EP0594502A1 - Tunable microwave bandpass filter with dual mode cavities - Google Patents

Tunable microwave bandpass filter with dual mode cavities Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0594502A1
EP0594502A1 EP93402574A EP93402574A EP0594502A1 EP 0594502 A1 EP0594502 A1 EP 0594502A1 EP 93402574 A EP93402574 A EP 93402574A EP 93402574 A EP93402574 A EP 93402574A EP 0594502 A1 EP0594502 A1 EP 0594502A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cavities
filter
cavity
coupling
mode
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EP93402574A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Patrick Baclaine
Jean-Louis Lambert
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Alcatel CIT SA
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Alcatel Telspace SA
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Publication of EP0594502A1 publication Critical patent/EP0594502A1/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P1/00—Auxiliary devices
    • H01P1/20—Frequency-selective devices, e.g. filters
    • H01P1/207—Hollow waveguide filters
    • H01P1/208—Cascaded cavities; Cascaded resonators inside a hollow waveguide structure
    • H01P1/2082—Cascaded cavities; Cascaded resonators inside a hollow waveguide structure with multimode resonators

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a microwave bandpass filter, this filter being an agile filter and comprising dual-mode cavities with parallel coupling, that is to say by iris etvis, as opposed to filters with in-line structures.
  • Figures 1 and 2 attached are respectively a perspective view and a schematic cross section of an agile 4-pole filter with two dual-mode cavities, of the known art, of the TE11 n type.
  • This filter therefore comprises two cylindrical resonant cavities 1, 2 which are identical and with parallel axes.
  • the internal volume of these cavities is adjustable thanks to movable pistons 3, 4 which make it possible to adjust the resonant frequency of each cavity, and therefore to move the tuning frequency of the filter, i.e. to allow frequency agility desired for the latter.
  • the input cavity 1 of the filter is supplied by a rectangular waveguide 5 which is coupled to this cavity 1 by a coupling iris 6.
  • the cavity 1 then resonates in TE11 mode for example, and provides the orientation of the electric field vector E1.
  • a coupling screw 7 at 45 degrees makes it possible to generate, by disturbing this cavity 1, another mode of the same frequency but of electric field vector E2 orthogonal to the first.
  • a tuning screw 8 makes it possible to precisely adjust the volume of the cavity 1, so as to compensate in particular for the small disturbance due to the coupling screw 7 and the input iris 6.
  • the cavity 1 resonates well in the two TE11n modes, hence its name of "dual-mode cavity".
  • the cavity 1 is coupled to the other cavity 2 by a coupling iris 19.
  • the latter allows, by coupling of the magnetic field, to resonate this cavity 2 on substantially the same frequency as that of the cavity 1, and according to a mode T11 n electric field E3.
  • a 45-degree coupling screw 9 makes it possible to generate, in this cavity 2, a second electric field mode E4 orthogonal to the electric field E3, the latter mode E4 being, by magnetic coupling, coupled to the waveguide of outlet 10 by a coupling iris 11.
  • a matching screw 18 is provided as above.
  • the invention aims to remedy these drawbacks.
  • it relates to an agile microwave filter with several cylindrical dual-mode cavities with parallel coupling, these cavities therefore being bi-mode cylindrical cavities of adjustable volume whose axes are parallel and one of which is coupled to the next. by an iris, and this filter being characterized in that the input coupling and the output coupling of the filter are carried out, respectively on the input cavity and the output cavity, using a formed antenna by the core of a coaxial cable, respectively of input and output of the filter, which is connected to this cavity by a coaxial plug.
  • the antennas are placed along an axis perpendicular to the directions of extension of the cavities, while in a second embodiment, the antennas are coaxial with the longitudinal axes of the cavities.
  • the agile filter with two dual-mode cavities 1 and 2 differs from that of Figures 1 and 2 in that, on the one hand, the microwave wave is brought by a coaxial cable 12 which is connected to the cavity 1 by a coaxial plug 13 and the core of which extends into this cavity 1 to form a coupling antenna 14, and that on the other hand, and in a completely symmetrical manner, the outgoing wave is obtained by coupling due to an antenna 15 which likewise constitutes the extension in the cavity 2 of the core of the coaxial output cable 16 of the filter, this cable 16 being connected to the cavity 2 by a coaxial plug 17.
  • the electric field generated in the cavity 1 is the field E5
  • the orthogonal field which is coupled to it by the screw 7 is the field E6
  • the field coupled by the iris 19 is the field E7
  • the orthogonal field which is coupled to it by the screw 9 is the field E8.
  • the output antenna 15 couples to the field E8.
  • the antennas 14 and 15 are preferably placed along an axis perpendicular to the directions of extension of the cavities 1 and 2. They are advantageously at the level of the iris 19.
  • these input and output couplings are made on the bottom plate 20 of the filter.
  • the antennas 14 and 15 are coaxial with the longitudinal axes of the cavities 1 and 2.

