EP0558546B1 - Bouchons distributeurs destines a des recipients - Google Patents

Bouchons distributeurs destines a des recipients Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0558546B1
EP0558546B1 EP91919972A EP91919972A EP0558546B1 EP 0558546 B1 EP0558546 B1 EP 0558546B1 EP 91919972 A EP91919972 A EP 91919972A EP 91919972 A EP91919972 A EP 91919972A EP 0558546 B1 EP0558546 B1 EP 0558546B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
container
outlet
supply
connector body
fluid
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP91919972A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0558546A1 (fr
Inventor
Richard Henry Wisdom Agricultural Ltd. Garnett
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Wisdom Agricultural Investments Ltd
Original Assignee
Wisdom Agricultural Investments Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Wisdom Agricultural Investments Ltd filed Critical Wisdom Agricultural Investments Ltd
Publication of EP0558546A1 publication Critical patent/EP0558546A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0558546B1 publication Critical patent/EP0558546B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B67—OPENING, CLOSING OR CLEANING BOTTLES, JARS OR SIMILAR CONTAINERS; LIQUID HANDLING
    • B67D—DISPENSING, DELIVERING OR TRANSFERRING LIQUIDS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B67D7/00—Apparatus or devices for transferring liquids from bulk storage containers or reservoirs into vehicles or into portable containers, e.g. for retail sale purposes
    • B67D7/02—Apparatus or devices for transferring liquids from bulk storage containers or reservoirs into vehicles or into portable containers, e.g. for retail sale purposes for transferring liquids other than fuel or lubricants
    • B67D7/0288—Container connection means
    • B67D7/0294—Combined with valves
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
    • A01M7/00—Special adaptations or arrangements of liquid-spraying apparatus for purposes covered by this subclass
    • A01M7/0089—Regulating or controlling systems
    • A01M7/0092—Adding active material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B7/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas
    • B05B7/24—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas with means, e.g. a container, for supplying liquid or other fluent material to a discharge device
    • B05B7/26—Apparatus in which liquids or other fluent materials from different sources are brought together before entering the discharge device
    • B05B7/28—Apparatus in which liquids or other fluent materials from different sources are brought together before entering the discharge device in which one liquid or other fluent material is fed or drawn through an orifice into a stream of a carrying fluid
    • B05B7/30—Apparatus in which liquids or other fluent materials from different sources are brought together before entering the discharge device in which one liquid or other fluent material is fed or drawn through an orifice into a stream of a carrying fluid the first liquid or other fluent material being fed by gravity, or sucked into the carrying fluid
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B67—OPENING, CLOSING OR CLEANING BOTTLES, JARS OR SIMILAR CONTAINERS; LIQUID HANDLING
    • B67B—APPLYING CLOSURE MEMBERS TO BOTTLES JARS, OR SIMILAR CONTAINERS; OPENING CLOSED CONTAINERS
    • B67B7/00—Hand- or power-operated devices for opening closed containers
    • B67B7/24—Hole-piercing devices
    • B67B7/26—Hole-piercing devices combined with spouts

