EP0672201A1

EP0672201A1 - Method for rapid drying of a polybenzazole fiber.

Info

Publication number: EP0672201A1
Application number: EP94902469A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Jang-Hi Im; Chieh-Chun Chau; Hiroki - - Misora-Cho Murase; Tooru - Yamagami-Cho Kitagawa; Takaharu - Kinugawa -C Ichiryu
Original assignee: Dow Chemical Co
Current assignee: Toyobo Co Ltd
Priority date: 1992-12-03
Filing date: 1993-11-30
Publication date: 1995-09-20
Anticipated expiration: 2013-11-30
Also published as: DE69312958D1; AU5682994A; CA2148610A1; DE69312958T2; WO1994012704A1; ES2105609T3; EP0672201B1

Abstract

Polybenzazole fibers can be rapidly dried without undue fiber damge by exposing them to two or more set point temperatures with the temperatures being selected relative to the residual moisture content of the fiber. The residence time required for the fiber at each progressively higher temperature can be reduced if the fiber is always in full contact with the set point temperature of the drying equipment.

Description

METHOD FOR RAPID DRYING OF A POLYBENZAZOLE FIBER

This is a continuation-in-part of copending application Serial Number 07/985,080, filed on December 3, 1992 The present invention relates to improved processes for drying polybenzazole fibers Polybenzazole ("PBZ") fibers include polybenzoxazole ("PBO") or polybenzothiazole ("PBT") fibers

Lyotropic liquid crystalline PBZ is typically made into fibers by dry-jet, wet- -spinnmg techniques, in which a solution that contains the PBZ polymer and an acid solvent Q (known as a "dope") is spun through a spinneret to form dope filaments, that are combined into one or more dope fibers These dope fibers are drawn across an air gap, and then contacted with a fluid that dilutes the solvent and is a non-solvent for the polymer This contact with fl uid causes the polymer to separate from the solvent See jointly owned, Allowed, U S. Patent Applications number 07/985,079 (Method for Spinning a Polybenzazole 5 Fiber) and 07/985,078 (Method for Rapid Spinning of a Polybenzazole Fiber) for a description of the PBZ fiber spinning process

The process of separating the PBZ polymer in the dope fiber from the solvent in the dope fiber is known as coagulation After coagulation, most of the remaining residual solvent is washed/leached from the coagulated fiber, leaving the fiber wet. See jointly owned, 0 U.S Patent Application number 08/1 10,149 (Improved Process for Coagulation and Washing of Polybenzazole Fibers) for a description of the coagulation process.

Polybenzazole fibers typically contain a very high degree of residual moisture after they are washed The residual moisture content is frequently between 30 and 200 weight percent, and may even be higher in some fibers The percent residual moisture content, 5 (hereinafter percent RMC) is calculated on a parts per hundred basis as follows'

[(initial fiber weight - dried fiber weιght)/dπed fiber weight] x 100% For many reasons it is desirable to reduce the amount of residual moisture in the fiber by drying the fiber. One of the reasons it is desirable to reduce the amount of residual moisture in the fiber is to enable the fiber to be heat treated without damaging the fiber Heat 0 treating of dried fibers can be and is done to improve the fibers' physical properties It has been discovered that PBZ fiber can be damaged by exposing it to the typical amount of heat (about 400°C) used in heat treating while the fiber contains more than about twelve percent RMC Therefore, in order to be heat treated without being damaged, a PBZ fiber usually must have a percent RMC of less than about twelve percent 5 In order to reduce the amount of residual moisture in the fiber to below twelve percent RMC prior to the fioer being heat treated, it has heretofore been necessary xo dry the fiber for over 40 hours at 65°C It is economically undesirable to dry the fiber at tnis low temperature, because low τemperature drying is, as noted aoove, very time-consuming and thus, very costly It has been found that increasing the temperature of the drying process will speed up the drying process but can also cause damage to the finer This heat induced damage appears as visible voids in the fiber These voids are highly undesirable for all PBZ fibers Therefore, it is desirable to develop a process that allows for rapid drying of PBZ fiber without causing damage to the fibers