Abstract

Agile UHF filter with at least two dual-mode cavities (1, 2) with axes which are parallel and coupled by an iris (19). The entry and exit couplings of the filter take place by coaxial cable (12, 16), coaxial plug (13, 17) and corresponding coaxial antenna (14, 15), instead of taking place by waveguides and coupling iris. The response of the filter is then symmetric. <IMAGE>

Description

La présente invention se rapporte à un filtre passe-bande hyperfréquences, ce filtre étant un filtre agile et comportant des cavités bi-modes à couplage parallèle, c'est-à-dire par iris etvis, par opposition aux filtres à structures en ligne.The present invention relates to a microwave bandpass filter, this filter being an agile filter and comprising dual-mode cavities with parallel coupling, that is to say by iris etvis, as opposed to filters with in-line structures.

On connaît actuellement deux types de filtres agiles hyperfréquences utilisant des cavités cylindriques à couplage parallèle, c'est-à-dire des cavités cylindriques dont les axes sont parallèles et qui sont couplées entre elles par des iris :

  • - les filtres agiles à cavités mono-mode ont pour inconvénients de nécessiter un encombrement important, d'être d'un coût de réalisation élevé, et de posséder un temps de réglage assez long, en rapport avec le nombre de cavités ;
  • - les filtres agiles à cavités bi-modes, pour lesquels sont générés, dans chaque cavité, deux modes orthogonaux couplés, et qui sont une amélioration, du point de vue coût et temps de réglage, des précédents.
Two types of agile microwave filters are currently known using cylindrical cavities with parallel coupling, that is to say cylindrical cavities whose axes are parallel and which are coupled together by irises:
  • - Agile filters with single-mode cavities have the drawbacks of requiring a large bulk, of being of a high production cost, and of having a fairly long adjustment time, in relation to the number of cavities;
  • - Agile filters with dual-mode cavities, for which two coupled orthogonal modes are generated in each cavity, and which are an improvement, from the point of view of cost and adjustment time, of the previous ones.

Les figures 1 et 2 jointes sont respectivement une vue en perspective et une coupe transversale schématique d'un filtre agile 4 pôles à deux cavités bi-modes, de l'art connu, du type TE11 n.Figures 1 and 2 attached are respectively a perspective view and a schematic cross section of an agile 4-pole filter with two dual-mode cavities, of the known art, of the TE11 n type.

Ce filtre comporte donc deux cavités résonantes cylindriques 1, 2 qui sont identiques et d'axes parallèles.This filter therefore comprises two cylindrical resonant cavities 1, 2 which are identical and with parallel axes.

Le volume interne de ces cavités est ajustable grâce à des pistons mobiles 3, 4 qui permettent d'ajuster la fréquence de résonance de chaque cavité, et donc de déplacer la fréquence d'accord du filtre, c'est-à-dire de permettre l'agilité en fréquence souhaitée pour ce dernier.The internal volume of these cavities is adjustable thanks to movable pistons 3, 4 which make it possible to adjust the resonant frequency of each cavity, and therefore to move the tuning frequency of the filter, i.e. to allow frequency agility desired for the latter.

Comme on le voit mieux sur la figure 2, la cavité d'entrée 1 du filtre est alimentée par un guide d'ondes rectangulaire 5 qui est couplé à cette cavité 1 par un iris de couplage 6.As best seen in FIG. 2, the input cavity 1 of the filter is supplied by a rectangular waveguide 5 which is coupled to this cavity 1 by a coupling iris 6.

