EP0653808B1 - Female electric contact of sleeve type - Google Patents

Female electric contact of sleeve type Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0653808B1
EP0653808B1 EP94402363A EP94402363A EP0653808B1 EP 0653808 B1 EP0653808 B1 EP 0653808B1 EP 94402363 A EP94402363 A EP 94402363A EP 94402363 A EP94402363 A EP 94402363A EP 0653808 B1 EP0653808 B1 EP 0653808B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
ring
springs
contact
inlet orifice
electrical contact
Prior art date
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Revoked
Application number
EP94402363A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0653808A1 (en
Inventor
Jean-François Le Gall
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FCI SA
Original Assignee
Framatome Connectors International SAS
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Publication date
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Application filed by Framatome Connectors International SAS filed Critical Framatome Connectors International SAS
Publication of EP0653808A1 publication Critical patent/EP0653808A1/en
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01RELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R13/00Details of coupling devices of the kinds covered by groups H01R12/70 or H01R24/00 - H01R33/00
    • H01R13/02Contact members
    • H01R13/15Pins, blades or sockets having separate spring member for producing or increasing contact pressure
    • H01R13/187Pins, blades or sockets having separate spring member for producing or increasing contact pressure with spring member in the socket
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01RELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R13/00Details of coupling devices of the kinds covered by groups H01R12/70 or H01R24/00 - H01R33/00
    • H01R13/02Contact members
    • H01R13/10Sockets for co-operation with pins or blades
    • H01R13/11Resilient sockets
    • H01R13/111Resilient sockets co-operating with pins having a circular transverse section

Description

La présente invention concerne des perfectionnements apportés aux contacts électriques femelles du type douille, tels que définis au préambule de la revendication 1.The present invention relates to improvements made to female electrical contacts of the socket type, as defined in the preamble of claim 1.

Un tel contact est décrit dans le document U.S. 4 534 603. L'inconvénient de ce contact connu réside dans l'insuffisance de résistance mécanique de la cage, les lames à extrémités physiquement indépendantes étant relativement fragiles ; en particulier, lors du retrait d'un contact mâle hors de la cage, une lame peut être entraînée avec le contact mâle en raison d'une friction trop élevée et être pliée.Such contact is described in the document US 4,534,603. The drawback of this known contact lies in the insufficient mechanical strength of the cage, the blades with physically independent ends being relatively fragile; in particular, when removing a male contact from the cage, a blade can be driven with the male contact due to too high friction and be bent.

Le brevet U.S. 4 572 606 décrit un agencement de contact femelle du type douille comportant un corps tubulaire renfermant une pluralité de lames élastiques réparties le long de la périphérie intérieure du corps et maintenues cintrées radialement vers l'intérieur dans leurs zones centrales ; ces lames sont solidarisées au corps à leur extrémité arrière et constituent ainsi un élément de contact virtuellement en forme de cage, tandis que les extrémités antérieures de ces lames sont libres de jouer longitudinalement.U.S. Patent 4,572,606 describes a socket-type female contact arrangement comprising a tubular body enclosing a plurality of resilient blades distributed along the interior periphery of the body and held radially inwardly bent in their central regions; these blades are secured to the body at their rear end and thus constitute a virtually cage-shaped contact element, while the front ends of these blades are free to play longitudinally.

Les documents DE 35 31 845 et EP 0 213 312 décrivent un agencement de contact femelle du type douille dans lequel plusieurs lames de contact constituent une cage monobloc emprisonnée à libre coulissement à l'intérieur du corps tubulaire du contact et retenue axialement avec jeu par deux butées : lors de l'introduction du contact mâle associé, la cage est repoussée contre la butée arrière et est bloquée par celle-ci, tandis que le jeu axial autorise l'expansion axiale de la cage en direction de l'avant.The documents DE 35 31 845 and EP 0 213 312 describe a female contact arrangement of the socket type in which several contact blades constitute a one-piece cage trapped in free sliding inside the tubular body of the contact and axially retained with play in pairs. stops: during the introduction of the associated male contact, the cage is pushed against the rear stop and is blocked by the latter, while the axial play allows the axial expansion of the cage towards the front.