The present invention is a process to rapidly dry a polybenzazole fiber that initially contains more than 30 percent residual moisture content, while minimizing damage to said fiber, said process comprising the step of exposing the fiber sequentially to two or more temperatures, wherein said temperatures are set relative to the percent residual moisture content of said fiber, and wherein each temperature set is hotter than the previous temperature, while allowing for brief periods of non-contact time during drying in which said fiber is not exposed to the full set point temperature, wherein the final percent residual moisture content of the fiber after it has been exposed to said two or more temperatures is about twelve percent or less The second aspect of this invention is a process to rapidly dry a polybenzazole fiber that initially contains more than 30 percent residual moisture content, while minimizing damage to said fiber, said process comprising the step of exposing the fiber sequentially to two or more temperatures, wherein said temperatures are selected relative to the percent residual moisture content of said fiber, and wherein each temperature selected is hotter than the previous temperature, and wherein the final percent residual moisture content of the fiber after it has been exposed to said two or more temperatures is about twelve percent or less

Figure 1 shows a plot of Percent Residual Moisture Content of Polybenzoxazole Fiber vs Temperature ιn °C On this Figure there is a negatively sloped curved line 10 representing the boundary between an area 30, representing "safe" drying conditions and an area 20, representing " unsafe" drying conditions This line 10 is referred to as the non-damage drying ("NDD") line for PBO fiber

Figure 2 shows the NDD line 10 on a plot of Percent Residual Moisture Content of Polybenzoxazole Fiber vs Temperature ιn °C, along with a series of vertical and horizontal lines 12 representing the drying profile for a PBO fiber wherein the temperature the PBO fiber is exposed to is continuously increased as the moisture content of the fiber is reduced In this Figure the drying profile all takes place on the "safe" area 30, of the plot

Figure 3 shows the NDD line 10 on a plot of Percent Residual Moisture Content of Polybenzoxazole Fiber vs Temperature in °C, along with drying profile lines 1 and 2 representing the reduction of RMC in two separate PBO fibers as they are exposed to progressively elevated temperatures

As used herein, the term polybenzazole ("PBZ") includes polybenzoxazole ("PBO") homopolymers, polybenzothiazole ("PBT") homopolymers and random, seαuential and block copolymers of PBO or PBT Polybenzoxazole, polybenzothiazole and random, sequential and block copolymers of polybenzoxazole and polybenzothiazole are described in references such as Wolfe et al., Liquid Crystalline Polymer Compositions, Process and Products, U.S. Patent 4,703, 103 (October 27, 1987); Wolfe et al., Liquid Crystalline Polymer Compositions, Process and Products, U.S. Patent 4,533,692 (August 6, 1985); Wolfe et al., Liquid Crystalline Poly(2,6-Benzothiazole) Compositions, Process and Products, U.S. Patent 4,533,724 (August 6, 1985); Wolfe, Liquid Crystalline Polymer Compositions, Process and Products, U.S. Patent 4,533,693 (August 6, 1985); Evers, Thermooxidativelv Stable Articulated p-Benzobisoxazole and p-Benzobisthiazole Polymers, U.S. Patent 4,359,567 (November 16, 1982); and Tsai et al., Method for Making Heterocyclic Block Copolymer, U.S. Patent 4,578,432 (March 25, 1986).

Units within the PBZ polymer are preferably chosen so that the polymer is lyotropic liquid-crystalline. Preferred monomer units are illustrated in Formulae (a)-(h). The polymer more preferably consists essentially of monomer units selected from those illustrated in (a)-(h), and most preferably consists essentially of a number of identical units selected from those illustrated in (a)-(c).

3is-p°olxybenMzoxazole

Poly[benzo ( 1 , 2-d : 5 , - -d ' ) bisoxazole-2 , 6-diyl- 1 , 4-phenylene]

trans-polybenzoxazole Poly[benzo( 1 , 2-d : 4 , 5-d ' )bisoxazole-2 , 6-diyl- 1 , 4-phenylene]

trans -polybenzothiazole

cis-polybenzothiazole

AB-PBO Poly(2,5-benzoxazole)

AB-PBO Poly(2,6-benzoxazole)

Poly(2,5-benzothiazole)

Poly(2,6-benzothiazole) Solvents suitable for formation of dopes of PBZ polymers include cresol as well as non-oxidizing acids capable of dissolving the polymer. Examples of suitable acid solvents include polyphosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid and highly concentrated sulfuric acid and mixtures of those acids. A highly preferred solvent is polyphosphoric acid or methanesulfonic acid. A most highly preferred solvent is polyphosphoric acid.