La cavité 1 résonne alors sur le mode TE11 par exemple, et fournit l'orientation du vecteur champ électrique E1.The cavity 1 then resonates in TE11 mode for example, and provides the orientation of the electric field vector E1.

Une vis de couplage 7 à 45 degrés permet de générer, par perturbation de cette cavité 1, un autre mode de même fréquence mais de vecteur champ électrique E2 orthogonal au premier. Une vis d'accord 8 permet de régler avec précision le volume de la cavité 1, de façon à compenser en particulier la petite perturbation due à la vis de couplage 7 et à l'iris d'entrée 6.A coupling screw 7 at 45 degrees makes it possible to generate, by disturbing this cavity 1, another mode of the same frequency but of electric field vector E2 orthogonal to the first. A tuning screw 8 makes it possible to precisely adjust the volume of the cavity 1, so as to compensate in particular for the small disturbance due to the coupling screw 7 and the input iris 6.

Finalement, la cavité 1 résonne bien sur les deux modes TE11n d'où son appellation de "cavité bi-modes".Finally, the cavity 1 resonates well in the two TE11n modes, hence its name of "dual-mode cavity".

La cavité 1 est couplée à l'autre cavité 2 par un iris de couplage 19. Ce dernier permet, par couplage du champ magnétique, de faire résonner cette cavité 2 sur sensiblement la même fréquence que celle de la cavité 1, et selon un mode T11 n de champ électrique E3.The cavity 1 is coupled to the other cavity 2 by a coupling iris 19. The latter allows, by coupling of the magnetic field, to resonate this cavity 2 on substantially the same frequency as that of the cavity 1, and according to a mode T11 n electric field E3.

Comme précédemment, une vis de couplage à 45 degrés 9 permet de générer, dans cette cavité 2, un second mode de champ électrique E4 orthogonal au champ électrique E3, ce dernier mode E4 étant, par couplage magnétique, couplé au guide d'ondes de sortie 10 par un iris de couplage 11. Une vis d'accord 18 est prévue comme précédemment.As before, a 45-degree coupling screw 9 makes it possible to generate, in this cavity 2, a second electric field mode E4 orthogonal to the electric field E3, the latter mode E4 being, by magnetic coupling, coupled to the waveguide of outlet 10 by a coupling iris 11. A matching screw 18 is provided as above.

On obtient donc finalement un filtre passe-bande agile à quatre pôles, en utilisant uniquement deux cavités 1, 2 à couplage dit "parallèle", c'est-à-dire parallèle à l'axe des cavités 1 et 2.An agile four-pole bandpass filter is therefore finally obtained, using only two cavities 1, 2 with coupling called "parallel", that is to say parallel to the axis of the cavities 1 and 2.

Bien entendu, on peut aussi bien réaliser de même façon un filtre agile passe-bande à six pôles utilisant trois cavités cylindriques bi-modes à couplage parallèle et, plus généralement un filtre agile passe-bande à 2n pôles (n entier) en utilisant n cavités cylindriques bi-modes parallèles et couplées successivement l'une à la suivante par un iris, de même façon que le sont les cavités 1 et 2 représentées au dessin.Of course, it is equally possible to produce in the same way an agile bandpass filter with six poles using three bi-mode cylindrical cavities with parallel coupling and, more generally an agile bandpass filter with 2n poles (n integer) by using n parallel dual-mode cylindrical cavities successively coupled one to the next by an iris, in the same way as are the cavities 1 and 2 shown in the drawing.

Ces filtres agiles à cavités bi-modes sont appréciés pour les raisons essentielles suivantes :

  • - leur commande simplifiée, du fait de l'obtention de la double résonance par cavité, entraîne une grande simplification mécanique;
  • - la course mécanique totale des pistons de réglage 3,4 est relativement élevée (de l'ordre de 10 mm environ), et permet une bonne précision de calage lors de l'agilité en fréquence.
These agile filters with dual-mode cavities are appreciated for the following essential reasons:
  • - Their simplified control, due to the obtaining of the double resonance per cavity, results in a great mechanical simplification;
  • - The total mechanical stroke of the adjustment pistons 3,4 is relatively high (of the order of approximately 10 mm), and allows good timing precision during frequency agility.