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a closed chemical transfer device for agricultural chemicals and the like comprising a container having an outlet for containing a quantity of fluid, and a supply cap connected to the outlet so as to permit supply of a fluid from within the container to a supply conduit in a sealed manner when the container is inverted so that the outlet is at its bottom.
  • WO 89/11219 discloses an agricultural sprayer system of a type which includes a reservoir for supplying a dilutant for mixing with a chemical concentrate, and a spray head for spraying a mixture of the dilutant and the concentrate.
  • the concentrate is supplied in a container and requires to be diluted with the dilutant, generally water, prior to use, the container being subsequently rinsed out with dilutant.
  • the system includes a cap and associated hose for attachment to the outlet of the container to permit supply of concentrate to the system in a sealed manner when the container is inverted so that the outlet is at its bottom.
  • the known supply cap includes an outlet duct for supply of concentrate from within the container when the container is inverted, a valved inlet duct for the passage of air into the container during supply of concentrate through the outlet duct, and an associated float provided to ensure that, when the container is filled with rinsing solution, the valved inlet duct is closed off by the float when the level of solution reaches the height of the float in the container.
  • an arrangement is complicated in construction and does not completely obviate the hazard to the operator due to possible concentrate spillage when the cap is being fitted to the container after removal of the closure with which the container is supplied.
  • EP 0389191 A1 discloses a device for the pressurised dispensing of beer and other beverages from a container in such a manner as to prevent the beverage in the container from coming into contact with air at any stage until it is dispensed.
  • the beer is contained within a flexible inner bag within the container, and is dispensed through a valved outlet by introducing pressurised gas or air into the space between the inner bag and the outer container by way of a valved inlet, so as to apply pressure to the bag to expel the beverage from the bag through the container outlet.
  • Such a pressurised system relies for its correct operation on the separation of the pressurised gas from the beverage by means of the bag.
  • a closed chemical transfer device for agricultural chemicals and the like comprising a container having an outlet for containing a quantity of fluid, and a supply cap connected to the outlet so as to permit supply of fluid under the action of gravity and without the application of pressure from within the container to a supply conduit in a sealed manner when the container is inverted so that the outlet is at its bottom
  • the supply cap including a connector body which is sealingly engaged with the outlet, an outlet duct extending through the connector body so as to be in fluid communication with the fluid within the container and provided for the passage of fluid out of the container when the container is inverted, and an inlet duct extending through the connector body so as to be in fluid communication with the fluid within the container and provided for the passage of air and/or rinsing liquid into the container to displace fluid supplied by way of the outlet duct whilst preventing the escape of fluid to atmosphere
  • the supply cap includes coupling means mounted on the connector body for sealingly coupling the outlet duct to the supply conduit such that, when the supply conduit
  • the connector body is provided with closure opening means for providing access through a closure member closing off the outlet when the connector body is engaged with the outlet on connection of the supply cap to the container so as to permit communication of the outlet duct with the inside of the container.
  • closure opening means may be constituted by perforating means, such as a cutting edge, or alternatively it may simply comprise a displacing rod for opening a valve constituting the closure member.
  • the supply cap 1 is adapted for fitting to the screwthreaded outlet 2 of a standard plastics container 3 for containing a chemical concentrate which, when diluted, is used for agricultural spraying.
  • the outlet 2 has an upstanding rim 4 having an external screwthread 5 for receiving an internally screwthreaded cap (not shown) for closing off the outlet 2 when the container 3 is supplied to the user.
  • a foil membrane 6, shown in broken lines in Figure 1 is secured to the rim 4 about its periphery so as to seal the outlet 2.
  • the supply cap 1 is fitted to the outlet 2, after removal of the internally screwthreaded cap, by engaging an internally screwthreaded ring 7 of the supply cap 1 with the rim 4 and by rotating the ring 7 relative to the body 8 of the supply cap 1, so as to engage the internal screwthread 9 of the ring 7 with the external screwthread 5 of the rim 4 and so as to trap a sealing ring 9B between a shoulder 9A on the cap body 8 and the top of the rim 4.
  • a perforating cutting flange 10 having a curved knife edge 11 (as best seen in Figures 3 and 4) integral with the body 8 perforates the foil membrane 6 so as to provide access to the inside of the container 3.
  • the cap body 8 comprises a circular member 12 defining the shoulder 9A at its periphery and having an outlet duct 13 and an inlet duct 14 extending therethrough and integral therewith.
  • the outlet duct 13 is provided for supply of chemical concentrate from within the container 3 to a supply conduit constituted by a flexible hose 15 when the container 3 is inverted.
  • the outlet duct 13 has an external screwthread 16 externally of the cap for attachment of a dry break coupling part 17 and does not extend internally of the cap beyond the circular member 12.
  • the inlet duct 14 is provided to admit air to the container along an inlet conduit constituted by a flexible hose 19A to displace chemical concentrate discharged through the outlet duct 13 when the container is inverted, and also to admit rinsing liquid to the container after the container has been emptied with a view to flushing out any chemical concentrate still remaining in the container.
  • the inlet duct 14 has an external screwthread 18 externally of the cap for connection of a dry break coupling part 19. Furthermore the inlet duct 14 extends beyond the circular member 12 internally of the cap and is provided with an external screwthread 20 internally of the cap for detachable connection of a nozzle part 21.
  • a strut 22 comprising a portion 23, as best seen in Figure 3, extending perpendicularly to the circular member 12 and an inclined portion 24 which extends across the internal opening of the outlet duct 13, as best seen in Figure 2, but which does not obstruct the opening.
  • the strut 22 acts to fold the foil membrane 6 out of the way on perforation of this membrane by the cutting flange 10 so that the membrane does not obstruct the outlet duct 13.
  • the nozzle part 21 comprises an internally screwthreaded sleeve 25 for fitting to the external screwthread 20 of the inlet duct 14, and three replaceable nozzles 26, 27 and 28 (see Figure 4) which extend through screwthreaded apertures in the walls of the sleeve 25.