The concentration of the polymer in the solvent is preferably at least about 7 weight percent, more preferably at least about 10 weight percent and most preferably at least about 14 weight percent. The maximum concentration is limited primarily by practical factors, such as polymer solubility and, as already described, dope viscosity. Because of these limiting factors, the concentration of polymer is usually no more than about twenty weight percent. Suitable polymers or copolymers and dopes can be synthesized by known procedures, such as those described in Wolfe et al., U.S. Patent 4,533,693 (August 6, 1985); Sybert et al., U.S. Patent 4,772,678 (September 20, 1988); and Harris, U.S. Patent 4,847,350 (July 1 1 , 1989). PBZ polymers can be advanced rapidly to high molecular weight at relatively high temperatures and high shear in a dehydrating solvent acid, according to Gregory et al., U.S. Patent No. 5,089,591 (February 18, 1992). Making The Fibers

The dope is spun into fibers by known dry jet, wet-spin techniques in which the dope is spun through a spinneret to form dope filaments that are collected together to form on or more dope fibers. Fiber spinning techniques for PBZ polymers are known in the references already mentioned in the Background of the Invention section.

After passing through an air gap the dope fiber(s) is/are contacted with a fluid that dilutes the solvent and is a non-solvent for the polymer. This process is known as coagulation. After coagulation, most of the remaining residual solvent is washed/leached from each fiber, leaving the fiber wet. See jointly owned, U.S. Patent Application number

08/1 10,149 (Improved Process for Coagulation and Washing of Polybenzazole Fibers), for a description of the coagulation process. Drying The Fibers

The amount of residual moisture in the fiber after it has been washed can vary from more than 30 percent RMC all the way up to 200 percent RMC. As mentioned previously, there are many reasons to dry fiber, one of them being that it is necessary to remove all but a tiny amount of the moisture in the fiber in orderto avoid damage to the fiber upon heat treating. Therefore, at the conclusion of the described drying process it is desirable that the percent residual moisture content of the fiber should preferably be twelve percent RMC or less, more preferably ten percent RMC or less, more highly preferably six percent RMC or less, most preferably four percent RMC or less and most highly preferably two percent RMC or less. It has been found that selecting the highest temperature for rapid drying of PBZ fiber without damaging the fiber depends, in an inverse fashion, upon the moisture content of the fiber face out The inverse relationship is such that the less moisture in the fiber, the higher the temperature the fiber can be exposed to without damaging the fiber As the drying process continues and the moisture content of the fiber decreases, it is possible to increase the temperature the fiber is exposed to without damaging the fiber The way to optimize (meaning increase) the drying rate for PBZ fiber is to increase the temperature the Tiber is exposed to as fast as possible, but without exceeding the maximum safe temperature for each specific amount of residual moisture of the fiber Data has been collected regarding the relationship between percent RMC and temperature for drying of PBO fiber The plot of this data has yielded the NDD line 10 shown in Figures 1 , 2 and 3 This NDD line represents the maximum safe temperature that a PBO fiber can be exposed to at each specific percent RMC without causing drying-induced damage to the fiber The NDD line acts as a boundary between areas of "safe" drying conditions, area

30 on Figure 1, and "unsafe" drying conditions, area 20 on Figure 1 The highest drying temperatures that can be selected for drying each PBO fiber can be chosen simply by knowing the percent RMC of the fiber when it will first be exposed to the temperature It is desirable to select the highest drying temperature possible for each fiber percent RMC in order to minimize the amount of time it takes to dry the fiber down to about twelve percent RMC or less The number of drying temperatures used can be selected as a matter of process convenience, though it has been found desirable and necessary to have two or more drying temperatures, with each temperature selected to be progressively hotter than the previous temperature, in order to minimize the amount of time it takes to dry the fiber to a percent RMC about twelve percent or less

Figure 2 illustrates a multiple-temperature drying process in which twenty-three progressively hotter temperatures are used to dry a PBO fiber from a starting percent RMC above forty percent to a final percent RMC below five percent The temperatures selected relative to the percent RMC of the fiber in this drying profile are as close as possible to the NDD line without crossing it This manner of selection insures the most rapid drying process for the fiber without creating voids in the fiber during drying

