EP0677892B1 - Contact carrying module and connector comprising it - Google Patents

Contact carrying module and connector comprising it Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0677892B1
EP0677892B1 EP95400688A EP95400688A EP0677892B1 EP 0677892 B1 EP0677892 B1 EP 0677892B1 EP 95400688 A EP95400688 A EP 95400688A EP 95400688 A EP95400688 A EP 95400688A EP 0677892 B1 EP0677892 B1 EP 0677892B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
contact
module
flap
contact element
region
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP95400688A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0677892A1 (en
Inventor
Christian Albertin
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
FCI SA
Original Assignee
Framatome Connectors International SAS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Framatome Connectors International SAS filed Critical Framatome Connectors International SAS
Publication of EP0677892A1 publication Critical patent/EP0677892A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0677892B1 publication Critical patent/EP0677892B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01RELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R13/00Details of coupling devices of the kinds covered by groups H01R12/70 or H01R24/00 - H01R33/00
    • H01R13/40Securing contact members in or to a base or case; Insulating of contact members
    • H01R13/42Securing in a demountable manner
    • H01R13/422Securing in resilient one-piece base or case, e.g. by friction; One-piece base or case formed with resilient locking means
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01RELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R13/00Details of coupling devices of the kinds covered by groups H01R12/70 or H01R24/00 - H01R33/00
    • H01R13/46Bases; Cases
    • H01R13/514Bases; Cases composed as a modular blocks or assembly, i.e. composed of co-operating parts provided with contact members or holding contact members between them

Definitions

  • the subject of the present invention is a contact carrier module for at least one contact element which includes at least one housing for this element of contact, said housing comprising a locking element of said element of contact, and a folding flap hinged to said module around a hinge region and indicating, in a folded position, a locking of the contact element by the locking element, said folding flap has an external face opposite to the contact element, a recess adjoining the hinge region, an internal face directed towards the contact element and a locking finger allowing a secondary locking.
  • Said locking finger constitutes a stop relative to to a surface of the contact element which prevents movement of the flap towards the folded down position until the contact element is fully inserted into the contact carrier module.
  • the folding flap is constituted by a finger elastic ( Figure 7, item 56) which is folded down so as to immobilize two terminals both when inserting the insulating bodies into a housing.
  • the elastic finger is arranged on a face opposite to that of the latches 50A for immobilizing the element of contact.
  • the subject of the present invention is a contact carrier module which not having the aforementioned drawback.
  • the contact carrier module according to the invention is characterized in what, as long as the contact element is not completely inserted in the module contact holder, the recess of the flap constitutes a stop which prevents insertion of the contact carrier module in a housing and, in that when the contact element is completely inserted in the contact carrier module, the flap can be moved to a folded position in which the recess no longer prevents the insertion of the contact carrier module in a housing.
  • the hinge region is a thinned region of which a distal end connects substantially in the middle of a proximal side of the folding flap.
  • the module can include a plurality of housings for a plurality of contact elements, and a folding flap common to at least some of said housing.
  • the invention also relates to a connector comprising a housing module holder and at least one module as defined above, the module holder box having an upper face having a flat region against which comes block said abutment region when the flap is not in its position folded down.
  • a contact carrier module designated by the general reference 10 has a side wall 14 in which separating elements 12 determine housings 11 of substantially rectangular shape which are intended to receive contact elements designated by the general reference 1.
  • separating elements 12 determine housings 11 of substantially rectangular shape which are intended to receive contact elements designated by the general reference 1.
  • this region 71 extending on the one hand downwards by locking latches 73, one per housing 11, these latches each carrying a locking finger 75, and on the other hand upwards by hinge regions 76, also one per housing 11, these regions 76 being thinner than region 71 and joining substantially in the middle of the base 100 of a folding flap 77 which has on an internal face 78 facing the contact element 1, a lug 79 serving firstly to indicate that the contact element contact 1 is correctly inserted, and on the other hand secondary locking as well as will be shown later.
  • the base of the locking lever 77 has a region stop 80 which adjoins the hinge region 76 and which is directed towards the outside of the contact carrier module.
  • a contact element designated by the general reference 1 has a front part 2 ending in an end region 21 and having two faces side 24 facing the separating element 12 and a side face 22 facing towards the folding flap 77.
  • a rear face 25 separates the front part 22 from the region lock detection 3.
  • the region 3 has an opening 32 delimited by the rear face 25, the transverse face 31 of an intermediate region 33 and a face front or bottom 42 of region 4 which extends rearward through an element 5 intended to receive the end of a cable 6.
  • the side face 22 of the front part 2 has a region of recess 23 to allow locking of the latch 73 by means of his finger 75.
  • the housings 11 are limited to the front part of the module by a stop region 85 which partially closes the housings 11 at their lower part.
  • FIGS. 3A to 3C The insertion of a contact in the contact carrier module and of the module in a module-carrying case is illustrated in FIGS. 3A to 3C.
  • the contact element 1 is incompletely inserted and its lateral face 22 limits the movements of the finger 79 of the flap 77.
  • it is impossible to force further the insertion of the contact carrier module into the housing 9 since the recess 80 is located outside the flap by relative to the connection zone between the hinge region 76 and the flap 77.
  • This step 80 then comes into abutment against the upper face of the wall 93 of the housing 9 causing a straightening of the folding flap 77, straightening that allows the flexibility of the hinge 76.
  • This straightening by pivoting is limited by the presence of finger 79 which prevents the detachment 80 from emerging from the face upper 94 ( Figure 3B).
  • the flap folding 77 is common to all contact elements 1, only after insertion complete of all of the contact elements 1 of the contact carrier module, that the folding flap 77 can be completely erased in opening 32. In this position, the recess 23 is snapped into the finger 75 of the latch 73.

