EP0704097B1 - Process and device for controlling electromagnetic consumers - Google Patents

Process and device for controlling electromagnetic consumers Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0704097B1
EP0704097B1 EP95913053A EP95913053A EP0704097B1 EP 0704097 B1 EP0704097 B1 EP 0704097B1 EP 95913053 A EP95913053 A EP 95913053A EP 95913053 A EP95913053 A EP 95913053A EP 0704097 B1 EP0704097 B1 EP 0704097B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
switching means
energy
phase
consumer
capacitor
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EP95913053A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0704097A1 (en
Inventor
Torsten Henke
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F7/00—Magnets
    • H01F7/06—Electromagnets; Actuators including electromagnets
    • H01F7/08—Electromagnets; Actuators including electromagnets with armatures
    • H01F7/18—Circuit arrangements for obtaining desired operating characteristics, e.g. for slow operation, for sequential energisation of windings, for high-speed energisation of windings
    • H01F7/1805—Circuit arrangements for holding the operation of electromagnets or for holding the armature in attracted position with reduced energising current
    • H01F7/1816—Circuit arrangements for holding the operation of electromagnets or for holding the armature in attracted position with reduced energising current making use of an energy accumulator
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/20—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/20—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils
    • F02D2041/2003—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils using means for creating a boost voltage, i.e. generation or use of a voltage higher than the battery voltage, e.g. to speed up injector opening
    • F02D2041/2006—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils using means for creating a boost voltage, i.e. generation or use of a voltage higher than the battery voltage, e.g. to speed up injector opening by using a boost capacitor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/20—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils
    • F02D2041/202—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils characterised by the control of the circuit
    • F02D2041/2024—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils characterised by the control of the circuit the control switching a load after time-on and time-off pulses
    • F02D2041/2027—Control of the current by pulse width modulation or duty cycle control
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/20—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils
    • F02D2041/2068—Output circuits, e.g. for controlling currents in command coils characterised by the circuit design or special circuit elements
    • F02D2041/2072—Bridge circuits, i.e. the load being placed in the diagonal of a bridge to be controlled in both directions

