EP0619460A1 - A coaxial coupling of the thermocouple to the magnetic group controlling gas flow in burners - Google Patents

A coaxial coupling of the thermocouple to the magnetic group controlling gas flow in burners Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0619460A1
EP0619460A1 EP94500043A EP94500043A EP0619460A1 EP 0619460 A1 EP0619460 A1 EP 0619460A1 EP 94500043 A EP94500043 A EP 94500043A EP 94500043 A EP94500043 A EP 94500043A EP 0619460 A1 EP0619460 A1 EP 0619460A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
thermocouple
magnetic group
head
conductor
male terminal
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP94500043A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0619460B1 (en
Inventor
José Antonio ORKLI S. COOP. LTDA Guirado Tristan
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Orkli SCL
Original Assignee
Orkli SCL
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Orkli SCL filed Critical Orkli SCL
Publication of EP0619460A1 publication Critical patent/EP0619460A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0619460B1 publication Critical patent/EP0619460B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R24/00—Two-part coupling devices, or either of their cooperating parts, characterised by their overall structure
    • H01R24/38—Two-part coupling devices, or either of their cooperating parts, characterised by their overall structure having concentrically or coaxially arranged contacts
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
    • F23N5/02—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium
    • F23N5/10—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium using thermocouples
    • F23N5/107—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium using thermocouples using mechanical means, e.g. safety valves
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for controlling combustion
    • F23N2900/05101—Connections between thermocouple and magnetic valves, e.g. by plug and socket connectors

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a coupling that has been specifically designed to electrically connect a thermocouple to the respective magnetic group in a gas tap the structural features of which are aimed at achieving a very fast coupling and a high reliability in operation.
  • thermocouples used in gas burners are designed to control the general gas flow toward such burners, working with a magnetic group, causing the gas flow to be shut off in the event of the flame being extinguished by accident. More specifically, this magnetic group, that permanently tends to be shut off, must be turned on by hand, operating directly upon a gas tap button, and stays on when the heat generated by the flame causes the thermocouple in turn to generate an electromotive force strong enough to hold the coil in the said magnetic group energised, which status is obviously discontinued when there is no longer an electromotive force upon the extinguishment of the heat source when the burner is switched off.
  • thermocouple and the magnetic group, which is generally a tube that stands as both earth for the said electric connection and shield for a cable coaxially housed within it, duly electrically insulated from the surrounding tube or earth.
  • thermocouple bipolar conductor In order to electrically connect the thermocouple bipolar conductor to the magnetic group, the said conductor ends in a threaded connector secured to a lock nut established in the magnetic group.
  • the fast coupling subject of the invention has been designed to fully solve the above problems and relies essentially on a coupling by simple axial plugging, whereby operation is extremely fast and simple, indeed almost instantaneous.
  • the features of the coaxial coupling subject hereof lie in providing the end of the tube or bipolar electric conductor with a preferably resilient and basically cylindrical heat insulating head having a large diameter, within which there is established an axial housing for a female terminal found at the end of the lead wire lying at the centre of the thermocouple tube, the said head being moreover covered with a metallic sheath that in turn establishes electric continuity with the metallic sheath of the coaxial conductor or tube, being earth in the thermocouple.
  • This head the axial bore in which also opens toward its free end to receive a corresponding male terminal associated to the magnetic group, is fitted at that same end with an annular housing of considerable depth into which a collar projecting from the front of the magnetic group can be "plugged".
  • the said collar is threadedly engaged to the magnetic group body and the latter is fitted with an electrically insulating packing supporting the male terminal and providing an optimal structural stiffness, contemporaneously ensuring a good electric contact.
  • the said terminal is hollow, the end of the solenoid conductor is housed in its through bore and the said terminal and conductor are definitively locked together by a spot weld at the common and free end of both elements.
  • Figure 1.- Is a diagrammatic side elevation and diametric sectional view of an axial coupling of the thermocouple to the magnetic group controlling the flow of gas in burners, the two parts of the coupling being shown disengaged so that their structure may be more clearly shown.
  • the figures show that the coaxial coupling subject hereof starts with the provision of a head (1) made of electrically insulating material, which is preferably plastic, to cover the end of the conductor (2) through which the thermocouple is to be coupled and connected to the magnetic group (3) mounted upon a gas tap (3'), the said head (1) having a considerable diameter and carrying a sheath (4) that is by nature metallic and conducts electricity, and making up an extension through a neck (5), without interruption, of the conductor (2) earth (6).
  • a head (1) made of electrically insulating material, which is preferably plastic, to cover the end of the conductor (2) through which the thermocouple is to be coupled and connected to the magnetic group (3) mounted upon a gas tap (3'), the said head (1) having a considerable diameter and carrying a sheath (4) that is by nature metallic and conducts electricity, and making up an extension through a neck (5), without interruption, of the conductor (2) earth (6).
  • the said head (1) is fitted with an axial bore (7) which houses and stabilises a female terminal (8) duly connected to the conductor (2) phase (9), the said axial bore (7) being capable of receiving at its free end (10) the corresponding male terminal (11) associated to the magnetic group (3).
  • the front end of the magnetic group body (3) is threadedly engaged to a collar (12), being metallic by nature and having an external diameter suited to the internal diameter of the sheath (4) in the head (1), with which it establishes electric continuity in the engaged status shown in figure 2, the said collar (12) being further useful as a means of attachment for the packing supporting the said male terminal (11).
  • the said collar (12) acts as an element to hold an internal centre plate (13), electrically insulating by nature, that in turn supports the terminal (11) with the assistance of a pair of internal rings (14-14'), its base being axially crossed by a straight extension (15) of the conductor making up the solenoid (16) in the magnetic group, the terminal (11) being hollow and axially traversed by the said straight extension (15) of the conductor, these elements being fixed at their free end and by a spot weld (17) that ensures a smooth electric continuity at the coupling of the male terminal (11) within the female terminal (10).
  • the magnetic group (3) comprises the centre plate (13), the solenoid (16) and the very platelet (18) drawn by the solenoid (16). This platelet is associated to the gas tap (3') seal (19).