Landscapes

  • Connector Housings Or Holding Contact Members (AREA)
  • Coupling Device And Connection With Printed Circuit (AREA)
  • Details Of Connecting Devices For Male And Female Coupling (AREA)
  • Fittings On The Vehicle Exterior For Carrying Loads, And Devices For Holding Or Mounting Articles (AREA)

Abstract

The contact carrying module includes a seating (11) for each of the contacts and a locking element (75) for retaining each of the contacts. A folding flap (77) is attached to the module by a hinge (76). This flap includes projecting edges which are intended to retain the contacts within the carrier when in one of its two fold positions. When assembled, the contact carrier is inserted within a slim rectangular box. The folding flap is held down by the internal surface of the box, and ensures retention of the contacts within their seatings. <IMAGE>

Description

La présente invention a pour objet un module porte-contact pour au moins un élément de contact qui comporte au moins un logement pour cet élément de contact, ledit logement comportant un élément de verrouillage dudit élément de contact, et un volet rabattable articulé audit module autour d'une région de charnière et indiquant, dans une position rabattue, un verrouillage de l'élément de contact par l'élément de verrouillage, ledit volet rabattable comporte une face externe opposée à l'élément de contact, un décrochement jouxtant la région charnière, une face interne dirigée vers l'élément de contact et un doigt de verrouillage permettant un verrouillage secondaire. Ledit doigt de verrouillage constitue une butée par rapport à une surface de l'élément de contact qui empêche le déplacement du volet vers la position rabattue, tant que l'élément de contact n'est pas complètement inséré dans le module porte-contact.The subject of the present invention is a contact carrier module for at least one contact element which includes at least one housing for this element of contact, said housing comprising a locking element of said element of contact, and a folding flap hinged to said module around a hinge region and indicating, in a folded position, a locking of the contact element by the locking element, said folding flap has an external face opposite to the contact element, a recess adjoining the hinge region, an internal face directed towards the contact element and a locking finger allowing a secondary locking. Said locking finger constitutes a stop relative to to a surface of the contact element which prevents movement of the flap towards the folded down position until the contact element is fully inserted into the contact carrier module.