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an apparatus and a method to control an electromagnetic consumer according to the preambles of the independent claims.
  • a device and a method for controlling a electromagnetic consumer is from US 3 896 346 known.
  • This document shows one method and one Device for controlling an electromagnetic Consumer by means of a half bridge. It is provided that two consumers switched on alternately and turned off. When you turn off the energy released in the consumer at the same time reloaded other consumers to be switched on. Since the The drop in power and the increase in power are not completely congruent are a small part of the energy in a capacitor cached. This capacitor is parallel to the Half bridge or connected in parallel to the voltage source.
  • EP 088 445 shows a method and an apparatus for Actuation of a consumer.
  • Here is one H-bridge circuit used. This is done with a view to Task that a current flow in different Directions is desired by the consumer. The Problem that the consumer as quickly as possible is not to be activated.
  • a device for controlling an electromagnetic Consumer is known from DE-OS 37 02 680.
  • One in line to the consumer arranged electronic switching element is by a Extinguishing circuit can be bridged.
  • This extinguishing circuit contains one Energy storage in the form of a capacitor for receiving the energy stored in the consumer.
  • a disadvantage of this Circuit arrangement is that it is component-intensive and a voluminous capacitor for intermediate energy storage requires that constantly at least on supply voltage is loaded.
  • Next to the capacitor are at least two Series diodes required.
  • the invention has for its object in a device to control an electromagnetic consumer to provide a facility that is as simple as possible, with which the start-up process is accelerated and the total energy consumption is minimized.
  • circuit arrangement according to the invention with the features of the independent claims has the advantage that results in lossless deletion. Furthermore, by the reuse of those saved during the deletion process Energy when turned on, the current rise will be increased. This in turn leads to the solenoid valve switching time decreased. These advantages are low Component effort reached. Further advantageous configurations are marked in the subclaims.
  • the device according to the invention is based on the Embodiments illustrated in the drawing. 1 shows a circuit arrangement of the invention Device, Figure 2 different plotted over time Signals and Figures 3 and 4 improved circuitry.
  • the device according to the invention is preferred for internal combustion engines, especially with self-igniting internal combustion engines, used.
  • This electromagnetic valves are referred to below as consumers designated.
  • the invention is not for this application limited, it can be used anywhere where fast switching electromagnetic valves are required become.
  • the switching time is the period between the activation of the Solenoid valve and the actual opening or closing of the solenoid valve.
  • the Switching time is as short as possible.
  • a first connection of the consumer 100 stands with a node 105 and the second connection with a connection point 110 in connection.
  • the node 105 is via a first switching means 115 connected to the ground terminal 120.
  • the second Link point 110 is with the cathode of a first Diode 125 in contact.
  • the anode of the first diode 125 is located to ground potential.
  • connection point 105 is with the anode a second diode 130 in contact.
  • the link point 110 is connected to the cathode via a second switching means 135 the second diode 130 in contact.
  • connection point between the cathode of the second diode 130 and the switching means 135 is in contact with the cathode of a third diode 140 and the one connection of a capacitor 145.
  • the second connection of the capacitor 145 and the anode of the third diode 140 are connected to a voltage source which supplies them with supply voltage U bat .
  • the arrangement of the consumer 100, the two switching means 115 and 135 and the first and second diodes 125 and 130 is commonly referred to as a half bridge.
  • the cathode is another diode 131 connected to the cathode of the diode 130.
  • the anode of the further diode 131 is with a switching means 116 and the a connection of the further consumer 101 in contact.
  • the second connection of the consumer 101 is with the Cathode of diode 125 or with node 110 contacted.
  • a first phase the usually only when switched on for the first time, when the battery is discharged Capacitor 145 occurs are the first switching means 115 and the second switching means 135 closed and give the flow of electricity through the consumer freely.
  • the current flows over the path consisting of the third, Diode 140, second switching means 135, consumer 100 and the first switching means 115.
  • a second phase also known as the deletion phase the first switching means 115 and the second switching means 135 in its open state.
  • a current flows over the path consisting of the first Diode 125, consumer 100, second diode 130 and the capacitor 145.
  • that in the consumer 100 stored energy in capacitor 145 as well reloaded the voltage source.
  • the aim of the deletion phase is it, the current flowing through the consumer in as much as possible decrease to zero in a short time.
  • a third phase the first switching means 115 and the second switching means 135 is closed and the current flows through the path consisting of capacitor 145, the second Switching means 135, the consumer 100 and the first Switching means 115.
  • this phase that in the capacitor 145 stored energy returned to the consumer as well as energy from the voltage source into the consumer transfer.
  • This phase is also known as the tightening phase. Their goal is to achieve a high level of electricity To keep the closing time of the solenoid valve as short as possible.
  • a fourth phase the current flows through the path from the third diode 140, the second switching means 135, the consumer 100 and the first switching means 115.
  • This phase is the energy loss from the voltage source provided.
  • the third diode 140 prevents capacitor 145 charges positively.
  • the so-called holding current phase remains the second switching means 135 in its closed State and the switching means 115 is operated clocked, this means it is opened and closed alternately. This is usually done in such a way that A certain current value.
  • this Clocking phase alternating between energizing and freewheeling capacitor 145 remains in its discharged state Status.
  • the operation of this arrangement is described below of Figure 2 described.
  • the first line is a control signal for the second switching means 135 is applied, that the control of the solenoid valve and thus the beginning and defines the end of fuel metering.
  • the second line is the one flowing through the solenoid valve Current, and on the third line, at the cathode of the Diode 140 against voltage applied to ground. This voltage corresponds when the first switch is closed 115 and second switch 135, which abut the solenoid valve Tension.
  • the third phase begins at the time T1. This means that the current I applied in the third line, which flows through the solenoid valve, increases sinusoidally. At the same time, the voltage U K applied to the cathode of the third diode 140, which is shown in the fourth line, drops cosine. This third phase ends at time T2.
  • the voltage U k applied to the cathode of the third diode 140 has dropped to a value U bat . This means that the capacitor 145 is no longer discharged, since the voltage U c applied to the capacitor assumes the value zero. Furthermore, the third diode 140 prevents positive charging of the capacitor 145.
  • the device is in the fourth phase, in which the supply voltage provides the required energy.
  • the voltage applied to the third diode 140 or to the capacitor 140 remains at zero.
  • the current increases linearly over time until it reaches its specified starting current setpoint i 1 .
  • the current is adjusted to the pull-in current setpoint i 1 as in the fifth phase.
  • the device reaches the fifth phase, the so-called clocking phase.
  • the current flowing through the consumer is regulated to a predefinable holding current setpoint i 2 .
  • a two-point controller is preferably used here, the the current flowing through the consumer with a predefinable Compares value. If the current exceeds an upper one Value, only the switching means 115 opens the current has a lower value, the switching means opens 115. This leads to the current in this fifth phase oscillates between the upper and lower values. The second switching means remains in this fifth phase 135 closed, so there is no energy transfer between Capacitor 140 and consumer 100 instead.
  • the timing phase is followed by the second phase from time T4.
  • the control signals plotted in the first and second lines of FIG. 2 end. This means that both switching means are opened. As a result, the current decreases sinusoidally.
  • the voltage U k on the capacitor 145 or on the cathode of the third diode 140 rises to a value U D above the supply voltage U bat . This means the capacitor is recharged.
  • the capacitor 145 and the consumer form 100 a resonant circuit in which the energy in the second phase from the consumer into the voltage source and the Capacitor 145 and in the third phase from the voltage source and the capacitor 145 reloaded into the consumer becomes. None occurs during the clocking in the fifth phase Reloading between the consumer and the capacitor.
  • capacitor 145 is self-discharging very low. The case can only be started occur that the capacitor is partially discharged. this leads to to the fact that when the consumer is energized, this first Current build-up is slower. To fix this disadvantage the further embodiment shown in FIG Invention proposed.
  • the same as that shown in Figure 1 is another Switching means 200 between the supply voltage and the Capacitor 145 arranged.
  • the connection point between this switching means 200 is an additional switching means 220 connected to ground.
  • the additional Switching means 220 closed and the other switching means 200 also open. This will open the capacitor Supply voltage charged so that for the first current build-up additional energy for acceleration after a long standstill of the current structure is available.
  • FIG. 3b A further embodiment is shown in FIG. 3b.
  • This Circuit has the advantage that the capacitor through the resonant circuit formed from inductor 210 and capacitor 145 charged to a voltage double that Supply voltage corresponds.
  • FIG 4 shows a further embodiment of the invention.
  • the components already described in Figure 1 the the same as that shown in Figure 1 is another Switching means 200 between the supply voltage and the Capacitor 145 arranged.
  • the connection point between this switching means 200 and the capacitor 145 is included the connection point between diode 130, consumer 100 and Switching means 115 in contact.
  • connection point 110 is via a switching means 400 connected to ground.
  • the switching means 135 and 115 open, the switching means 200 and 400 closed. This will cause the capacitor to reach a voltage that the double supply voltage corresponds to charged.
  • the consumer 100 takes over Tasks of the throttle 210.
  • the switching means are preferably in the form of transistors, in particular realized as field effect transistors.
  • the switching means are from a control unit, not shown acted upon with control signals.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)
  • Electrical Control Of Air Or Fuel Supplied To Internal-Combustion Engine (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
  • Ignition Installations For Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)

Abstract

A process and device are disclosed for controlling an electromagnetic consumer (100), in particular an electrovalve for controlling the amount of injected fuel. An energy-storage element (145) is arranged between a half bridge and a voltage source (Ubat).

Description

Stand der TechnikState of the art

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Vorrichtung und ein Verfahren zur Ansteuerung eines elektromagnetischen Verbrauchers gemäß den Oberbegriffen der unabhängigen Ansprüche.The invention relates to an apparatus and a method to control an electromagnetic consumer according to the preambles of the independent claims.