  • the nozzle 26 extends through the end wall of the sleeve 25 and is adapted to spray rinsing liquid over a conical angle of 90°
  • the nozzles 27 and 28 extend through the side wall of the sleeve 25 and are inclined at slight angles downwardly and adapted to spray rinsing liquid over a conical angle of 50°.
  • the nozzles are adapted to be unscrewed by a special tool and to be replaced by nozzles having different spray angles, aperture sizes, etc., as may be required for different applications or for metering different cleaning fluids. If required, the complete nozzle part 21 may be removed from the inlet duct 14 and replaced by an alternative nozzle part having different nozzles and/or nozzle arrangements.
  • each of the dry break coupling parts 17 and 19 comprises a respective internally screwthreaded sleeve 30 or 31 for fitting to the outlet duct 13 or inlet duct 14 and a respective snap connector part 32 or 33 for detachable connection to a complementary dry break coupling part 34 or 35 provided on the hose 15 or 19A.
  • Each of the dry break couplers formed by the coupling parts 32 and 34 and the coupling parts 33 and 35 is of a known type as will be described briefly with reference to Figure 1A.
  • the male coupling part 32 (or 33) has a body part 42 and a movable valve member 43 which is biased by a spring 44 so that, when disconnected from the female coupling part 34 (or 35), the valve member 43 is biased into engagement with the valve seat 45 formed on the inside of the body part 42 so as to prevent any leakage from the coupling part 32.
  • the female coupling part 34 (or 35) has a body part 46 having an inner tubular part 47 which, when the connection is established with the male coupling part 32 (or 33), serves to displace the valve member 43 of the male coupling part inwardly against spring force so that fluid communication is established between the bore 48 of the tubular part 47 and an annular chamber 49 within the body part 42 by way of apertures 48A, the chamber 49 being in communication with the lower part of the coupler by means of axially extending bores (not shown) extending through the body part 42.
  • the female coupling part also has an inner sealing sleeve 36 biased by a spring 37 such that, when the coupling parts are disconnected, the sleeve 36 closes off the apertures 48A in the tubular part 47 to prevent leakage from the female coupling part.
  • the female coupling part is locked to the male coupling part by a locking ring 37A which is releasable from an annular groove in the body part 42 by movement of an outer sleeve 38 upwardly against the action of a spring 39.
  • the dry break couplers are of different dimensions in order to prevent incorrect connection of the hoses.
  • the outlet cap 1 is adapted to be used particularly for supplying chemical concentrate from the container 3 to a chemical concentrate metering device as disclosed in International Patent Publication No. WO 89/11219 for introducing a measured quantity of chemical concentrate into an agricultural sprayer system where it is diluted with water to form a spraying solution.
  • a chemical concentrate metering device as disclosed in International Patent Publication No. WO 89/11219 for introducing a measured quantity of chemical concentrate into an agricultural sprayer system where it is diluted with water to form a spraying solution.
  • the hoses 15 and 19A are connected to the outlet duct 13 and the inlet duct 14 respectively and the container 3 is inverted, preferably being held in this position on a stand.
  • the metering device is then operated to draw chemical concentrate from inside the container 3 along the hose 15, whilst a 3-way valve to which the hose 19A is connected is placed in a position to permit introduction of ambient or varying pressure air along the hose 19A, along the inlet duct 14 and through the nozzles 26, 27 and 28 into the container 3.
  • the hose 19A is preferably arranged so as to prevent siphoning of concentrate along the hose 19A by way of the inlet duct 14.
  • the 3-way valve When the container 3 has been emptied the 3-way valve is moved to a position to permit admission of rinsing liquid or cleaning fluid along the hose 19A and through the inlet duct 14 and the nozzles 26, 27 and 28 into the container, the rinsing liquid subsequently being removed from the container 3 through the outlet duct 13 and the hose 15 if required.
  • the inlet duct may include a non-return valve 40, as shown diagrammatically in broken lines in Figure 1, to permit passage of air and rinsing fluid into the container, but to prevent concentrate from passing through the inlet duct 14 to the hose 19A.
  • the outlet duct 13 may be provided with a non-return valve 41, as shown diagrammatically in broken lines in Figure 1, in order to permit passage of concentrate out of the container, but to prevent concentrate from passing along the outlet duct 13 in the opposite direction.
  • Figures 5 and 6 show two further forms of supply cap 50 and 60 which are not provided with a perforating cutting flange for providing access to the inside of the container 3, but which are instead intended to be ready fitted to the container (or possibly fitted to the container after opening of the container).
  • the same parts are given the same reference numerals as in Figures 1 to 4.
  • the supply cap 50 has dry break coupling parts 17 and 19 similar to those shown in Figure 1, except that in this case the parts 17 and 19 are integral with the outlet duct 13 and inlet duct 14 respectively which are in turn integral with the cap body 8.
  • the cap body 8 has a peripheral shoulder 9A which rests on the rim 4 of the container outlet 2 and is sealed thereto by sonic welding or by an adhesive.
  • the cap body 8 may be an interference fit on the outlet 2 or may even be integrally moulded thereon.
  • the shoulder 9A may be secured to the rim 4 by being clamped thereon by an internally screwthreaded ring 7 (shown partially cut-away in Figure 5) which is held on the externally screwthreaded rim 4 with an adhesive interposed therebetween so that it may be removed only with difficulty.
  • the outlet duct 13 is optionally formed with a dip tube 51, and the inlet duct 14 is optionally provided with a non-return valve 52 within a dip tube 53. Where such a non-return valve 52 is provided, the dry break coupling part 19 may be dispensed with if required.
  • the supply cap 60 of Figure 6 is very similar to the supply cap 50 of Figure 5 except that it has a modified cap body 61 which is so formed as to cause the dry break coupling parts 17 and 19 to be recessed within the outlet rim 4. This permits an internally screwthreaded closure cap 62 (shown partly cut-away in Figure 6) to be fitted to the outlet rim 4 when the container is supplied for use and to be subsequently removed by unscrewing to enable access to be obtained to the coupling parts 17 and 19 of the supply cap 60.
  • the above described supply caps may be adapted to supply liquid, granular or powder substances. Whilst the cap is designed primarily to protect the operator and the environment from spillage, vapour or dust contamination during the supply of such substances, it can equally as well be used in applications in which a substance to be supplied, such as a food substance, must be protected from contamination by the environment.