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Feeding And Controlling Fuel (AREA)
  • Measuring Temperature Or Quantity Of Heat (AREA)
  • Connector Housings Or Holding Contact Members (AREA)

Abstract

The said coupling is fitted at the end of the tube or bipolar electric conductor with a heat insulating head (1) within which there is provided an axial housing for a female terminal (8) terminating the lead wire (9) that lies at the centre of the thermocouple tube, the said head being covered with a metallic sheath (4) that in turn establishes electric continuity with the metallic sheath of the coaxial conductor or tube, which is the electric earth (2) in the thermocouple.
It has been specifically designed to electrically connect a thermocouple to the respective magnetic group in a gas tap.

Description

    OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention relates to a coupling that has been specifically designed to electrically connect a thermocouple to the respective magnetic group in a gas tap the structural features of which are aimed at achieving a very fast coupling and a high reliability in operation.
    • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • It is a known fact that thermocouples used in gas burners are designed to control the general gas flow toward such burners, working with a magnetic group, causing the gas flow to be shut off in the event of the flame being extinguished by accident. More specifically, this magnetic group, that permanently tends to be shut off, must be turned on by hand, operating directly upon a gas tap button, and stays on when the heat generated by the flame causes the thermocouple in turn to generate an electromotive force strong enough to hold the coil in the said magnetic group energised, which status is obviously discontinued when there is no longer an electromotive force upon the extinguishment of the heat source when the burner is switched off.
  • It follows from the above that an electric connection must be provided between the thermocouple and the magnetic group, which is generally a tube that stands as both earth for the said electric connection and shield for a cable coaxially housed within it, duly electrically insulated from the surrounding tube or earth.
  • Nowadays, in order to electrically connect the thermocouple bipolar conductor to the magnetic group, the said conductor ends in a threaded connector secured to a lock nut established in the magnetic group.
  • This threaded coupling operation is clearly slow and sometimes complicated, above all when the position of the magnetic group is such that access to the connection area is difficult, the space available to such end being small, such as, for instance, with extra-slim worktops.
    • DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • The fast coupling subject of the invention has been designed to fully solve the above problems and relies essentially on a coupling by simple axial plugging, whereby operation is extremely fast and simple, indeed almost instantaneous.
  • More specifically and in order to achieve the above, the features of the coaxial coupling subject hereof lie in providing the end of the tube or bipolar electric conductor with a preferably resilient and basically cylindrical heat insulating head having a large diameter, within which there is established an axial housing for a female terminal found at the end of the lead wire lying at the centre of the thermocouple tube, the said head being moreover covered with a metallic sheath that in turn establishes electric continuity with the metallic sheath of the coaxial conductor or tube, being earth in the thermocouple.
  • This head, the axial bore in which also opens toward its free end to receive a corresponding male terminal associated to the magnetic group, is fitted at that same end with an annular housing of considerable depth into which a collar projecting from the front of the magnetic group can be "plugged". The said collar is threadedly engaged to the magnetic group body and the latter is fitted with an electrically insulating packing supporting the male terminal and providing an optimal structural stiffness, contemporaneously ensuring a good electric contact. More specifically, the said terminal is hollow, the end of the solenoid conductor is housed in its through bore and the said terminal and conductor are definitively locked together by a spot weld at the common and free end of both elements.
    • DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • In order to provide a fuller description and contribute to the complete understanding of the characteristics of this invention, a set of drawings is attached to the specification which, while purely illustrative and not fully comprehensive, shows the following:
  • Figure 1.- Is a diagrammatic side elevation and diametric sectional view of an axial coupling of the thermocouple to the magnetic group controlling the flow of gas in burners, the two parts of the coupling being shown disengaged so that their structure may be more clearly shown.