L'inconvénient présenté par ces contacts femelles connus est dû au fait que les lames en appui sur le contact mâle associé sont, en raison de leur solidarisation au corps tubulaire à leur extrémité postérieure, libre de s'expanser longitudinalement uniquement en direction de l'avant, c'est-à-dire dans le sens inverse du sens d'introduction du contact mâle.The drawback presented by these known female contacts is due to the fact that the blades bearing on the associated male contact are, due to their connection to the tubular body at their posterior end, free to expand longitudinally only in the direction of the before, i.e. in the opposite direction to the direction of introduction of the male contact.

Si une anomalie survient lors du mouvement relatif d'accouplement (par exemple mauvaise introduction de la broche, corps étranger interposé entre une lame et la broche du contact mâle), une ou plusieurs lames peuvent être soumises à un effort élevé dirigé vers l'arrière et, étant dans l'impossibilité de s'expanser correctement vers l'avant, elles risquent de subir une déformation longitudinale irréversible (pliage) entraînant la détérioration du contact femelle.If an anomaly occurs during the relative coupling movement (for example improper insertion of the spindle, foreign body interposed between a blade and the pin of the male contact), one or more blades can be subjected to a high force directed backwards and, being unable to expand properly forward, they risk undergoing an irreversible longitudinal deformation (bending) causing deterioration of the female contact.

En outre, en raison même du fait que l'expansion s'effectue à contresens du déplacement du contact mâle, la force d'insertion n'est pas constante et conserve une valeur trop élevée qui n'est pas contrôlable.In addition, due to the very fact that the expansion takes place against the displacement of the male contact, the insertion force is not constant and retains a too high value which is not controllable.

Enfin, le montage flottant de la cage, dans le cas du contact des documents DE 35 31 845, et EP 0 213 312, a pour inconvénient supplémentaire l'impossibilité de contrôler de façon précise la localisation de ladite cage lors de l'introduction du contact mâle. La cage est en effet d'abord repoussée et comprimée en appui contre la butée postérieure ; ensuite seulement l'expansion axiale de la cage s'effectue en direction de l'avant, ce qui rend encore plus aléatoire, voire impossible, le maintient d'une force d'insertion constante et faible au cours de l'accouplement.Finally, the floating mounting of the cage, in the case of contact with documents DE 35 31 845, and EP 0 213 312, has the additional disadvantage of the impossibility of precisely controlling the location of said cage during the introduction of the male contact. The cage is in fact first pushed back and compressed in abutment against the posterior stop; then only the axial expansion of the cage takes place in the direction of the front, which makes it even more random, if not impossible, to maintain a constant and low insertion force during mating.

Le brevet US 3 120 989 montre un agencement de contact femelle du type douille dans lequel une lame cintrée de contact, associée à un corps tubulaire, est solidarisée par son extrémité antérieure audit corps au voisinage de l'orifice d'entrée de celui-ci, tandis que son extrémité postérieure reste libre de jouer longitudinalement. Toutefois, dans ce contact connu, la lame déformable reste unique et le contact présente alors les inconvénients inhérents à ce type d'agencement (nombre réduit des zones de contact avec le contact mâle, surface de contact réduite, dissymétrie des efforts d'appui sur le contact mâle, ...). En outre, les moyens mis en oeuvre pour retenir la lame dans la douille nécessitent des usinages (anneaux associés à la lame, gorge creusée dans la douille) qui sont dispendieux en temps et en argent et qui ne peuvent convenir lorsqu'une fabrication quelque peu économique est recherchée.US Pat. No. 3,120,989 shows a socket-type female contact arrangement in which a curved contact blade, associated with a tubular body, is secured by its end anterior to said body in the vicinity of the inlet orifice thereof , while its rear end remains free to play longitudinally. However, in this known contact, the deformable blade remains unique and the contact then has the drawbacks inherent in this type of arrangement (reduced number of contact zones with the male contact, reduced contact surface, asymmetry of the support forces on male contact, ...). In addition, the means used to retain the blade in the socket require machining (rings associated with the blade, groove hollowed in the socket) which are expensive in time and in money and which cannot be suitable when a somewhat economical manufacture is sought.