Eine Vorrichtung und ein Verfahren zur Ansteuerung eines elektromagnetischen Verbrauchers ist aus der US 3 896 346 bekannt. Diese Schrift zeigt ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zur Ansteuerung eines elektromagnetischen Verbrauchers mittels einer Halbbrücke. Dabei ist vorgesehen, daß zwei Verbraucher abwechselnd eingeschaltet und ausgeschaltet werden. Dabei wird die beim Ausschalten des einen Verbrauchers freiwerdende Energie in den gleichzeitig einzuschaltenden anderen Verbraucher umgeladen. Da der Stromabfall und der Stromanstieg nicht völlig deckungsgleich sind, wird ein kleiner Teil der Energie in einem Kondensator zwischengespeichert. Dieser Kondensator ist parallel zur Halbbrücke bzw. parallel zu der Spannungsquelle geschaltet.A device and a method for controlling a electromagnetic consumer is from US 3 896 346 known. This document shows one method and one Device for controlling an electromagnetic Consumer by means of a half bridge. It is provided that two consumers switched on alternately and turned off. When you turn off the energy released in the consumer at the same time reloaded other consumers to be switched on. Since the The drop in power and the increase in power are not completely congruent are a small part of the energy in a capacitor cached. This capacitor is parallel to the Half bridge or connected in parallel to the voltage source.

Nachteilig an dieser Anordnung ist, daß sich die Vorteile dieser Schaltung nur dann ergeben, wenn zwei Verbraucher komplementär geschaltet werden. Sollen zwei Verbraucher unabhängig voneinander ein- und ausgeschaltet werden, so kann diese Anordnungen nicht verwendet werden.The disadvantage of this arrangement is that the advantages this circuit only result if two consumers complementary switched. Should be two consumers can be switched on and off independently of each other, so these arrangements cannot be used.

Die EP 088 445 zeigt ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zur Ansteuerung eines Verbrauchers. Hier wird eine H-Brückenschaltung verwendet. Dies erfolgt mit Blick auf die Aufgabgenstellung, daß ein Stromfluß in unterschiedliche Richtungen durch den Verbraucher gewünscht wird. Die Problematik, daß der Verbraucher möglichst schnell einschalten soll, wird nicht angesprochen.EP 088 445 shows a method and an apparatus for Actuation of a consumer. Here is one H-bridge circuit used. This is done with a view to Task that a current flow in different Directions is desired by the consumer. The Problem that the consumer as quickly as possible is not to be activated.

Ferner sind Vorrichtungen und Verfahren zur Ansteuerung eines elektromagnetischen Verbrauchers (100), insbesondere eines Magnetventils zur Steuerung der einzuspritzenden Kraftstoffmenge, mittels einer Halbbrücke bekannt. Bei diesen Vorrichtungen wird die beim Abschalten freiwerdende Energie mittels Zenerdioden in Wärme umgesetzt und geht verloren.Furthermore, devices and methods for control an electromagnetic consumer (100), in particular a solenoid valve to control the injected Amount of fuel known by means of a half-bridge. At these devices will be the one that is released when switching off Energy converted into heat using Zener diodes and works lost.

Eine Vorrichtung zur Ansteuerung eines elektromagnetischen Verbraucher ist aus der DE-OS 37 02 680 bekannt. Dort wird eine Schaltungsanordnung zur Ansteuerung eines elektromagnetischen Verbrauchers beschrieben. Eine in Reihe zum Verbraucher angeordnetes elektronisches Schaltelement ist durch einen Löschkreis überbrückbar. Dieser Löschkreis enthält einen Energiespeicher in Form eines Kondensators zur Aufnahme, der im Verbraucher gespeicherten Energie. Nachteilhaft bei dieser Schaltungsanordnung ist, daß sie bauteileaufwendig ist und zur Energiezwischenspeicherung einen voluminösen Kondensator erfordert, der ständig mindestens auf Versorgungsspannung geladen ist. Neben dem Kondensator sind wenigstens zwei Seriendioden erforderlich. A device for controlling an electromagnetic Consumer is known from DE-OS 37 02 680. There will a circuit arrangement for controlling an electromagnetic Described by the consumer. One in line to the consumer arranged electronic switching element is by a Extinguishing circuit can be bridged. This extinguishing circuit contains one Energy storage in the form of a capacitor for receiving the energy stored in the consumer. A disadvantage of this Circuit arrangement is that it is component-intensive and a voluminous capacitor for intermediate energy storage requires that constantly at least on supply voltage is loaded. Next to the capacitor are at least two Series diodes required.

Bei dieser Einrichtung wird bei jedem Schaltvorgang, die in dem Verbraucher gespeicherte Energie in einem Kondensator gespeichert. Diese zwischengespeicherte Energie wird bei der nächsten Ansteuerung in einen zweiten Verbraucher geleitet.With this device, with each switching operation, the in energy stored in a capacitor saved. This buffered energy is used in the next control directed into a second consumer.

Ferner ist eine Vorrichtung zur Ansteuerung eines Verbrauchers aus der DE-OS-37 34 415 bekannt. Dort wird die beim Abschalten frei werdende Energie in einem Kondensator gespeichert. Beim Einschalten wird die gespeicherte Energie dem Verbraucher zugeführt. Hierzu sind gegenüber einer Einrichtung ohne Energierückführung wenigstens zwei weitere Schaltmittel erforderlich.Furthermore, there is a device for controlling a consumer known from DE-OS-37 34 415. There is the Switch off released energy stored in a capacitor. When you turn on the stored energy fed to the consumer. To do this are opposite a facility at least two more without energy recovery Switching means required.

Aufgabe der ErfindungObject of the invention

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, bei einer Vorrichtung zur Ansteuerung eines elektromagnetischen Verbrauchers eine möglichst einfach aufgebaute Einrichtung bereitzustellen, mit der der Einschaltvorgang beschleunigt und der Gesamtenergieverbrauch minimiert wird. The invention has for its object in a device to control an electromagnetic consumer to provide a facility that is as simple as possible, with which the start-up process is accelerated and the total energy consumption is minimized.