  • Figure 2.- Is the same assembly of the above figure, now engaged.
    • PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
  • The figures show that the coaxial coupling subject hereof starts with the provision of a head (1) made of electrically insulating material, which is preferably plastic, to cover the end of the conductor (2) through which the thermocouple is to be coupled and connected to the magnetic group (3) mounted upon a gas tap (3'), the said head (1) having a considerable diameter and carrying a sheath (4) that is by nature metallic and conducts electricity, and making up an extension through a neck (5), without interruption, of the conductor (2) earth (6).
  • The said head (1) is fitted with an axial bore (7) which houses and stabilises a female terminal (8) duly connected to the conductor (2) phase (9), the said axial bore (7) being capable of receiving at its free end (10) the corresponding male terminal (11) associated to the magnetic group (3).
  • More specifically, the front end of the magnetic group body (3), being at the same time its earth, is threadedly engaged to a collar (12), being metallic by nature and having an external diameter suited to the internal diameter of the sheath (4) in the head (1), with which it establishes electric continuity in the engaged status shown in figure 2, the said collar (12) being further useful as a means of attachment for the packing supporting the said male terminal (11).
  • More specifically and as shown in any of the figures, in particular figure 1, the said collar (12) acts as an element to hold an internal centre plate (13), electrically insulating by nature, that in turn supports the terminal (11) with the assistance of a pair of internal rings (14-14'), its base being axially crossed by a straight extension (15) of the conductor making up the solenoid (16) in the magnetic group, the terminal (11) being hollow and axially traversed by the said straight extension (15) of the conductor, these elements being fixed at their free end and by a spot weld (17) that ensures a smooth electric continuity at the coupling of the male terminal (11) within the female terminal (10).
  • It follows from the figures that the magnetic group (3) comprises the centre plate (13), the solenoid (16) and the very platelet (18) drawn by the solenoid (16). This platelet is associated to the gas tap (3') seal (19).
  • We feel that the description need not be extended any longer for any expert in the art to have grasped the full scope of the invention and the advantages it offers.
  • The materials, shape, size and layout of the elements may be altered provided that this entails no modification of the essential features of the invention.
  • The terms used to describe the invention herein should be taken to have a broad rather than a restrictive meaning.

Claims (2)

1.- A coaxial coupling of the thermocouple to the magnetic group controlling gas flow in burners, essentially characterised in comprising a cylindrical head made of electrically insulating material, duly associated to the free end of the thermocouple conductor, the head having a metallic sheath establishing electric continuity with the said conductor earth element, the said head having inside a female terminal duly connected to the thermocouple phase wire, the said female terminal being designed to receive by plugging a corresponding male terminal associated to the magnetic group and that is attached to the latter with the assistance of a metallic collar that, in addition to making up the mechanical means of attachment for such male terminal through the respective packing, extends into a front neck for coupling to the metallic sheath in the head, to establish electric continuity between the earth of both elements.
2.- A coaxial coupling of the thermocouple to the magnetic group controlling gas flow in burners, as in claim one, characterised in that the said metallic collar is coupled to the magnetic group inserting a sort of centre plate that is electrically insulating by nature, within which there is provided a pair of rings working in the packing axially fitting the male terminal, the said male terminal being provided to be hollow and a straight extension of the conductor making up the magnetic group solenoid at the bottom of the said electrically insulating centre plate axially crossing the male terminal and being fitted at its free end to the free end of the latter by means of a spot weld that ensures a smooth electric continuity.
EP19940500043 1993-03-31 1994-03-03 A coaxial coupling of the thermocouple to the magnetic group controlling gas flow in burners Expired - Lifetime EP0619460B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ES9300894U ES1024395Y (en) 1993-03-31 1993-03-31 COAXIAL COUPLING OF THERMOCOUPLE TO THE MAGNETIC GROUP THAT CONTROLS THE PASSAGE OF GAS IN BURNERS.
ES9300894U 1993-03-31