L'invention a donc essentiellement pour but de remédier aux divers inconvénients ci-dessus exposés présentés par les contacts femelles du type douille connus à ce jour et de proposer un agencement perfectionné pour un tel contact électrique femelle du type douille qui donne mieux satisfaction aux diverses exigences de la pratique, notamment pour ce qui concerne l'obtention d'une force d'insertion aussi constante et aussi faible que possible.The invention therefore essentially aims to remedy the various drawbacks described above presented by the female contacts of the socket type known to date and to propose an improved arrangement for such a female electrical contact of the socket type which gives better satisfaction to the various requirements of the practice, in particular with regard to obtaining an insertion force as constant and as low as possible.

A cet effet, il est proposé un contact du type douille tel que défini plus haut au préambule qui, étant agencé conformément à l'invention, se caractérise essentiellement comme exposé dans la partie caractérisante de la revendication 1.To this end, a socket-type contact as defined above in the preamble is proposed which, being arranged in accordance with the invention, is essentially characterized as set out in the characterizing part of claim 1.

Grâce à cet agencement, l'expansion de la cage constituée par les lames de contact s'effectue dans le sens même de l'introduction du contact mâle associé. De la sorte, on est assuré qu'aucun effort parasite vient, en situation normale, perturber la force d'appui élastique de chaque lame sur le contact mâle tout au long de la course d'introduction de celui-ci. L'effort d'insertion, lors de l'introduction du contact mâle dans le contact femelle, est, dans ces conditions, maintenu aussi constant et aussi faible que possible, tandis que la multiplicité des lames agencées en cage assure d'un appui radial symétrique et d'un nombre de zones d'appui et d'une surface d'appui appropriés pour une conduction électrique optimale. En cas d'anomalie, une composante de force supplémentaire générée par un frottement accru entre une lame et le contact mâle conserve le même sens coïncidant avec le sens d'introduction du contact mâle et, malgré un accroissement de l'effort d'insertion, il ne peut pas en résulter un endommagement de la lame et une détérioration du contact femelle.Thanks to this arrangement, the expansion of the cage formed by the contact blades takes place in the same direction as the introduction of the associated male contact. In this way, it is ensured that no parasitic force comes, in normal situation, to disturb the elastic support force of each blade on the male contact throughout the stroke of introduction thereof. The insertion force, during the introduction of the male contact into the female contact, is, under these conditions, kept as constant and as low as possible, while the multiplicity of blades arranged in a cage ensures radial support symmetrical and of a number of support zones and a support surface suitable for optimal electrical conduction. In the event of an anomaly, an additional force component generated by increased friction between a blade and the male contact retains the same coincident direction with the direction of insertion of the male contact and, despite an increase in the insertion force, it cannot result in damage to the blade and deterioration of the female contact.

Il est avantageux que les lames et les bagues antérieure et postérieure constituent une pièce unique monobloc qui peut notamment, de façon avantageuse, être obtenue à partir d'une feuille métallique découpée, puis roulée sur elle-même ; la fabrication d'une telle pièce est simple et peu coûteuse.It is advantageous that the blades and the front and rear rings constitute a single monobloc piece which can in particular, advantageously, be obtained from a cut metal sheet, then rolled on itself; the manufacture of such a part is simple and inexpensive.

Il est très avantageux que la bague antérieure soit solidarisée au corps tubulaire par sertissage sur l'orifice d'entrée de celui-ci ; dans un exemple de réalisation intéressant, l'orifice d'entrée du corps tubulaire présente un évasement ouvert vers l'extérieur, la bague antérieure présente un évasement ouvert vers l'avant qui est de forme complémentaire de celle de l'évasement du corps tubulaire pour prendre appui contre celui-ci, et le bord antérieur de l'orifice d'entrée est replié pour s'étendre radialement devant le bord avant de la bague antérieure et retenir ladite bague. On obtient ainsi un montage simple et réalisable avec des outillages courants.It is very advantageous for the front ring to be secured to the tubular body by crimping on the inlet orifice thereof; in an interesting embodiment, the inlet orifice of the tubular body has a flare open towards the outside, the anterior ring has a flare open towards the front which is of shape complementary to that of the flare of the tubular body to bear against it, and the front edge of the inlet is folded to extend radially in front of the front edge of the front ring and retain said ring. A simple and achievable assembly is thus obtained with standard tools.