Ils présentent en revanche le gros inconvénient, que ne présentent pas les filtres à cavités mono- modes, de posséder une réponse en fréquence dissymétrique liée aux perturbations apportées par les iris d'entrée et de sortie. Par ailleurs, leur nombre relativement élevé d'iris de couplage les rend encore, aux yeux de certains utilisateurs, trop onéreux en fabrication.On the other hand, they have the major drawback, which the filters with single-mode cavities do not have, of having an asymmetrical frequency response linked to the disturbances provided by the input and output irises. Furthermore, their relatively high number of coupling iris still makes them, in the eyes of some users, too expensive in manufacturing.

L'invention vise à remédier à ces inconvénients. Elle se rapporte à cet effet à un filtre agile hyperfréquences à plusieurs cavités bi-modes cylindriques à couplage parallèle, ces cavités étant donc des cavités cylindriques bi-modes de volume réglable dont les axes sont parallèles et dont l'une est couplée à la suivante par un iris, et ce filtre étant caractérisé par le fait que le couplage d'entrée et le couplage de sortie du filtre sont effectués, respectivement sur la cavité d'entrée et la cavité de sortie, à l'aide d'une antenne formée par l'âme d'un câble coaxial, respectivement d'entrée et de sortie du filtre, qui est connecté à cette cavité par une fiche coaxiale.The invention aims to remedy these drawbacks. To this end, it relates to an agile microwave filter with several cylindrical dual-mode cavities with parallel coupling, these cavities therefore being bi-mode cylindrical cavities of adjustable volume whose axes are parallel and one of which is coupled to the next. by an iris, and this filter being characterized in that the input coupling and the output coupling of the filter are carried out, respectively on the input cavity and the output cavity, using a formed antenna by the core of a coaxial cable, respectively of input and output of the filter, which is connected to this cavity by a coaxial plug.

Dans un premier mode de réalisation, les antennes sont placées selon un axe perpendiculaire aux directions d'extension des cavités, alors que dans un second mode de réalisation, les antennes sont coaxiales aux axes longitudinaux des cavités.In a first embodiment, the antennas are placed along an axis perpendicular to the directions of extension of the cavities, while in a second embodiment, the antennas are coaxial with the longitudinal axes of the cavities.

L'invention sera bien comprise, et tous ses avantages et caractéristiques ressortiront, lors de la description suivante d'un exemple non limitatif de réalisation, en référence aux dessins schématiques annexés dans lesquels :

  • - les figures 1 et 2, déjà décrites précédemment, sont respectivement une vue en perspective et une coupe transversale d'un filtre agile à cavités bi-modes de l'art connu ;
  • - les figures 3 et 4 sont des vues semblables aux figures 1 et 2, mais montrant un filtre à cavités bi-modes conforme à l'invention.
The invention will be clearly understood, and all of its advantages and characteristics will emerge from the following description of a nonlimiting exemplary embodiment, with reference to the appended schematic drawings. wherein :
  • - Figures 1 and 2, already described above, are respectively a perspective view and a cross section of an agile filter with dual-mode cavities of the known art;
  • - Figures 3 and 4 are views similar to Figures 1 and 2, but showing a dual-mode cavity filter according to the invention.

En se référant aux figures 3 et 4, le filtre agile à deux cavités bi-modes 1 et 2 diffère de celui des figures 1 et 2 par le fait que d'une part, l'onde hyperfréquence est amenée par un câble coaxial 12 qui est connecté à la cavité 1 par une fiche coaxiale 13 et dont l'âme se prolonge dans cette cavité 1 pour former une antenne de couplage 14, et que d'autre part, et de façon totalement symétrique, l'onde sortante est obtenue par couplage dû à une antenne 15 qui constitue de même façon le prolongement, dans la cavité 2, de l'âme du câble coaxial de sortie 16 du filtre, ce câble 16 étant connecté à la cavité 2 par une fiche coaxiale 17.Referring to Figures 3 and 4, the agile filter with two dual-mode cavities 1 and 2 differs from that of Figures 1 and 2 in that, on the one hand, the microwave wave is brought by a coaxial cable 12 which is connected to the cavity 1 by a coaxial plug 13 and the core of which extends into this cavity 1 to form a coupling antenna 14, and that on the other hand, and in a completely symmetrical manner, the outgoing wave is obtained by coupling due to an antenna 15 which likewise constitutes the extension in the cavity 2 of the core of the coaxial output cable 16 of the filter, this cable 16 being connected to the cavity 2 by a coaxial plug 17.