Claims (10)

  1. Dispositif de transfert chimique fermé pour des produits chimiques agricoles et des produits similaires, comprenant un récipient (3) avec un orifice de sortie (2), destiné à contenir une certaine quantité de fluide, et un bouchon distributeur (1) connecté à l'orifice de sortie (2), de sorte à permettre l'alimentation du fluide sous l'action de la gravité et sans application de pression de l'intérieur du réservoir (3) vers une conduite d'alimentation (15), de manière étanche, lorsque le récipient est renversé, l'orifice de sortie se trouvant en bas, le bouchon de distribution (1) englobant un corps de raccord (8) engagé de façon étanche dans l'orifice de sortie (2), un conduit de sortie (13) s'étendant à travers le corps de raccord (8), de sorte à être en communication de fluide avec le fluide à l'intérieur du récipient (3) et servant à assurer le passage du fluide sortant du récipient (3) lorsque le récipient est renversé, et un conduit d'entrée (14) s'étendant à travers le corps de raccord (8), de sorte à être en communication de fluide avec le fluide à l'intérieur du récipient (3) et servant à assurer le passage d'air et/ou d'un liquide de rinçage dans le récipient (3), pour déplacer le fluide amené par l'intermédiaire du conduit de sortie (13), tout en empêchant l'échappement du fluide dans l'atmosphère, caractérisé en ce que le bouchon distributeur (1) englobe un moyen d'accouplement (17) monté sur le corps de raccord (8), pour coupler de façon étanche le conduit de sortie (13) à la conduite d'alimentation (15), de sorte que lorsque la conduite d'alimentation (15) est connectée au moyen d'accouplement (17), l'alimentation du fluide du conduit de sortie (13) vers la conduite d'alimentation (15) sous l'action de la gravité et sans application de pression, le récipient étant renversé, est permise, tandis que lorsque la conduite d'alimentation (15) est déconnectée du moyen de raccord (17) le conduit de sortie (13) est fermé.
  2. Dispositif selon la revendication 1, dans lequel le corps de raccord (8) comporte un moyen d'ouverture de la fermeture (10) pour permettre l'accès à travers un élément de fermeture (6) fermant l'orifice de sortie (2) lorsque le corps de raccord (8) est engagé dans l'orifice de sortie (2) lors de la connexion du capuchon distributeur (1) au récipient (3), de sorte à permettre la communication du conduit de sortie (13) avec l'intérieur du récipient (3).
  3. Dispositif selon la revendication 2, dans lequel le moyen d'ouverture de la fermeture est constitué par une bride de perforation (10) sur le corps de raccord (8), débordant dans une direction, de sorte que la bride (10) rentre dans l'orifice de sortie (2) pour perforer l'élément de fermeture (6) lorsque le capuchon distributeur (1) est connecté au récipient (3).
  4. Dispositif selon les revendications 1, 2 ou 3, comportant une bague à filet interne (7), destinée à s'engager de façon étanche dans le corps de raccord (8) et l'orifice de sortie (2), par engagement du filet interne de la bague (7) dans un filet externe (5) sur le récipient (3).
  5. Dispositif selon la revendication 1, dans lequel le corps de raccord (8, 61) est complètement ajusté sur l'orifice de sortie (2) du récipient (3) s'il est rempli d'une certaine quantité de fluide amenée, de sorte que le corps de raccord ne peut pas être enlevé ou qu'il ne peut être enlevé que difficilement.
  6. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel le conduit d'entrée (14) comporte une soupape de retenue (40, 52), permettant le passage de l'air et/ou de liquide de rinçage dans le récipient (3), mais empêchant un échappement du fluide contenu dans le récipient à travers le conduit d'entrée (14).
  7. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, comportant un moyen d'accouplement additionnel (19), monté sur le corps de raccord (8) pour coupler de façon étanche le conduit d'entrée (14) à une conduite additionnelle d'air et/ou de liquide de rinçage (19A), de sorte que lorsque la conduite additionnelle (19A) est connectée au moyen d'accouplement additionnel (19), l'alimentation d'air et/ou de liquide de rinçage de la conduite additionnelle (19A) vers le conduit d'entrée (14) est permise, tandis que si la conduite additionnelle (19A) est déconnectée du moyen d'accouplement additionnel (19), le conduit d'entrée (14) est fermé.
  8. Dispositif selon la revendication 7, dans lequel le moyen d'accouplement (17) et le moyen d'accouplement additionnel (19) ont des dimensions différentes pour empêcher une connexion incorrecte des deux conduites (15, 19A).
  9. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, comprenant des moyens de buse (21) connectés au conduit d'entrée (14) pour distribuer le liquide de rinçage dans le récipient (3) sous forme de spray.
  10. Dispositif selon la revendication 9, dans lequel le moyen de buse (21) englobe plusieurs buses remplaçables (26, 27, 28), dirigées à des angles différents.
EP91919972A 1990-11-20 1991-11-19 Bouchons distributeurs destines a des recipients Expired - Lifetime EP0558546B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9025265 1990-11-20
GB909025265A GB9025265D0 (en) 1990-11-20 1990-11-20 Container supply caps
PCT/GB1991/002043 WO1992008548A1 (fr) 1990-11-20 1991-11-19 Bouchons distributeurs destines a des recipients