L'invention sera mieux comprise à la lecture de la description détaillée qui suit de certains modes de réalisation donnés uniquement à titre d'exemples non limitatifs. Dans cette description, on se réfère au dessin annexé sur lequel :

  • la figure 1 est une vue schématique de côté, en coupe, d'un contact femelle du type douille avec une seule lame de contact agencé conformément à l'état de la technique ; et
  • la figure 2 est une vue schématique de côté, en coupe, d'un contact femelle à plusieurs lames de contact formant cage, agencé selon l'invention.
The invention will be better understood on reading the following detailed description of certain embodiments given solely by way of nonlimiting examples. In this description, reference is made to the attached drawing on which :
  • Figure 1 is a schematic side view, in section, of a socket-type female contact with a single contact blade arranged in accordance with the state of the art; and
  • Figure 2 is a schematic side view, in section, of a female contact with several contact blades forming a cage, arranged according to the invention.

En se référant tout d'abord à la figure 1 qui montre schématiquement un agencement de contact femelle connu conformément au brevet US 3 120 989, un contact électrique femelle de type douille, désigné dans son ensemble par la référence A, comprend un corps 1 muni à sa partie arrière d'un organe 2 ou queue approprié pour son raccordement, par exemple par soudage, avec un circuit électrique, notamment un fil électrique (non montré).Referring firstly to FIG. 1 which schematically shows a female contact arrangement known in accordance with US Pat. No. 3,120,989, a socket type female electrical contact, generally designated by the reference A, comprises a body 1 provided at its rear part of a member 2 or tail suitable for its connection, for example by welding, with an electric circuit, in particular an electric wire (not shown).

Dans sa partie avant, le corps 1 est évidé pour définir un logement 3, ouvert à l'avant par un orifice d'entrée 4, qui est conformé et dimensionné pour recevoir un contact électrique mâle du type broche (non montré). Dans l'exemple représenté, le logement 3 est cylindrique de révolution.In its front part, the body 1 is hollowed out to define a housing 3, open at the front by an inlet orifice 4, which is shaped and dimensioned to receive a male electrical contact of the pin type (not shown). In the example shown, the housing 3 is cylindrical in revolution.

Une lame de contact 5 déformable élastiquement et s'étendant sensiblement longitudinalement et latéralement est disposée à l'intérieur du logement 3. Cette lame est solidaire, à son extrémité antérieure, d'un anneau 6 présentant un évidement de diamètre au moins égal à celui du contact mâle associé, lequel anneau 6 est logé et retenu coaxialement dans une gorge annulaire 7 creusée dans la face interne du corps 1 en arrière et au voisinage de l'orifice d'entrée 4. En arrière de son extrémité antérieure, la lame 5 est incurvée longitudinalement avec une convexité tournée radialement vers l'axe central du logement 3. L'extrémité arrière 8 de la lame 5 est libre et, lors de l'introduction ou du retrait du contact mâle (non montré), elle peut se déplacer longitudinalement en fonction de la déformation radiale imprimée par le contact mâle à la partie convexe de la lame.A contact blade 5 elastically deformable and extending substantially longitudinally and laterally is disposed inside the housing 3. This blade is secured, at its anterior end, to a ring 6 having a recess with a diameter at least equal to that of the associated male contact, which ring 6 is housed and retained coaxially in an annular groove 7 hollowed out in the internal face of the body 1 behind and in the vicinity of the inlet orifice 4. Behind its anterior end, the blade 5 is curved longitudinally with a convexity facing radially towards the central axis of the housing 3. The end rear 8 of the blade 5 is free and, when inserting or removing the male contact (not shown), it can move longitudinally as a function of the radial deformation imparted by the male contact to the convex part of the blade.