Avec les dispositions des antennes d'entrée 14 et de sortie 15 qui sont représentées, le champ électrique généré dans la cavité 1 est le champ E5, le champ orthogonal qui lui est couplé par la vis 7 est le champ E6, le champ couplé par l'iris 19 est le champ E7, tandis que le champ orthogonal qui lui est couplé par la vis 9 est le champ E8. L'antenne de sortie 15 se couple au champ E8.With the arrangements of the input and output antennas 14 and 15 which are shown, the electric field generated in the cavity 1 is the field E5, the orthogonal field which is coupled to it by the screw 7 is the field E6, the field coupled by the iris 19 is the field E7, while the orthogonal field which is coupled to it by the screw 9 is the field E8. The output antenna 15 couples to the field E8.

Les essais d'un tel filtre autour de 7,5 GHz ont pu montrer qu'il avait une réponse symétrique sur une large bande de fréquence, contrairement au même filtre réalisé selon les figures 1 et 2. En outre, le remplacement des guides et iris pour l'entrée et la sortie par des câbles coaxiaux et antennes entraîne une appréciable économie en coût de réalisation.Tests of such a filter around 7.5 GHz were able to show that it had a symmetrical response over a wide frequency band, unlike the same filter produced according to FIGS. 1 and 2. In addition, the replacement of the guides and iris for input and output by coaxial cables and antennas results in a significant saving in production cost.

Comme représenté sur les figures 3 et 4, les antennes 14 et 15 sont préférentiellement placées selon un axe perpendiculaire aux directions d'extension des cavités 1 et 2. Elles sont avantageusement au niveau de l'iris 19.As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, the antennas 14 and 15 are preferably placed along an axis perpendicular to the directions of extension of the cavities 1 and 2. They are advantageously at the level of the iris 19.

Dans un autre mode de réalisation, ces couplages d'entrée et de sortie sont réalisés sur la plaque de fond 20 du filtre. Dans ce cas, les antennes 14 et 15 sont coaxiales aux axes longitudinaux des cavités 1 et 2.In another embodiment, these input and output couplings are made on the bottom plate 20 of the filter. In this case, the antennas 14 and 15 are coaxial with the longitudinal axes of the cavities 1 and 2.

Comme il va de soi, l'invention n'est pas limitée à l'exemple de réalisation qui vient d'être décrit. Elle s'applique en particulier à un filtre agile passe-bande à plus de deux cavités et donc plus de quatre pôles.It goes without saying that the invention is not limited to the embodiment which has just been described. It applies in particular to an agile bandpass filter with more than two cavities and therefore more than four poles.

Claims (3)