The morphology and physical state of the PBZ fiber being dried can vary with the dope composition, the polymer formulation and the specific fiber processing conditions, therefore, the highest temperature a PBZ fiber can be exposed to at each percent RMC without being damaged can vary As a consequence of this, the NDD line for each PBZ fiber and for the same ^DBZ polymer processed unαer different conditions, can and will vary, with the amount of variance depending upon the oegree in differences between any or ail of, but not limited to, the following factors, a) Processing damage within the fiber, prior to its being dried, b) Porosity of the fiber, c) Fiber processing conditions, d) Residual chemicals such as residual acids, impurities, or e) Additives or processing aids in the fibers

In practice, one type of standard equipment used to dry fibers includes matched pairs of heated rolls The fiber is wrapped over these rolls many times in order to increase the amount of contact time the fioer has with the heated roll Contact time is defined as the amount of time the fiber is in direct contact with the set point temperature of the heated roll o (or other heating device that can be used for drying PBZ fiber) It is assumed that a fiber in contact with a heated roll is at the same temperature as the surface of the roll It is also assumed that the surface temperature of the roll is the same as the set point temperature of the roll, that is, a heated roll with a set point temperature of 180°C should have a surface temperature of 180^CC The set point temperature of a heating device is defined herein as the 5 temperature the heating mechanism of the heating device is set at

In addition to contact time with the heated roll, the fiber must travel between each pair of heated rolls before it recontacts a roll or before it travels on to the next pair of heated rolls The time the fiber is not in contact with a heated roll or any other direct source of heat during the drying process is referred to as non-contact time The total residence time of a 0 fiber during the drying process is the contact time (CT) plus the non-contact time (NCT) When the fiber is not in direct contact with a heated roll, the fiber temperature is less than that of the heated roll Therefore, this invention contemplates that as the fiber is exposed to progressively increasing temperatures, that if the fiber is being dried by heated rolls, then there will be brief moments during the drying process when the fiber is not exposed to the full set point 5 temperature of the heated rolls

It is believed that the fiber continues to undergo drying during its NCT with the heated roll, but that the drying of the fiber during NCT is not as efficient drying as that drying the fiber undergoes during its CT with the heated roll One way to increase the efficiency of the drying process is to insulate the cabinets that the pairs of heated rolls are usually positioned in, and to blow hot air or a gas that does not damage the fiber, such as nitrogen, helium, argon or carbon dioxide, into the cabinets so that the temperature throughout the cabinet is the same as the set point temperature of the heated rolls Another way to more efficiently dry fibers is to pass them through progressively heated ovens in which the temperature of each oven is progressively increased such that the fibers are continually exposed to the set point 5 temperature of each oven With both of these more efficient methods of drying the residence time of tne fiber is made up of only contact time without any non-contact time Contact time is, as has already been stated, much more efficient drying time than is non-contact time With these more efficient methods of drying, it is possible to reduce the residence time reαuired to reach a certain percent RMC in the fiber as follows To achieve a certain percent residual moisture content in a fiber using drying conditions with only contact time (such as drying the fiber in continuous ovens or using drying rolls positioned in insulated cabinets with means to keep entire interior of cabinet at set point temperature of heated rolls), the residence time to achieve a certain percent RMC is about two-thirds or less of what is required when drying is carried out with the contact time and a non-contact time component (such as when drying is carried out using heated rolls positioned in non-insulated drying cabinets)

The total amount of residence time, when there is both a CT and a NCT component to the residence time, required to dry a PBZ fiber to less than about twelve percent RMC should preferably be no more than about 10 minutes, more ^preferably be no more than about 5 minutes, and most preferably be no more than about 3 minutes The total amount of residence time, where there is only a CT component (no NCT component) of residence time, required to dry a PBZ fiber to less than about twelve percent RMC should preferably be no more than about 6 minutes, more preferably be no more than about 3 minutes, and most preferably be no more than about 2 minutes The total amount of residence time, when there is both a CT and a NCT component to the residence time, required to dry a PBZ fiber to less than about two percent RMC should preferably be no more than about 20 minutes, more preferably be no more than about 15 minutes, and most preferably be no more than about 10 minutes The total amount of residence time, when there is only a CT component (no NCT component) of residence time, required to dry a PBZ fiber to a level of percent RMC of less than two percent RMC should preferably be no more than about 14 minutes, more preferably be no more than about 10 minutes, and most preferably be no more than about 7 minutes