Dans un contact femelle ainsi agencé, la lame élastiquement déformable unique exerce un effort d'appui sur un seul côté du contact mâle en cours d'introduction et la dissymétrie radiale de cet effort ne favorise nullement une réduction maximale de l'effort d'insertion. Par ailleurs, la surface de contact réduite de cette lame unique sur le contact mâle n'est pas favorable à l'obtention d'une continuité électrique de bonne qualité.In a female contact thus arranged, the single elastically deformable blade exerts a pressing force on only one side of the male contact during introduction and the radial dissymmetry of this force in no way promotes a maximum reduction of the insertion force. . Furthermore, the reduced contact surface of this single blade on the male contact is not favorable for obtaining good quality electrical continuity.

La figure 2 (sur laquelle les mêmes références numériques sont conservées pour désigner des organes identiques à ceux de la figure 1) montre un contact femelle B agencé conformément à l'invention avec plusieurs lames déformables 5 qui sont disposées selon un cylindre et dont les extrémités antérieures sont réunies par une bague antérieure 9, l'ensemble ainsi formé constituant virtuellement une cage. Dans cet agencement, le bord annulaire du corps qui définit l'orifice d'entrée 4 est évasé vers l'extérieur et la bague antérieure 9 est, elle aussi, au moins en partie conformée avec un évasement ouvert vers l'avant qui est complémentaire de celui de l'orifice 4 du corps. Cette disposition facilite le montage des lames sur le corps 1 du fait que la bague 9, qui épouse le contour axial et circonférentiel de l'orifice 4 du logement, recouvre la partie évasée de celui-ci et s'applique contre ladite partie évasée. Une saillie périphérique 10 d'étendue axiale entourant l'orifice 4 est rabattue sur le bord libre de la bague 9 et le recouvre (bouterollage) : la bague 9 est ainsi coincée axialement entre la partie évasée du corps et le bord rabattu de l'orifice d'entrée.Figure 2 (in which the same reference numerals are kept to designate bodies identical to those of Figure 1) shows a female contact B arranged in accordance with the invention with several deformable blades 5 which are arranged in a cylinder and whose ends anterior are joined by an anterior ring 9, the assembly thus formed virtually constituting a cage. In this arrangement, the annular edge of the body which defines the inlet orifice 4 is flared towards the outside and the anterior ring 9 is, too, at least partially shaped with a flaring open towards the front which is complementary that of the orifice 4 of the body. This arrangement facilitates the mounting of the blades on the body 1 because the ring 9, which follows the axial and circumferential contour of the orifice 4 of the housing, covers the flared part thereof and is applied against said flared part. A peripheral projection 10 of axial extent surrounding the orifice 4 is folded over the free edge of the ring 9 and covers it (flap): the ring 9 is thus wedged axially between the flared part of the body and the folded edge of the inlet port.

En outre, les extrémités postérieures des lames 5 sont, elles aussi, réunies par une bague postérieure 13. La bague peut présenter toute forme souhaitée et sa dimension transversale est telle qu'elle puisse glisser librement, en direction longitudinale, à l'intérieur du logement 3. Ainsi constituée, la cage 12 peut subir une expansion longitudinale libre dans le sens d'introduction du contact mâle. La cage 12 peut être fabriquée par une opération de découpage-roulage. C'est une pièce qui est mécaniquement résistante et dont la configuration procure, d'une part, un effort d'insertion aussi constant et aussi faible que possible lors de l'introduction du contact mâle et, d'autre part, un appui symétrique et d'aire importante sur le contact mâle conduisant à une bonne continuité électrique.In addition, the rear ends of the blades 5 are also joined by a rear ring 13. The ring can have any desired shape and its transverse dimension is such that it can slide freely, in longitudinal direction, inside the housing 3. Thus formed, the cage 12 can undergo a free longitudinal expansion in the direction of introduction of the male contact. The cage 12 can be manufactured by a cutting-rolling operation. It is a part which is mechanically resistant and whose configuration provides, on the one hand, an insertion force as constant and as low as possible during the introduction of the male contact and, on the other hand, a symmetrical support. and large area on the male contact leading to good electrical continuity.