Un tel dispositif est connu en particulier du GB-A-2 024 537, un autre dispositif de ce type est connu de la demande de brevet français publiée le 8 Janvier 1993 sous le n°2 678 780 (S.A. FRANCELCO).Such a device is known in particular from GB-A-2 024 537, another device of this type is known from the patent application. French published on January 8, 1993 under n ° 2 678 780 (S.A. FRANCELCO).

Dans cette antériorité, le volet rabattable est constitué par un doigt élastique (figure 7, repère 56) qui est rabattu de façon à immobiliser deux bornes à la fois lors de l'insertion des corps isolants dans un boítier. Le doigt élastique est disposé sur une face opposée à celle des linguets 50A d'immobilisation de l'élément de contact.In this prior art, the folding flap is constituted by a finger elastic (Figure 7, item 56) which is folded down so as to immobilize two terminals both when inserting the insulating bodies into a housing. The elastic finger is arranged on a face opposite to that of the latches 50A for immobilizing the element of contact.

Dans le cas d'un contact mal inséré, la fermeture incomplète du volet doit empêcher l'insertion du module dans le boítier porte-module, mais il se trouve qu'en pratique, en raison notamment de problèmes liés à la rigidité des parois des porte-modules et du volet du module, il peut être possible d'insérer un module dans son boítier porte-module alors qu'un ou plusieurs contacts ne sont pas correctement insérés.In the case of a contact inserted incorrectly, the incomplete closing of the flap must prevent the module from being inserted into the module holder, but it is located that in practice, in particular due to problems related to the rigidity of the walls of the module holder and module shutter, it may be possible to insert a module into its module holder when one or more contacts are not correctly inserted.

La présente invention a pour objet un module porte-contact ne présentant pas l'inconvénient précité.The subject of the present invention is a contact carrier module which not having the aforementioned drawback.

Dans ce but, le module porte-contact selon l'invention est caractérisé en ce que, tant que l'élément de contact n'est pas complètement inséré dans le module porte-contact, le décrochement du volet constitue une butée qui empêche l'insertion du module porte-contact dans un boítier et, en ce que lorsque l'élément de contact est complètement inséré dans le module porte-contact, le volet est déplaçable vers une position rabattue dans laquelle le décrochement n'empêche plus l'insertion du module porte-contact dans un boítier. For this purpose, the contact carrier module according to the invention is characterized in what, as long as the contact element is not completely inserted in the module contact holder, the recess of the flap constitutes a stop which prevents insertion of the contact carrier module in a housing and, in that when the contact element is completely inserted in the contact carrier module, the flap can be moved to a folded position in which the recess no longer prevents the insertion of the contact carrier module in a housing.

Selon un mode de réalisation préféré, la région de charnière est une région amincie dont une extrémité distale se raccorde sensiblement au milieu d'une face proximale du volet rabattable.According to a preferred embodiment, the hinge region is a thinned region of which a distal end connects substantially in the middle of a proximal side of the folding flap.

Le module peut comporter une pluralité de logements pour une pluralité d'éléments de contact, et un volet rabattable commun à au moins certains desdits logements.The module can include a plurality of housings for a plurality of contact elements, and a folding flap common to at least some of said housing.

L'invention concerne également un connecteur comportant un boítier porte-module et au moins un module tel que défini ci-dessus, le boítier porte-module présentant une face supérieure présentant une région plane contre laquelle vient se bloquer ladite région de butée lorsque le volet rabattable n'est pas dans sa position rabattue.The invention also relates to a connector comprising a housing module holder and at least one module as defined above, the module holder box having an upper face having a flat region against which comes block said abutment region when the flap is not in its position folded down.