Vorteile der ErfindungAdvantages of the invention

Die erfindungsgemäße Schaltungsanordnung mit den Merkmalen der unabhängigen Ansprüche weist den Vorteil auf, daß sich eine verlustfreie Löschung ergibt. Desweiteren kann, durch die Wiederverwendung der beim Löschvorgang gespeicherten Energie beim Einschalten, der Stromanstieg vergrößert werden. Dies führt wiederum dazu, daß sich die Magnetventilschaltzeit verringert. Diese Vorteile werden bei einem geringen Bauteileaufwand erreicht. Weitere vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen sind in den Unteransprüchen gekennzeichnet.The circuit arrangement according to the invention with the features of the independent claims has the advantage that results in lossless deletion. Furthermore, by the reuse of those saved during the deletion process Energy when turned on, the current rise will be increased. This in turn leads to the solenoid valve switching time decreased. These advantages are low Component effort reached. Further advantageous configurations are marked in the subclaims.

Zeichnungdrawing

Die erfindungsgemäße Einrichtung wird nachstehend anhand den in der Zeichnung dargestellten Ausführungsformen erläutert. Es zeigen Figur 1 eine Schaltungsanordnung der erfindungsgemäßen Einrichtung, Figur 2 verschiedene über der Zeit aufgetragenen Signale und die Figuren 3 und 4 verbesserte Schaltungsanordnungen.The device according to the invention is based on the Embodiments illustrated in the drawing. 1 shows a circuit arrangement of the invention Device, Figure 2 different plotted over time Signals and Figures 3 and 4 improved circuitry.

Beschreibung der AusführungsbeispieleDescription of the embodiments

Die erfindungsgemäße Einrichtung wird bevorzugt bei Brennkraftmaschinen, insbesondere bei selbstzündenden Brennkraftmaschinen, eingesetzt. Dort wird die Kraftstoffzumessung mittels elektromagnetischer Ventile gesteuert. Diese elektromagnetischen Ventile werden im Folgenden als Verbraucher bezeichnet. Die Erfindung ist aber nicht auf diese Anwendung beschränkt, sie kann überall dort eingesetzt werden, wo schnell schaltende elektromagnetische Ventile benötigt werden.The device according to the invention is preferred for internal combustion engines, especially with self-igniting internal combustion engines, used. There is the fuel metering controlled by electromagnetic valves. This electromagnetic valves are referred to below as consumers designated. However, the invention is not for this application limited, it can be used anywhere where fast switching electromagnetic valves are required become.

Bei solchen Anwendungen legen der Öffnungs- und Schließzeitpunkt eines Magnetventils den Einspritzbeginn bzw. das Einspritzende fest.In such applications, the opening and closing times of a solenoid valve the start of injection or the end of injection firmly.

Üblicherweise wird der Zeitraum zwischen der Ansteuerung des Magnetventils und dem tatsächlichen Öffnen bzw. Schließen des Magnetventils als Schaltzeit bezeichnet. Insbesondere bei Dieselbrennkraftmaschinen ist es wünschenswert, daß die Schaltzeit möglichst gering ist.Usually the period between the activation of the Solenoid valve and the actual opening or closing of the solenoid valve is called the switching time. In particular in diesel engines, it is desirable that the Switching time is as short as possible.

Zur Erzielung möglichst kleiner Schaltzeiten ist ein möglichst schneller Kraftaufbau bzw. Kraftabbau im Verbraucher erforderlich. Ein solcher schneller Kraftaufbau bzw. Kraftabbau kann durch einen entsprechend schnellen Stromaufbau bzw, Stromabbau erzielt werden.To achieve the shortest possible switching times, one is possible faster power build-up or power loss in the consumer required. Such a rapid build-up or loss of power can by a correspondingly fast current build-up respectively, electricity reduction can be achieved.

In Figur 1 sind die wesentlichsten Elemente der erfindungsgemäßen Einrichtung dargestellt. Mit 100 ist der anzusteuernde Verbraucher bezeichnet. Ein erster Anschluß des Verbrauchers 100 steht mit einem Verknüpfungspunkt 105 und der zweite Anschluß mit einem Verknüpfungspunkt 110 in Verbindung. Der Verknüpfungspunkt 105 ist über ein erstes Schaltmittel 115 mit dem Masseanschluß 120 verbunden. Der zweite Verknüpfungspunkt 110 steht mit der Kathode einer ersten Diode 125 in Kontakt. Die Anode der ersten Diode 125 liegt auf Massepotential. In Figure 1 are the most important elements of the invention Facility shown. At 100 is the one to be controlled Referred to consumers. A first connection of the consumer 100 stands with a node 105 and the second connection with a connection point 110 in connection. The node 105 is via a first switching means 115 connected to the ground terminal 120. The second Link point 110 is with the cathode of a first Diode 125 in contact. The anode of the first diode 125 is located to ground potential.

Des weiteren steht der Verknüpfungspunkt 105 mit der Anode einer zweiten Diode 130 in Kontakt. Der Verknüpfungspunkt 110 steht über ein zweites Schaltmittel 135 mit der Kathode der zweiten Diode 130 in Kontakt.Furthermore, the connection point 105 is with the anode a second diode 130 in contact. The link point 110 is connected to the cathode via a second switching means 135 the second diode 130 in contact.

Der Verbindungspunkt zwischen der Kathode der zweiten Diode 130 und dem Schaltmittel 135 steht zum einen mit der Kathode einer dritten Diode 140 und dem einen Anschluß eines Kondensators 145 in Kontakt. Der zweite Anschluß des Kondensators 145 und die Anode der dritten Diode 140 stehen mit einer Spannungsquelle in Verbindung, die diese mit Versorgungsspannung Ubat beaufschlagt.The connection point between the cathode of the second diode 130 and the switching means 135 is in contact with the cathode of a third diode 140 and the one connection of a capacitor 145. The second connection of the capacitor 145 and the anode of the third diode 140 are connected to a voltage source which supplies them with supply voltage U bat .