1) Filtre agile hyperfréquences à plusieurs cavités bi-modes cylindriques à couplage parallèle, ces cavités étant donc des cavités cylindriques bi-modes (1,2) de volume réglable dont les axes sont parallèles et dont l'une (1) est couplée à la suivante (2) par un iris (19),
caractérisé en ce que, afin de conférer à ce filtre une réponse en fréquences symétrique dans une large bande, le couplage d'entrée et le couplage de sortie du filtre sont effectués, respectivement sur la cavité d'entrée (1) et la cavités de sortie (2), à l'aide d'une antenne (14, 15) formée par l'âme d'un câble coaxial, respectivement d'entrée (12) et de sortie (16) du filtre, qui sont connecté à cette cavité par une fiche coaxiale (13, 17).1) Agile microwave filter with several cylindrical dual-mode cavities with parallel coupling, these cavities therefore being bi-mode cylindrical cavities (1,2) of adjustable volume whose axes are parallel and one of which (1) is coupled to the next one (2) by an iris (19),
characterized in that, in order to give this filter a symmetrical frequency response in a wide band, the input coupling and the output coupling of the filter are carried out, respectively on the input cavity (1) and the cavities of output (2), using an antenna (14, 15) formed by the core of a coaxial cable, respectively input (12) and output (16) of the filter, which are connected to this cavity by a coaxial plug (13, 17). 2) Filtre selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que lesdites antennes (14, 15) sont placées selon un axe perpendiculaire aux directions d'extension desdites cavités (1, 2).2) Filter according to claim 1, characterized in that said antennas (14, 15) are placed along an axis perpendicular to the directions of extension of said cavities (1, 2). 3) Filtre selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que lesdites antennes (14, 15) sont coaxiales aux axes longitudinaux desdites cavités (1, 2).3) Filter according to claim 1, characterized in that said antennas (14, 15) are coaxial with the longitudinal axes of said cavities (1, 2).
EP93402574A 1992-10-22 1993-10-20 Tunable microwave bandpass filter with dual mode cavities Withdrawn EP0594502A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9212649A FR2697372B1 (en) 1992-10-22 1992-10-22 Agile microwave bandpass filter with dual-mode cavities.
FR9212649 1992-10-22

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EP0594502A1 true EP0594502A1 (en) 1994-04-27

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EP (1) EP0594502A1 (en)
AU (1) AU4916793A (en)
CA (1) CA2108995A1 (en)
FR (1) FR2697372B1 (en)
IL (1) IL107338A0 (en)
TW (2) TW238437B (en)
ZA (1) ZA937815B (en)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1187248A2 (en) * 2000-08-29 2002-03-13 Com Dev Ltd. A side-coupled microwave filter with circumferentially-spaced irises
TWI648904B (en) * 2017-07-31 2019-01-21 啓碁科技股份有限公司 Band pass filter, signal transmission method, and outdoor unit

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN113036364A (en) * 2019-12-25 2021-06-25 深圳市大富科技股份有限公司 Filter and communication equipment

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3936775A (en) * 1974-09-30 1976-02-03 Harvard Industries, Inc. Multicavity dual mode filter
EP0104735A2 (en) * 1982-09-27 1984-04-04 Space Systems / Loral, Inc. Electromagnetic filter with multiple resonant cavities
JPS6178202A (en) * 1984-09-25 1986-04-21 Nippon Dengiyou Kosaku Kk Notch filter
WO1988010013A2 (en) * 1987-06-08 1988-12-15 Hughes Aircraft Company Microwave multiplexer with multimode filter

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3936775A (en) * 1974-09-30 1976-02-03 Harvard Industries, Inc. Multicavity dual mode filter
EP0104735A2 (en) * 1982-09-27 1984-04-04 Space Systems / Loral, Inc. Electromagnetic filter with multiple resonant cavities
JPS6178202A (en) * 1984-09-25 1986-04-21 Nippon Dengiyou Kosaku Kk Notch filter
WO1988010013A2 (en) * 1987-06-08 1988-12-15 Hughes Aircraft Company Microwave multiplexer with multimode filter

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 10, no. 248 (E - 431)<2304> 26 August 1986 (1986-08-26) *

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1187248A2 (en) * 2000-08-29 2002-03-13 Com Dev Ltd. A side-coupled microwave filter with circumferentially-spaced irises
EP1187248A3 (en) * 2000-08-29 2003-07-02 Com Dev Ltd. A side-coupled microwave filter with circumferentially-spaced irises
TWI648904B (en) * 2017-07-31 2019-01-21 啓碁科技股份有限公司 Band pass filter, signal transmission method, and outdoor unit

Also Published As

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CA2108995A1 (en) 1994-04-23
FR2697372A1 (en) 1994-04-29
FR2697372B1 (en) 1994-12-09
IL107338A0 (en) 1994-07-31
TW238437B (en) 1995-01-11
ZA937815B (en) 1994-05-19
TW262442B (en) 1995-11-11
AU4916793A (en) 1994-05-05

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