D'autres caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention apparaítront mieux à la lecture de la description qui va suivre, donnée à titre d'exemple non limitatif, en liaison avec les dessins qui représentent :

  • la figure 1, une vue en perspective d'un module porte-contact selon un mode de réalisation préféré de l'invention,
  • la figure 2, une vue de dessus et en perspective du module porte-contact selon la figure 1,
  • les figures 3A à 3C, une vue en coupe verticale d'un connecteur selon l'invention, les figures 3A et 3B représentant un contact non complètement inséré, la figure 3A correspondant à une position écartée du volet, la figure 3B à une tentative de rabattement du volet, et la figure 3C représentant le connecteur après insertion complète du boítier porte-module dans lequel les éléments de contact sont correctement insérés.
Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will appear better on reading the description which follows, given by way of nonlimiting example, in conjunction with the drawings which represent:
  • FIG. 1, a perspective view of a contact carrier module according to a preferred embodiment of the invention,
  • FIG. 2, a top view and in perspective of the contact carrier module according to FIG. 1,
  • FIGS. 3A to 3C, a view in vertical section of a connector according to the invention, FIGS. 3A and 3B representing a contact which is not completely inserted, FIG. 3A corresponding to a position separated from the flap, FIG. 3B to an attempt to folding the shutter, and Figure 3C showing the connector after complete insertion of the module holder housing in which the contact elements are correctly inserted.

Selon la figure 1, un module porte-contact désigné par le repère général 10 présente une paroi latérale 14 dans laquelle des éléments de séparation 12 déterminent des logements 11 de forme sensiblement rectangulaire qui sont destinés à recevoir des éléments de contact désignés par le repère général 1. A l'opposé de la paroi latérale 14, se trouve une région 71 de recouvrement partiel des logements 11 sur une partie de leur longueur, cette région 71 se prolongeant d'une part vers le bas par des linguets de verrouillage 73, à raison d'un par logement 11, ces linguets portant chacun un doigt de verrouillage 75, et d'autre part vers le haut par des régions de charnière 76, à raison également d'une par logement 11, ces régions 76 étant plus minces que la région 71 et se raccordant sensiblement au milieu de la base 100 d'un volet rabattable 77 qui présente sur une face interne 78 tournée vers l'élément de contact 1, un ergot 79 servant d'une part à indiquer que l'élément de contact 1 est correctement inséré, et d'autre part de verrouillage secondaire ainsi qu'il sera montré par la suite.According to Figure 1, a contact carrier module designated by the general reference 10 has a side wall 14 in which separating elements 12 determine housings 11 of substantially rectangular shape which are intended to receive contact elements designated by the general reference 1. In contrast to the side wall 14, there is a region 71 of partial covering of the housings 11 over part of their length, this region 71 extending on the one hand downwards by locking latches 73, one per housing 11, these latches each carrying a locking finger 75, and on the other hand upwards by hinge regions 76, also one per housing 11, these regions 76 being thinner than region 71 and joining substantially in the middle of the base 100 of a folding flap 77 which has on an internal face 78 facing the contact element 1, a lug 79 serving firstly to indicate that the contact element contact 1 is correctly inserted, and on the other hand secondary locking as well as will be shown later.

La base du levier de verrouillage 77 présente selon l'invention une région de butée 80 qui jouxte la région de charnière 76 et qui est dirigée vers l'extérieur du module porte-contact.According to the invention, the base of the locking lever 77 has a region stop 80 which adjoins the hinge region 76 and which is directed towards the outside of the contact carrier module.

Un élément de contact désigné par le repère général 1 présente une partie avant 2 se terminant par une région d'extrémité 21 et présentant deux faces latérales 24 tournées vers l'élément de séparation 12 et une face latérale 22 tournée vers le volet rabattable 77. Une face arrière 25 sépare la partie avant 22 de la région de détection de verrouillage 3. La région 3 présente une ouverture 32 délimitée par la face arrière 25, la face transversale 31 d'une région intermédiaire 33 et une face avant ou inférieure 42 de la région 4 qui se prolonge vers l'arrière par un élément 5 destiné à recevoir l'extrémité d'un câble 6.A contact element designated by the general reference 1 has a front part 2 ending in an end region 21 and having two faces side 24 facing the separating element 12 and a side face 22 facing towards the folding flap 77. A rear face 25 separates the front part 22 from the region lock detection 3. The region 3 has an opening 32 delimited by the rear face 25, the transverse face 31 of an intermediate region 33 and a face front or bottom 42 of region 4 which extends rearward through an element 5 intended to receive the end of a cable 6.