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0619460A1 true EP0619460A1 (en) 1994-10-12
EP0619460B1 EP0619460B1 (en) 1997-06-11

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ID=8281621

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP19940500043 Expired - Lifetime EP0619460B1 (en) 1993-03-31 1994-03-03 A coaxial coupling of the thermocouple to the magnetic group controlling gas flow in burners

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0619460B1 (en)
DE (1) DE69403720T2 (en)
ES (1) ES1024395Y (en)

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0691510A1 (en) * 1994-07-08 1996-01-10 LA MICROMECCANICA del Cav. Libero Balestra & C. S.p.A. Adapter device for thermocouples
US5967766A (en) * 1997-03-03 1999-10-19 Robertshaw Controls Company Heater control system and methods of making
EP1036987A2 (en) 1999-03-17 2000-09-20 Orkli, S. Coop. Safety gas valve with an electromagnet
EP1063474A1 (en) 1999-06-21 2000-12-27 Orkli, S. Coop. Electromagnet assembly for a safety gas valve
WO2003085324A1 (en) 2002-04-11 2003-10-16 Omvl S.R.L. Thermocouple safety device particularly for gas burnes
WO2004088205A2 (en) 2003-03-31 2004-10-14 Cast S.P.A. Plug for connection of a thermocouple to a magnet assembly of a gas valve for gas flow control in a burner
WO2005078347A1 (en) * 2004-02-16 2005-08-25 Erta Elektromekanik Imalat San. Ve Tic. Ltd. Sti. A connector
EP1669673A1 (en) * 2003-09-30 2006-06-14 Mikuni Corporation Pilot safety shut off device for gas
WO2007019885A1 (en) * 2005-08-17 2007-02-22 Castfutura S.P.A. Bipolar electrical connector particularly for connecting flame detector thermocouples to a magnetic assembly controlling gas flow in a burner
WO2012001716A1 (en) 2010-06-30 2012-01-05 Sabaf S.P.A. Electrical connection for connecting a thermocouple to the magnet assembly of a safety cock for gas supply"
ITTO20110738A1 (en) * 2011-08-05 2013-02-06 Illinois Tool Works DEVICE FOR THE CONNECTION OF A THERMOCOUPLE TO A SECURITY ELECTROMAGNET GROUP AND GAS TAP ON A COOKTOP
WO2013021321A1 (en) 2011-08-10 2013-02-14 Whirlpool Corporation Connector member for electrically connecting a thermocouple to a safety valve in a gas cooking hob
EP2802042A1 (en) 2013-05-10 2014-11-12 Orkli, S. Coop. Thermocouple connector adapted for being connected to a safety gas valve, and thermocouple
DE202014105639U1 (en) 2014-11-24 2014-12-05 Orkli, S.Coop. Magnetic safety assembly suitable for installation in a gas valve safety valve
WO2016162173A1 (en) * 2015-04-08 2016-10-13 Orkli, S.Coop. Safety valve adapted to a gas combustion appliance
EP3163168A1 (en) 2015-10-30 2017-05-03 Turas Gaz Armatürleri Sanayi Ve Tic. A.S. Nut for magnet units
IT201900016022A1 (en) 2019-09-10 2021-03-10 Robertshaw Italy S R L Thermocouple connector suitable for connection with a safety valve and thermocouple

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2379712A (en) * 1942-09-14 1945-07-03 Milwaukee Gas Specialty Co Thermoelectric safety device and the like
US2503459A (en) * 1947-03-31 1950-04-11 Milwaukee Gas Specialty Co Lead connector and cap

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2379712A (en) * 1942-09-14 1945-07-03 Milwaukee Gas Specialty Co Thermoelectric safety device and the like
US2503459A (en) * 1947-03-31 1950-04-11 Milwaukee Gas Specialty Co Lead connector and cap