Die Anordnung des Verbrauchers 100, der beiden Schaltmittel 115 und 135 sowie der ersten und zweiten Diode 125 und 130 wird üblicherweise als Halbbrücke bezeichnet.The arrangement of the consumer 100, the two switching means 115 and 135 and the first and second diodes 125 and 130 is commonly referred to as a half bridge.

Üblicherweise werden bei der Kraftstoffzumessung in Brennkraftmaschinen mehrere Magnetventile benötigt. Gestrichelt ist eine Ausführungsform mit zwei Magnetventilen dargestellt. In diesem Fall ist die Kathode einer weiteren Diode 131 mit der Kathode der Diode 130 verbunden. Die Anode der weiteren Diode 131 steht mit einem Schaltmittel 116 und dem einen Anschluß des weiteren Verbrauchers 101 in Kontakt. Über das Schaltmittel 116 steht die Anode der Diode 131 und der eine Anschluß des Verbrauchers 101 mit Masse in Verbindung. Der zweite Anschluß des Verbrauchers 101 ist mit der Kathode der Diode 125 bzw. mit dem Verknüpfungspunkt 110 kontaktiert. Commonly used for fuel metering in internal combustion engines several solenoid valves required. Dashed an embodiment with two solenoid valves is shown. In this case, the cathode is another diode 131 connected to the cathode of the diode 130. The anode of the further diode 131 is with a switching means 116 and the a connection of the further consumer 101 in contact. The anode of the diode 131 and the one connection of the consumer 101 to ground. The second connection of the consumer 101 is with the Cathode of diode 125 or with node 110 contacted.

In entsprechender Weise können noch weitere Verbraucher beschaltet werden.In a corresponding manner, other consumers can also be connected become.

Bei der Ansteuerung des Verbrauchers in dieser Schaltungsanordnung mit charakteristischem Stromprofil kann man verschiedene Phasen unterscheiden. In einer ersten Phase, die in der Regel lediglich beim ersten Einschalten, bei entladenem Kondensator 145 auftritt, sind das erste Schaltmittel 115 und das zweite Schaltmittel 135 geschlossen und geben den Stromfluß durch den Verbraucher frei. In dieser Phase fließt der Strom über den Pfad bestehend aus der dritten, Diode 140, dem zweiten Schaltmittel 135, dem Verbraucher 100 und dem ersten Schaltmittel 115.When controlling the consumer in this circuit arrangement with a characteristic current profile you can do different Distinguish phases. In a first phase, the usually only when switched on for the first time, when the battery is discharged Capacitor 145 occurs are the first switching means 115 and the second switching means 135 closed and give the flow of electricity through the consumer freely. In this phase the current flows over the path consisting of the third, Diode 140, second switching means 135, consumer 100 and the first switching means 115.

In einer zweiten Phase, die auch als Löschphase bezeichnet wird, sind das erste Schaltmittel 115 und das zweite Schaltmittel 135 in ihrem geöffneten Zustand. In dieser Phase fließt ein Strom über den Pfad bestehend aus der ersten Diode 125, dem Verbraucher 100, der zweiten Diode 130 und dem Kondensator 145. Während dieser Phase wird die im Verbraucher 100 gespeicherte Energie in den Kondensator 145 sowie der Spannungsquelle umgeladen. Ziel der Löschphase ist es, den durch den Verbraucher fließenden Strom in möglichst kurzer Zeit auf den Wert Null zu verringern.In a second phase, also known as the deletion phase the first switching means 115 and the second switching means 135 in its open state. In this phase a current flows over the path consisting of the first Diode 125, consumer 100, second diode 130 and the capacitor 145. During this phase, that in the consumer 100 stored energy in capacitor 145 as well reloaded the voltage source. The aim of the deletion phase is it, the current flowing through the consumer in as much as possible decrease to zero in a short time.

In einer dritten Phase ist das erste Schaltmittel 115 und das zweite Schaltmittel 135 geschlossen und der Strom fließt durch den Pfad bestehend aus dem Kondensator 145, dem zweiten Schaltmittel 135, dem Verbraucher 100 und dem ersten Schaltmittel 115. In dieser Phase wird die im Kondensator 145 gespeicherte Energie in den Verbraucher zurückgeführt sowie Energie aus der Spannungsquelle in den Verbraucher übertragen. Diese Phase wird auch als Anzugsphase bezeichnet. Deren Ziel es ist, durch ein hohes Stromniveau die Schließzeit des Magnetventils möglichst gering zu halten.In a third phase, the first switching means 115 and the second switching means 135 is closed and the current flows through the path consisting of capacitor 145, the second Switching means 135, the consumer 100 and the first Switching means 115. In this phase, that in the capacitor 145 stored energy returned to the consumer as well as energy from the voltage source into the consumer transfer. This phase is also known as the tightening phase. Their goal is to achieve a high level of electricity To keep the closing time of the solenoid valve as short as possible.

In einer vierten Phase fließt der Strom über den Pfad bestehend aus der dritten Diode 140, dem zweitem Schaltmittel 135, dem Verbraucher 100 und dem erstem Schaltmittel 115. In dieser Phase wird die Verlustenergie von der Spannungsquelle bereitgestellt. Die dritte Diode 140 verhindert, daß sich der Kondensator 145 positiv auflädt.In a fourth phase, the current flows through the path from the third diode 140, the second switching means 135, the consumer 100 and the first switching means 115. In This phase is the energy loss from the voltage source provided. The third diode 140 prevents capacitor 145 charges positively.