Claims (4)

  1. A female electrical contact of the socket type comprising a tubular body (1) defining a housing (3) provided with a front inlet orifice (4) for receiving a male electrical contact of the pin type, and a plurality of elastically deformable contact springs (5) which are curved radially inwards and which extend substantially longitudinally, being distributed in a cylinder to constitute a cage, said springs (5) being secured to the body adjacent to their front ends, the front ends of the springs being connected to one another by a front ring (9) which fits over the outline of the housing (3) in the vicinity of its inlet orifice (4) and is secured thereto,
    characterized in that the rear ends of the springs are also connected to one another by means of a rear ring (13) whose transverse size is smaller than that of the housing (3) and which is free to move longitudinally inside the housing, and in that it is the respective central zones of the springs which are curved radially inwards.
  2. An electrical contact according to claim 1,
    characterized in that the springs (5) and the front and rear rings (9, 13) constitute a single part (11, 12), in particular obtained by cutting out metal sheet and then rolling it up.
  3. An electrical contact according to anyone of claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the front ring (9) is secured to the tubular body (1) by crimping to the inlet orifice (4) thereof.
  4. An electrical contact according to claim 3,
    characterized in that the inlet orifice (4) of the tubular body (1) has a flare that is open towards the outside, in that the front ring has a flare that is open towards the front and that is complementary in shape to the flare of the tubular body so as to bear thereagainst, and in that the front edge (10) of the inlet orifice is folded over to extend radially in front of the front edge of the front ring and thus retain said ring.
EP94402363A 1993-10-22 1994-10-20 Female electric contact of sleeve type Revoked EP0653808B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9312637A FR2711852B1 (en) 1993-10-22 1993-10-22 Socket type female electrical contact.
FR9312637 1993-10-22

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0653808A1 EP0653808A1 (en) 1995-05-17
EP0653808B1 true EP0653808B1 (en) 1997-07-16

Family

ID=9452137

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP94402363A Revoked EP0653808B1 (en) 1993-10-22 1994-10-20 Female electric contact of sleeve type

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US5601457A (en)
EP (1) EP0653808B1 (en)
DE (1) DE69404264T2 (en)
FR (1) FR2711852B1 (en)

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US6273766B1 (en) * 2000-09-08 2001-08-14 Eagle Comtronics, Inc. Electronic device including a collet assembly with dual receiving sockets
US6767260B2 (en) 2002-02-28 2004-07-27 Qa Technology Company, Inc. Hyperboloid electrical contact
FR2889625B1 (en) * 2005-08-04 2014-01-24 Souriau FEMALE CONTACT ELEMENT AND METHOD FOR MAKING A FEMALE CONTACT ELEMENT
CH704749B1 (en) * 2007-09-05 2012-10-15 Preci Dip Sa contact clip.
CN102437454B (en) * 2011-08-31 2014-02-05 中航光电科技股份有限公司 Double-combined crown spring and jack using same
US9236682B2 (en) 2013-02-15 2016-01-12 Lear Corporation Cylindrical electric connector with biased contact
DE102015122303B3 (en) * 2015-12-15 2017-04-20 Amphenol-Tuchel Electronics Gmbh connector socket
FR3051078B1 (en) * 2016-05-03 2018-09-21 Eaxtron SLEEVE FOR FEMALE CONTACT, CONNECTOR USING SLEEVE, AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING SAME.
US11005204B2 (en) * 2018-07-17 2021-05-11 Carlisle Interconnect Technologies, Inc. High speed electrical connector assembly
DE102020202609A1 (en) * 2020-02-28 2021-09-02 Te Connectivity Germany Gmbh Cone-shaped contact spring sleeves and electrical connectors and plug connections with such contact spring sleeves

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DE3531845C2 (en) * 1985-09-06 1994-05-26 Daut & Rietz Trw Contact part, shaped as a socket or plug part for insertion in socket or plug housings
DE3615915A1 (en) * 1986-05-12 1987-11-19 Dunkel Otto Gmbh CONTACT ELEMENT FOR ELECTRICAL CONNECTORS

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE69404264T2 (en) 1998-01-08
FR2711852B1 (en) 1996-01-05
US5601457A (en) 1997-02-11
EP0653808A1 (en) 1995-05-17
DE69404264D1 (en) 1997-08-21
FR2711852A1 (en) 1995-05-05

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