In order to dry the fiber to a certain residual moisture content in the amount of time specified in the preceding paragraphs, it is desirable to start the drying process at a certain minimum temperature Accordingly, the minimum first temperature the fiber should be exposed to is at least about 140°C, preferably at least about 150°C, more preferably at least about 160°C, more highly preferably at least about 170°C, and most preferably at least about 180°C It is desirable to mintmize the amount of time it takes to dry the fiber It has been found that selecting intermediate process temperatures close to those temperatures on the NDD line, without going higher than those temperatures on the NDD line (as illustrated by the senes of vertical and horizontal lines 12 in Figure 2) allows the most rapid drying of PBZ fiber, without creating voids Typically, final drying temperatures do not excess 300°C, preferably do not exceed 280°C and most preferably do not exceed 260°C The drying process is concluded when the percent RMC of the fiber has reached the desired level. Drying is preferably continued until the fiber exiting the drying equipment contains at most about twelve percent RMC, preferably at most about 10 percent RMC, more preferably at most about 8 percent RMC, more highly preferably at most about 6 percent RMC, most preferably at most about 4 percent RMC and most highly preferably at most about 2 percent RMC.

After the fiber is dried, it may optionally be heat treated to improve its physical ^' properties. Heat-treatment of PBZ fiber is described in jointly owned, Allowed, U.S. Patent Applications serial numbers 07/985,068 (Rapid Heat Treatment Method for Polybenzazole o Polymer) and serial number 07/985,067 (Steam Heat-Treatment Method for Polybenzazole Fiber).

Operating by this drying method permits rapid drying of PBZ fiber while minimizing damage to the fiber. Minimizing the amount of damage inflicted upon PBZ fiber is desirable. 5 The following examples are for illustrative purposes only. They should not be taken as limiting the scope of either the specification or the claims. Unless stated otherwise, all parts and percentages are by weight.

In these examples, the percent residual moisture content (percent RMC) is determined by a gravimetric method as follows: Approximately 0.5 grams of fiber sample is 0 collected and weighed on a balance. The samples are heated in an oven at 250°C for thirty minutes to remove the residual moisture and weighed again. The percent RMC is determined by calculating [(initial sample weight - dried sample weight)/dried sample weight] x 100 percent.

In these examples, the void content and distribution are determined using a visual microscopic method. Three inch long samples of fiber are cut and end-taped on microscopic slides and observed under a light microscope at 200X magnification. Voids usually appear as blotches or dark striations along the fiber. They can vary in size, number and thickness among fiber samples. The void content is qualitatively rated as void free, slight voids and many voids. Examples Example of Damage Drying and Non-Damage Drying

A spinning dope that contains 14 percent cis-polybenzoxazole (I. . 30 g/dL) dissolved in polyphosphoric acid was extruded at 160°C from a spinneret that contained 166 orifices, with each orifice having a diameter of 0.22 mm. The resulting filaments were drawn across an air gap of 22 cm and immersed in an aqueous coagulation bath maintained at a temperature of about 22°C. The filaments awere combined into a fiber and the fiber was washed with water as it passes sequentially over rolls. The fiber was dried using 3 matched pairs of heated drying rolls with each pair of heated drying rolls set up in separate, uninsulated drying cabinets. Each pair of heated drying rolls has the same set point temperature. The residence time in each cabinet is the sum of the amount of time the fiber is in contact with the rolls (CT) plus the amount of time the fiber is not in contactwith each roll (non-contacttime or NCT). After drying, the physical properties of the dried fiber are measured.

Figure 3 shows the drying profile lines of the fibers described in the following examples. Comparative Example 0 In Figure 3, the line marked 1 was the drying profile line for Fiber 1. Fiber 1 wasmoved at 200 meters/minute through the drying process. Drying profile line 1 for Fiber 1 show that this fiber was dried at 180°C (residence time 42 seconds), until its moisture level was below 25 percent, then it was dried at 240°C (residence time 121 seconds) until its moisture level was below 15 percent. The drying profile line 1 crosses the NDD line at position 5. The 5 fiber had a tensile strength of 33.8 g/d(4.66 GPa), a tensile modulus of 1671 g/d(230 GPa) and an elongation to break of 2.46 percent. This fiber had many visible voids present. THIS FIBER IS NOT AN EXAMPLE OF THIS INVENTION. Example of the Invention