In einer fünften Phase, der sogenannten Haltestromphase verbleibt das zweite Schaltmittel 135 in seinem geschlossenen Zustand und das Schaltmittel 115 wird getaktet betrieben, dies bedeutet, es wird abwechselnd geöffnet und geschlossen. Diese erfolgt in der Regel derart, daß sich im zeitlichen Mittel ein bestimmter Stromwert einstellt. Während dieser Taktungsphase, in der zwischen Bestromen und Freilauf abgewechselt wird, verbleibt der Kondensator 145 in seinem entladenen Zustand. In der Haltestromphase, wird die Verlustleistung durch Absenken des Soll-Stromniveaus und durch das Takten reduziert.In a fifth phase, the so-called holding current phase remains the second switching means 135 in its closed State and the switching means 115 is operated clocked, this means it is opened and closed alternately. This is usually done in such a way that A certain current value. During this Clocking phase, alternating between energizing and freewheeling capacitor 145 remains in its discharged state Status. In the holding current phase, the power loss by lowering the target current level and by Clocks reduced.

Die Funktionsweise dieser Anordnung wird im folgenden anhand der Figur 2 beschrieben. In Figur 2 sind verschiedene Signale über der Zeit aufgetragen. In der ersten Zeile ist ein Ansteuersignal für das zweite Schaltmittel 135 aufgetragen, das die Ansteuerung des Magnetventils und damit den Beginn und das Ende der Kraftstoffzumessung definiert. In der zweiten Zeile ist, der durch das Magnetventil fließende Strom, und in der dritten Zeile, die an der Kathode der Diode 140 gegen Masse anliegende Spannung, aufgetragen. Diese Spannung entspricht bei geschlossenem ersten Schalter 115 und zweitem Schalter 135, der über dem Magnetventil anliegenden Spannung.The operation of this arrangement is described below of Figure 2 described. In Figure 2 there are several Signals plotted against time. The first line is a control signal for the second switching means 135 is applied, that the control of the solenoid valve and thus the beginning and defines the end of fuel metering. In the second line is the one flowing through the solenoid valve Current, and on the third line, at the cathode of the Diode 140 against voltage applied to ground. This voltage corresponds when the first switch is closed 115 and second switch 135, which abut the solenoid valve Tension.

In Figur 2 sind ferner die verschiedenen Phasen dargestellt. Zum Zeitpunkt T1 gibt ein nicht dargestellte Ansteuereinheit, das in der ersten Zeile der Figur 2 dargestellte Steuersignal ab. Bei Vorliegen dieses Signals schließt das Schaltmittel 135. Bei Vorliegen des in der zweiten Zeile aufgetragenen Signals gibt das erste Schaltmittel 115 den Stromfluß frei.The various phases are also shown in FIG. At time T1 there is a control unit, not shown, the control signal shown in the first line of Figure 2 from. If this signal is present, that excludes Switching means 135. If there is in the second line applied signal gives the first switching means 115 the Current flow free.

Ist der Kondensator 145 bereits von einer früheren Löschphase aufgeladen, so beginnt zum Zeitpunkt T1 die dritte Phase. Dies bedeutet, der in der dritten Zeile aufgetragene Strom I, der durch das Magnetventil fließt, steigt sinusförmig an. Gleichzeitig fällt die an der Kathode der dritten Diode 140 gegen Masse anliegende Spannung UK, die in der vierten Zeile dargestellt ist, cosinusförmig ab. Zum Zeitpunkt T2 endet diese dritte Phase.If the capacitor 145 is already charged from an earlier erase phase, the third phase begins at the time T1. This means that the current I applied in the third line, which flows through the solenoid valve, increases sinusoidally. At the same time, the voltage U K applied to the cathode of the third diode 140, which is shown in the fourth line, drops cosine. This third phase ends at time T2.

Zum Zeitpunkt T2 ist die an der Kathode der dritten Diode 140 anliegende Spannung Uk bis auf einen Wert Ubat abgefallen. Dies bedeutet, der Kondensator 145 wird nicht mehr weiter entladen, da die am Kondensator anliegende Spannung Uc den Wert Null annimmt. Des weiteren verhindert die dritte Diode 140 eine positive Aufladung des Kondensators 145. At time T2, the voltage U k applied to the cathode of the third diode 140 has dropped to a value U bat . This means that the capacitor 145 is no longer discharged, since the voltage U c applied to the capacitor assumes the value zero. Furthermore, the third diode 140 prevents positive charging of the capacitor 145.

Ab dem Zeitpunkt T2 bis zu dem Zeitpunkt T3 befindet sich die Einrichtung in der vierten Phase, in der die Versorgungsspannung die erforderliche Energie bereitstellt. Die an der dritten Diode 140 bzw. am Kondensator 140 anliegende Spannung bleibt auf dem Wert Null. Der Strom steigt während dieser Phase linear über der Zeit an, bis er seinen vorgegebenen Anzugstromsollwert i1 erreicht.From time T2 to time T3, the device is in the fourth phase, in which the supply voltage provides the required energy. The voltage applied to the third diode 140 or to the capacitor 140 remains at zero. During this phase, the current increases linearly over time until it reaches its specified starting current setpoint i 1 .

Abhängig von dem Typ des elektromagnetischen Verbrauchers 100 kann auch vorgesehen sein, daß in dieser Phase der Strom auf den Anzugstromsollwert i1 entsprechend wie in der fünften Phase eingeregelt wird.Depending on the type of electromagnetic consumer 100, it can also be provided that in this phase the current is adjusted to the pull-in current setpoint i 1 as in the fifth phase.

Zum dem Zeitpunkt T3 erreicht die Einrichtung die fünfte Phase, die sogenannte Taktungsphase. In dieser Phase wird durch Öffnen und Schließen des ersten Schaltmittels 115 der Strom, der durch den Verbraucher fließt, auf einen vorgebbaren Haltestromsollwert i2 eingeregelt.At time T3, the device reaches the fifth phase, the so-called clocking phase. In this phase, by opening and closing the first switching means 115, the current flowing through the consumer is regulated to a predefinable holding current setpoint i 2 .

