 2012-12-11 Sturman Digital Systems, Llc Dual fuel compression ignition engines and methods

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EP0726385B1 (en) 1999-03-03
DE19504239A1 (en) 1996-08-14
JPH08240107A (en) 1996-09-17
US5617835A (en) 1997-04-08
DE59505201D1 (en) 1999-04-08

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