In Figure 3, the line marked 2 was the drying profile line for Fiber 2. Fiber 2 was o moved at 100 meters/minute through the drying process. Line 2 showed that Fiber 2 was dried first at 170°C (residence time of 84.3 seconds), until its moisture level was below 20 percent then it was dried at 200°C (residence time of 84.3 seconds) until its moisture level was below 10 percent and then it was dried at 240°C (residence time of 79.3) until its moisture level was below 3 percent. At a total residence time of 4.1 minutes, this fiber's ending percent RMC was 5 3.0 percent. When the amount of residence time for this fiber at 240°C was extended to 158.6 seconds, the fiber's ending percent residual moisture content drops to 1.0 percent. At no time does the drying profile line, 2, for this fiber cross the NDD line. This fiber had a tensile strength of 38.0 to 39.3 g/d(5.24 to 5.42 GPa), a tensi le modulus of 1616 to 1624 g/d(223 to 224 GPa) and an elongation to break of 2.86 to 3.00 percent. This fiber did not have visible voids at the 0 conclusion of the drying process.

5 Example of Drying Using Contact Time and Noncontact Time versus Drying Using Only Contact Time

A polybenzoxazole fiber was provided with a certain percent RMC.

One segment of this fiber was dried at a 100/meters minute line speed using heated rolls positioned in a non-insulated cabinet (residence time with contact time and non¬ contact time components). The first pair of heated rolls had a set point temperature of 180°C, the second pair of heated rolls had a set point temperature of 200°C, and the third pair of heated rolls had a set point temperature of 220°C. The total residence time for the PBO fiber was the sum of all the residence times (33.7 sec CT at each set point temperature and 50.6 seconds NCT at each set point temperature). The total residence time for the PBO fiber dried in this mannerto reach 4.8 percent RMC was 4.2 minutes.

The same fiber was dried at 100 m/minute using heated rolls positioned in insulated cabinets wherein the interior temperature of each cabinet was maintained at the set point temperature of the heated rolls contained within it (residence time with only a contact time component). The set point temperature pattern of the rolls were the same as the set point temperatures of the fiber dried with both a CT and a NCT component. The total residence time for the PBO fiber dried in this manner to reach 4.8 percent RMC was 2.4 minutes.

Claims

CLAIMS :

1. A process to rapidly dry a polybenzazole fiber that initially contains more than 30 percent residual moisture content, while minimizing damage to said fiber, said process having the step of exposing the fiber sequentially to two or more temperatures, wherein said temperatures are set relative to the percent residual moisture content of said fiber, and wherein each temperature set is hotter than the previous temperature, while allowing for brief periods of non-contact time during drying in which said fiber is not exposed to the full set point temperature, wherein the final percent residual moisture content of the fiber after it has been exposed to said two or more temperatures is twelve percent or less.

2. A process to rapidly dry a polybenzazole fiber that initially contains more than 10 30 percent residuai moisture content, while minimizing damage to said fiber, said process comprising the step of exposing said fiber sequentially to two or more temperatures, wherein said temperatures are selected relative to the percent residual moisture content of said fiber, and wherein each temperature selected is hotter than the previous temperature, and wherein the final percent residual moisture content of said fiber after it has been exposed to said two or 15 more temperatures is twelve percent or less.

3. The process of Claim 1 or 2 in which said final percent residual moisture content of the fiber after it has been exposed to said two or more temperatures is 6 percent or less.

4. The process of Claim 1 in which the total residence time the fiber is exposed 0 sequentially to two or more temperatures is less than twenty minutes.

5. The process of Claim 2 in which the total residence time the fiber is exposed sequentially to two or more temperatures is less than six minutes.

6. The process of Claim 1 or 2 in which the number of temperatures said fiber is exposed to is two. 5

7. The process of Claim 1 in which the first of said two or more temperatures is at least 140°C.

8. The process of Claim 1 or 2 in which said polybenzazole fiber is polybenzoxazole fiber.

9. The process of Claim 1 or 2 in which said polybenzazole fiber is 0 polybenzothiazole fiber.

10. A polybenzazole fiber dried by the process of Claim 1 or 2.

5