Vorzugsweise wird hier ein Zweipunktregler eingesetzt, der den durch den Verbraucher fließenden Strom mit einem vorgebbaren Wert vergleicht. Überschreitet der Strom einen oberen Wert, so öffnet lediglich das Schaltmittel 115. Unterschreitet der Strom einen unteren Wert, so öffnet das Schaltmittel 115. Dies führt dazu, daß der Strom in dieser fünften Phase zwischen dem oberen und dem unteren Wert hin und her pendelt. In dieser fünften Phase bleibt das zweite Schaltmittel 135 geschlossen, daher findet keine Energieumladung zwischen Kondensator 140 und Verbraucher 100 statt. A two-point controller is preferably used here, the the current flowing through the consumer with a predefinable Compares value. If the current exceeds an upper one Value, only the switching means 115 opens the current has a lower value, the switching means opens 115. This leads to the current in this fifth phase oscillates between the upper and lower values. The second switching means remains in this fifth phase 135 closed, so there is no energy transfer between Capacitor 140 and consumer 100 instead.

An die Taktungsphase schließt sich ab dem Zeitpunkt T4 die zweite Phase an. Zum Zeitpunkt T4 enden, die in der ersten und zweiten Zeile der Figur 2 aufgetragenen Ansteuersignale. Dies bedeutet, daß beide Schaltmittel geöffnet werden. Dies hat zur Folge, daß der Strom sinusförmig abnimmt. Gleichzeitig steigt die Spannung Uk am Kondensator 145 bzw. an der Kathode der dritten Diode 140 auf einen Wert UD oberhalb der Versorgungsspannung Ubat an. Dies bedeutet, der Kondensator wird wieder aufgeladen.The timing phase is followed by the second phase from time T4. At time T4, the control signals plotted in the first and second lines of FIG. 2 end. This means that both switching means are opened. As a result, the current decreases sinusoidally. At the same time, the voltage U k on the capacitor 145 or on the cathode of the third diode 140 rises to a value U D above the supply voltage U bat . This means the capacitor is recharged.

Erfindungsgemäß bilden der Kondensator 145 und der Verbraucher 100 einen Schwingkreis, bei dem die Energie in der zweiten Phase vom Verbraucher in die Spannungsquelle und den Kondensator 145 und in der dritten Phase aus der Spannungsquelle und dem Kondensator 145 in den Verbraucher umgeladen wird. Während der Taktung in der fünften Phase erfolgt keine Umladung zwischen dem Verbraucher und dem Kondensator.According to the invention, the capacitor 145 and the consumer form 100 a resonant circuit in which the energy in the second phase from the consumer into the voltage source and the Capacitor 145 and in the third phase from the voltage source and the capacitor 145 reloaded into the consumer becomes. None occurs during the clocking in the fifth phase Reloading between the consumer and the capacitor.

Hieraus ergibt sich der Vorteil daß bei Beginn und Ende der Bestromung des Verbrauchers in den Phasen zwei und drei sich eine schnelle Änderung des durch den Verbraucher fließenden Stroms ergibt, was zu sehr kurzen Schaltzeiten des Verbrauchers führt. Dadurch, daß zusätzlich zum Kondensator 145 auch die Spannungsquelle einen Teil des Schwingkreises bildet, verkürzt sich die Löschphase und die Anzugsphase und damit auch die Schaltzeiten zusätzlich. Dadurch ergibt sich bei gleicher Schaltzeit eine kleinere Bauform.This has the advantage that at the beginning and end of the Power supply to the consumer in phases two and three itself a quick change in what is flowing through the consumer Current results in very short switching times of the consumer leads. The fact that in addition to the capacitor 145 the voltage source also forms part of the resonant circuit, the deletion phase and the tightening phase are shortened and thus also the switching times. This results in a smaller design with the same switching time.

Neben den verkürzten Ein/Ausschaltzeiten treten keine Energieverluste durch den Löschvorgang auf. Die beim Löschvorgang in den Kondensator zurückgeführte Energie wird beim Einschalten zurückgewonnen.In addition to the shorter on / off times, there are no energy losses through the deletion process. The one during the deletion process Energy returned to the capacitor is used for Turned on recovered.

Diese Vorteile ergeben sich im wesentlichen durch die erfindungsgemäßen Kombination einer Halbbrücke und einem geeignet geschalteten energiespeichernden Element sowie der Diode 140. Dieses energiespeichernde Element 145 ist in Reihe zwischen der Versorgungsspannung und der Halbbrücke geschaltet.These advantages result essentially from those according to the invention Combination of a half bridge and one suitable switched energy storage element and the diode 140. This energy storage element 145 is in series between the supply voltage and the half-bridge switched.

In der Regel ist die Selbstentladung des Kondensators 145 sehr gering. Lediglich beim in Gang setzen kann der Fall eintreten, daß der Kondensator teilentladen ist. Dies führt dazu, daß beim Bestromen des Verbrauchers dieser erste Stromaufbau langsamer erfolgt. Um diesen Nachteil zu beheben wird die in Figur 3a dargestellte weitere Ausgestaltung der Erfindung vorgeschlagen.Typically, capacitor 145 is self-discharging very low. The case can only be started occur that the capacitor is partially discharged. this leads to to the fact that when the consumer is energized, this first Current build-up is slower. To fix this disadvantage the further embodiment shown in FIG Invention proposed.

Neben den bereits in Figur 1 beschriebenen Bauelementen, die gleich wie in Figur 1 bezeichnet sind, ist ein weiteres Schaltmittel 200 zwischen der Versorgungsspannung und dem Kondensator 145 angeordnet. Der Verbindungspunkt zwischen diesem Schaltmittel 200 steht ein zusätzliches Schaltmittel 220 mit Masse in Verbindung. Um den Kondensator aufzuladen, werden die Schaltmittel 135 und 115 geöffnet, das zusätzliche Schaltmittel 220 geschlossen und das weitere Schaltmittel 200 ebenfalls geöffnet. Dadurch wird der Kondensator auf Versorgungsspannung aufgeladen, so daß für den ersten Stromaufbau nach längerem Stillstand zusätzliche Energie zur Beschleunigung des Stromaufbaus zur Verfügung steht. In addition to the components already described in Figure 1, the the same as that shown in Figure 1 is another Switching means 200 between the supply voltage and the Capacitor 145 arranged. The connection point between this switching means 200 is an additional switching means 220 connected to ground. To charge the capacitor the switching means 135 and 115 are opened, the additional Switching means 220 closed and the other switching means 200 also open. This will open the capacitor Supply voltage charged so that for the first current build-up additional energy for acceleration after a long standstill of the current structure is available.