Cited By (29)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0691510A1 (en) * 1994-07-08 1996-01-10 LA MICROMECCANICA del Cav. Libero Balestra & C. S.p.A. Adapter device for thermocouples
US5967766A (en) * 1997-03-03 1999-10-19 Robertshaw Controls Company Heater control system and methods of making
EP1036987A2 (en) 1999-03-17 2000-09-20 Orkli, S. Coop. Safety gas valve with an electromagnet
EP1036987A3 (en) * 1999-03-17 2002-06-12 Orkli, S. Coop. Safety gas valve with an electromagnet
EP1063474A1 (en) 1999-06-21 2000-12-27 Orkli, S. Coop. Electromagnet assembly for a safety gas valve
WO2003085324A1 (en) 2002-04-11 2003-10-16 Omvl S.R.L. Thermocouple safety device particularly for gas burnes
WO2004088205A2 (en) 2003-03-31 2004-10-14 Cast S.P.A. Plug for connection of a thermocouple to a magnet assembly of a gas valve for gas flow control in a burner
WO2004088205A3 (en) * 2003-03-31 2005-03-24 Cast S R L Plug for connection of a thermocouple to a magnet assembly of a gas valve for gas flow control in a burner
EP1669673A4 (en) * 2003-09-30 2012-02-01 Mikuni Kogyo Kk Pilot safety shut off device for gas
EP1669673A1 (en) * 2003-09-30 2006-06-14 Mikuni Corporation Pilot safety shut off device for gas
WO2005078347A1 (en) * 2004-02-16 2005-08-25 Erta Elektromekanik Imalat San. Ve Tic. Ltd. Sti. A connector
WO2007019885A1 (en) * 2005-08-17 2007-02-22 Castfutura S.P.A. Bipolar electrical connector particularly for connecting flame detector thermocouples to a magnetic assembly controlling gas flow in a burner
CN102405562B (en) * 2010-06-30 2015-08-19 萨巴夫股份有限公司 For the electrical connector making thermocouple be connected with the magnet assembly of air feed relief cock
CN102405562A (en) * 2010-06-30 2012-04-04 萨巴夫股份有限公司 Electrical connection for connecting a thermocouple to the magnet assembly of a safety cock for gas supply
WO2012001716A1 (en) 2010-06-30 2012-01-05 Sabaf S.P.A. Electrical connection for connecting a thermocouple to the magnet assembly of a safety cock for gas supply"
CN103828141A (en) * 2011-08-05 2014-05-28 伊利诺斯工具制品有限公司 Device for connection of a thermocouple to a safety electromagnet and gas tap assembly in a cooking range
WO2013021340A1 (en) 2011-08-05 2013-02-14 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Device for connection of a thermocouple to a safety electromagnet and gas tap assembly in a cooking range
ITTO20110738A1 (en) * 2011-08-05 2013-02-06 Illinois Tool Works DEVICE FOR THE CONNECTION OF A THERMOCOUPLE TO A SECURITY ELECTROMAGNET GROUP AND GAS TAP ON A COOKTOP
US9236693B2 (en) 2011-08-05 2016-01-12 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Device for connection of a thermocouple to a safety electromagnet and gas tap assembly in a cooking range
WO2013021321A1 (en) 2011-08-10 2013-02-14 Whirlpool Corporation Connector member for electrically connecting a thermocouple to a safety valve in a gas cooking hob
CN104466522B (en) * 2013-05-10 2018-04-10 奥可利公司 It is suitable for being connected to the thermocouple connector of safety valves for gas and thermocouple
EP2802042A1 (en) 2013-05-10 2014-11-12 Orkli, S. Coop. Thermocouple connector adapted for being connected to a safety gas valve, and thermocouple
CN104466522A (en) * 2013-05-10 2015-03-25 奥可利公司 Thermocouple connector adapted for being connected to a safety gas valve and thermocouple
US9350117B2 (en) 2013-05-10 2016-05-24 Orkli S. Coop Thermocouple and thermocouple connector
RU2653167C2 (en) * 2013-05-10 2018-05-07 Оркли, С. Кооп. Thermocouple connector adapted for being connected to safety gas valve, and thermocouple
DE202014105639U1 (en) 2014-11-24 2014-12-05 Orkli, S.Coop. Magnetic safety assembly suitable for installation in a gas valve safety valve
WO2016162173A1 (en) * 2015-04-08 2016-10-13 Orkli, S.Coop. Safety valve adapted to a gas combustion appliance
EP3163168A1 (en) 2015-10-30 2017-05-03 Turas Gaz Armatürleri Sanayi Ve Tic. A.S. Nut for magnet units
IT201900016022A1 (en) 2019-09-10 2021-03-10 Robertshaw Italy S R L Thermocouple connector suitable for connection with a safety valve and thermocouple

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0619460B1 (en) 1997-06-11
DE69403720D1 (en) 1997-07-17
ES1024395Y (en) 1994-05-01
ES1024395U (en) 1993-08-16
DE69403720T2 (en) 1997-11-27

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