La face latérale 22 de la partie avant 2 présente une région de décrochement 23 pour permettre un verrouillage du linguet 73 par l'intermédiaire de son doigt 75. Les logements 11 sont limités à la partie avant du module par une région de butée 85 qui referme partiellement les logements 11 à leur partie inférieure.The side face 22 of the front part 2 has a region of recess 23 to allow locking of the latch 73 by means of his finger 75. The housings 11 are limited to the front part of the module by a stop region 85 which partially closes the housings 11 at their lower part.

L'insertion d'un contact dans le module porte-contact et du module dans un boítier porte-module est illustrée aux figures 3A à 3C.The insertion of a contact in the contact carrier module and of the module in a module-carrying case is illustrated in FIGS. 3A to 3C.

Sur la figure 3A, l'élément de contact 1 est incomplètement inséré et sa face latérale 22 vient limiter les déplacements du doigt 79 du volet 77. En outre, il est impossible de forcer plus vers le bas l'insertion du module porte-contact dans le boítier 9 étant donné que le décrochement 80 est situé à l'extérieur du volet par rapport à la zone de raccordement entre la région de charnière 76 et le volet 77. Ce décrochement 80 vient alors en butée contre la face supérieure de la paroi 93 du boítier 9 provoquant un redressement du volet rabattable 77, redressement que permet la flexibilité de la charnière 76. Ce redressement par pivotement est limité par la présence du doigt 79 qui empêche le décrochement 80 de se dégager de la face supérieure 94 (figure 3B). In FIG. 3A, the contact element 1 is incompletely inserted and its lateral face 22 limits the movements of the finger 79 of the flap 77. In addition, it it is impossible to force further the insertion of the contact carrier module into the housing 9 since the recess 80 is located outside the flap by relative to the connection zone between the hinge region 76 and the flap 77. This step 80 then comes into abutment against the upper face of the wall 93 of the housing 9 causing a straightening of the folding flap 77, straightening that allows the flexibility of the hinge 76. This straightening by pivoting is limited by the presence of finger 79 which prevents the detachment 80 from emerging from the face upper 94 (Figure 3B).

Etant donné que, dans le mode de réalisation représenté, le volet rabattable 77 est commun à tous les éléments de contact 1, ce n'est qu'après insertion complète de l'ensemble des éléments de contact 1 du module porte-contact, que le volet rabattable 77 peut être complètement effacé dans l'ouverture 32. Dans cette position, le décrochement 23 est encliqueté dans le doigt 75 du linguet 73.Since, in the embodiment shown, the flap folding 77 is common to all contact elements 1, only after insertion complete of all of the contact elements 1 of the contact carrier module, that the folding flap 77 can be completely erased in opening 32. In this position, the recess 23 is snapped into the finger 75 of the latch 73.

En position de montage achevé présenté à la figure 3C, la partie inférieure 85 du module porte-contact vient en butée contre la région de fond 91 du boítier porte-module 9 et l'élément de contact 1 vient en butée sur la partie supérieure de la région 85 par sa face inférieure 21.In the completed mounting position shown in Figure 3C, the part lower 85 of the contact carrier module abuts against the bottom region 91 of the module holder housing 9 and the contact element 1 abuts on the part upper part of region 85 by its lower face 21.