In Figur 3b ist eine weitere Ausführungsform dargestellt. Neben den bereits in Figur 3a gezeigten Elementen ist zwischen dem zusätzlichen Schaltmittel 220 und dem weiteren Schaltmittel 200 eine Induktivität 210 angeordnet. Diese Schaltung besitzt den Vorteil, daß der Kondensator durch den aus Induktivität 210 und Kondensator 145 gebildeten Schwingkreis auf eine Spannung aufgeladen wird, die der doppelten Versorgungsspannung entspricht.A further embodiment is shown in FIG. 3b. In addition to the elements already shown in FIG. 3a, between the additional switching means 220 and the other Switching means 200 an inductor 210 arranged. This Circuit has the advantage that the capacitor through the resonant circuit formed from inductor 210 and capacitor 145 charged to a voltage double that Supply voltage corresponds.

Figur 4 zeigt eine weitere Ausgestaltung der Erfindung. Neben den bereits in Figur 1 beschriebenen Bauelementen, die gleich wie in Figur 1 bezeichnet sind, ist ein weiteres Schaltmittel 200 zwischen der Versorgungsspannung und dem Kondensator 145 angeordnet. Der Verbindungspunkt zwischen diesem Schaltmittel 200 und dem Kondensator 145 steht mit dem Verbindungspunkt zwischen Diode 130, Verbraucher 100 und Schaltmittel 115 in Kontakt.Figure 4 shows a further embodiment of the invention. Next the components already described in Figure 1, the the same as that shown in Figure 1 is another Switching means 200 between the supply voltage and the Capacitor 145 arranged. The connection point between this switching means 200 and the capacitor 145 is included the connection point between diode 130, consumer 100 and Switching means 115 in contact.

Ferner steht der Verbindungspunkt 110 über ein Schaltmittel 400 mit Masse in Verbindung.Furthermore, the connection point 110 is via a switching means 400 connected to ground.

Um den Kondensator 145 aufzuladen, werden die Schaltmittel 135 und 115 geöffnet, die Schaltmittel 200 und 400 geschlossen. Dadurch wird der Kondensator auf eine Spannung, die der doppelten Versorgungsspannung entspricht aufgeladen. Bei dieser Ausführungsform übernimmt der Verbraucher 100 die Aufgaben der Drossel 210.In order to charge the capacitor 145, the switching means 135 and 115 open, the switching means 200 and 400 closed. This will cause the capacitor to reach a voltage that the double supply voltage corresponds to charged. At In this embodiment, the consumer 100 takes over Tasks of the throttle 210.

Bei dieser Ausführungsform ist vorteilhaft, daß eine entsprechende Aufladung des Kondensators, wie bei der Einrichtung gemäß Figur 3b möglich ist, wobei aber keine zusätzliche Drossel benötigt wird.In this embodiment it is advantageous that a corresponding Charging the capacitor as in the setup 3b is possible, but no additional Throttle is needed.

Die Schaltmittel sind vorzugsweise als Transistoren, insbesondere als Feldeffekttransistoren, realisiert. Die Schaltmittel werden von einer nicht dargestellten Steuereinheit mit Ansteuersignalen beaufschlagt.The switching means are preferably in the form of transistors, in particular realized as field effect transistors. The switching means are from a control unit, not shown acted upon with control signals.

Claims (10)

  1. Apparatus for driving an electromagnetic load (100) in particular a solenoid valve for controlling the amount of fuel to be injected, by means of a half-bridge, characterized in that an energy-storage element (145) is arranged in series between the half-bridge and a voltage source (Ubat).
  2. Apparatus according to Claim 1, characterized in that a capacitor is used as the energy-storage element (145).
  3. Apparatus according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a diode (140) is connected in parallel with the energy-storage element (145).
  4. Apparatus according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that a further switching means (200) is arranged between the energy-storage element (145) and the voltage source.
  5. Method for driving an electromagnetic load (100), in particular a solenoid valve for controlling the amount of fuel to be injected, by means of a half-bridge, characterized in that switching means in the half-bridge can be driven such that an energy-storage element (145) which is arranged in series between the half-bridge and the voltage source Ubat and/or a voltage source exchange energy with the load (100).
  6. Method according to Claim 6, characterized in that, in a second phase (quenching phase), energy is transferred from the load (100) to the energy-storage element (145) and/or to the voltage source.
  7. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, in the second phase, the first switching means (115) and the second switching means (135) can be driven in such a manner that current flows in a path comprising a first diode (125), the load (100), a second diode (130) and the energy-storage element (145) and/or the voltage source.
  8. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, in a third phase, energy is transferred from the energy-storage element (145) and/or the voltage source to the load (100).
  9. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, in a third phase, the first switching means (115) and the second switching means (135) can be driven in such a manner that current flows via a diode (140) in a path comprising the energy-storage element (145), the second switching means (135), the load (100) and the first switching means (115).
  10. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that switching means (200, 220) are driven in such a manner that the energy-storage element (145) is supplied, in one phase with energy from the voltage source.
EP95913053A 1994-04-16 1995-03-24 Process and device for controlling electromagnetic consumers Expired - Lifetime EP0704097B1 (en)

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DE4413240A DE4413240A1 (en) 1994-04-16 1994-04-16 Device and a method for controlling an electromagnetic consumer
DE4413240 1994-04-16
PCT/DE1995/000408 WO1995028721A1 (en) 1994-04-16 1995-03-24 Process and device for controlling electromagnetic consumers

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WO1995028721A1 (en) 1995-10-26
DE59507809D1 (en) 2000-03-23
DE4413240A1 (en) 1995-10-19
US5729422A (en) 1998-03-17
EP0704097A1 (en) 1996-04-03
JPH08512436A (en) 1996-12-24

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