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0558546A1 EP0558546A1 (fr) 1993-09-08
EP0558546B1 true EP0558546B1 (fr) 1997-08-27

Family

ID=10685707

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP91919972A Expired - Lifetime EP0558546B1 (fr) 1990-11-20 1991-11-19 Bouchons distributeurs destines a des recipients

Country Status (7)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0558546B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE157328T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU652789B2 (fr)
CA (1) CA2095922A1 (fr)
DE (1) DE69127452D1 (fr)
GB (1) GB9025265D0 (fr)
WO (1) WO1992008548A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB9226624D0 (en) * 1992-12-21 1993-02-17 Diversey Eng Europ Drum connection system
ZA964400B (en) * 1995-06-12 1996-12-09 Unilever Nv Flexible walled container for tableted or pelleted ware washing detergents
GB2304060B (en) * 1995-08-03 1998-09-23 Benest Eng Ltd Liquid dispensing method and apparatus
FR3026400B1 (fr) * 2014-09-26 2016-10-07 Exel Ind <p>dispositif pour le transfert d’un liquide depuis un bidon jusqu’a une cuve de facon etanche</p>
WO2019178646A1 (fr) * 2018-03-22 2019-09-26 Astral Pool Australia Pty Ltd Retenue et extraction de liquide

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2628850A (en) * 1949-03-19 1953-02-17 Donald V Summerville Releasable conduit connection with automatic valving
US3211178A (en) * 1961-07-24 1965-10-12 Aeroquip Corp Concentric coupling
US4023718A (en) * 1974-04-04 1977-05-17 Revlon-Realistic Professional Products, Inc. Sealing and closure structure for a spray dispensing device
GB8812047D0 (en) * 1988-05-21 1988-06-22 Garnett R H Improvements in/relating to chemical concentrate metering
GB8906409D0 (en) * 1989-03-21 1989-05-04 Lambrechts Nv Container for liquids

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA2095922A1 (fr) 1992-05-21
GB9025265D0 (en) 1991-01-02
AU8920591A (en) 1992-06-11
AU652789B2 (en) 1994-09-08
EP0558546A1 (fr) 1993-09-08
DE69127452D1 (de) 1997-10-02
WO1992008548A1 (fr) 1992-05-29
ATE157328T1 (de) 1997-09-15

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