Claims (4)

  1. Contact-carrying module for at least one contact element (1) and comprising at least one housing (11) for the said contact element, the said housing (11) comprising a locking element (75) for the said contact element, and a fold-down flap (77) articulated to the said module about a hinge region (76) and indicating, in a folded-down position, locking of the contact element (1) by the locking element (75), the fold-down flap (77) comprising on an external face (81) opposite the contact element, a recess (80) adjoining the hinge region (76), the fold-down flap (77) comprising on an internal face (82) directed towards the contact element (1), a locking finger (79) allowing secondary locking, the locking finger (79) constituting an abutment with respect to a surface of the contact element (1) which prevents the displacing of the flap (77) to the folded-down position, so long as the contact element (1) is not completely inserted into the contact-carrying module (10), characterized in that in this position, the recess (80) of the flap constitutes an abutment which prevents the insertion of the contact-carrying module (10) into a casing (9) and, in that when the contact element (1) is completely inserted into the contact-carrying module (10) the flap (77) can be displaced to a folded-down position in which the recess (80) no longer prevents the insertion of the contact-carrying module (10) into a casing (9).
  2. Module according to Claim 1, characterized in that the hinge region is a thinned region (76), a distal end of which is attached substantially in the middle of a proximal face (100) of the fold-down flap (77).
  3. Module according to one of Claims 1 or 2, characterized in that it comprises a plurality of housings (11) for a plurality of contact elements (1), and a fold-down flap (77) which is common to at least some of the said housings (11).
  4. Connector, characterized in that it comprises a module-carrying casing (9) and at least one module (10) according to one of Claims 1 to 3, and in that the module-carrying casing (9) has an upper face having a plane region (94) against which the said abutment region (80) is jammed when the fold-down flap (77) is not in its folded-down position.
EP95400688A 1994-04-15 1995-03-28 Contact carrying module and connector comprising it Expired - Lifetime EP0677892B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9404505 1994-04-15
FR9404505A FR2718892B1 (en) 1994-04-15 1994-04-15 Contact carrier module and connector including it.

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0677892A1 EP0677892A1 (en) 1995-10-18
EP0677892B1 true EP0677892B1 (en) 1998-08-19

Family

ID=9462137

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP95400688A Expired - Lifetime EP0677892B1 (en) 1994-04-15 1995-03-28 Contact carrying module and connector comprising it

Country Status (7)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0677892B1 (en)
JP (1) JPH0850949A (en)
AT (1) ATE170023T1 (en)
CA (1) CA2145604A1 (en)
DE (1) DE69504120T2 (en)
ES (1) ES2120691T3 (en)
FR (1) FR2718892B1 (en)

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB9600229D0 (en) * 1996-01-05 1996-03-06 Amp Gmbh Sealable electrical connector
DE19801409B4 (en) * 1998-01-16 2004-07-22 Stocko Metallwarenfabriken Henkels & Sohn Gmbh & Co Method for producing plug connectors composed of a first and a second connector part
JP2002170629A (en) * 2000-12-01 2002-06-14 Sumitomo Wiring Syst Ltd Connector
JP3598990B2 (en) 2001-04-26 2004-12-08 住友電装株式会社 connector
DE102009002548B4 (en) 2009-04-21 2011-04-14 Tyco Electronics Amp Gmbh Connectors
DE102010028802B4 (en) * 2010-05-10 2012-02-16 Tyco Electronics Amp Gmbh Plug with a blocking element

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3582863A (en) * 1969-03-12 1971-06-01 Tektronix Inc Electrical terminal housing having hinge and adjacent lock projection
FR2430106A1 (en) * 1978-06-28 1980-01-25 Labinal ELECTRICAL CONNECTION BOX ELEMENT
FR2678780A1 (en) * 1991-07-04 1993-01-08 Francelco Sa Electrical contact terminal and terminal (connection) block comprising an application thereof

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE69504120D1 (en) 1998-09-24
ATE170023T1 (en) 1998-09-15
ES2120691T3 (en) 1998-11-01
FR2718892A1 (en) 1995-10-20
DE69504120T2 (en) 1998-12-24
FR2718892B1 (en) 1996-05-24
JPH0850949A (en) 1996-02-20
CA2145604A1 (en) 1995-10-16
EP0677892A1 (en) 1995-10-18

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