EP0557280A1 - Process for recovering sulphurated styrene residues - Google Patents
Process for recovering sulphurated styrene residuesInfo
- Publication number
- EP0557280A1 EP0557280A1 EP91906956A EP91906956A EP0557280A1 EP 0557280 A1 EP0557280 A1 EP 0557280A1 EP 91906956 A EP91906956 A EP 91906956A EP 91906956 A EP91906956 A EP 91906956A EP 0557280 A1 EP0557280 A1 EP 0557280A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- process according
- styrene
- gasoil
- residues
- temperature
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 125000003011 styrenyl group Chemical group [H]\C(*)=C(/[H])C1=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 title abstract description 13
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000004227 thermal cracking Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005292 vacuum distillation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N furosemide Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C(S(=O)(=O)N)=CC(C(O)=O)=C1NCC1=CC=CO1 ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylbenzene Chemical compound CCC1=CC=CC=C1 YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 12
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000006356 dehydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000004508 fractional distillation Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000005194 fractionation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 4
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 4
- MHKBMNACOMRIAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dinitrophenol Chemical class OC1=CC=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=C1[N+]([O-])=O MHKBMNACOMRIAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 2
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- RWGFKTVRMDUZSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N cumene Chemical compound CC(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 RWGFKTVRMDUZSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000006317 isomerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005201 scrubbing Methods 0.000 description 2
- NVZWEEGUWXZOKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethenyl-2-methylbenzene Chemical class CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C NVZWEEGUWXZOKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HYFLWBNQFMXCPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethyl-2-methylbenzene Chemical class CCC1=CC=CC=C1C HYFLWBNQFMXCPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910003296 Ni-Mo Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000220317 Rosa Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- XYLMUPLGERFSHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-Methylstyrene Chemical compound CC(=C)C1=CC=CC=C1 XYLMUPLGERFSHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012295 chemical reaction liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005235 decoking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- -1 dinitrophenols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000086 high toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- DDTIGTPWGISMKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum nickel Chemical compound [Ni].[Mo] DDTIGTPWGISMKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentane Natural products CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrous oxide Inorganic materials [O-][N+]#N GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003051 synthetic elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005061 synthetic rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G69/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one other conversion process
- C10G69/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one other conversion process plural serial stages only
- C10G69/06—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one other conversion process plural serial stages only including at least one step of thermal cracking in the absence of hydrogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G9/00—Thermal non-catalytic cracking, in the absence of hydrogen, of hydrocarbon oils
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for recovering sulphurated styrene residues.
- the present invention relates to a process for recovering the sulphurated styrene residues obtained in the purification of styrene produced via catalytic de ⁇ hydrogenation of ethylbenzene.
- styrene obtained by catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene at high temperatures can be recovered from the crude reaction liquid through fractionated distillation using a set of fractionation columns.
- a styrene polymerization inhibi ⁇ tor is generally employed.
- a very effective and preferably utilized inhibitor is sulphur.
- this element as compared with organic compounds such as dinitrophenols, mono- and dinitrophenols containing alkyl substituents in the aromatic nucleus, nitrous phenols, etc., offers consider ⁇ able technological, process and economic advantages. It is known, in fact, that the above organic compounds, be ⁇ sides being more expensive, have a high toxicity, can give rise to corrosion of the apparatus due to their acidic resi- due content and can be explosive in the anhydrous state.
- the use of sulphur as styrene polymerization inhi ⁇ bitor results in the presence of this element in the resi ⁇ dual material of the final distillation column. Therefore, the residual material obtained from said distillation column contains: - low-boiling hydrocarbons having a boiling point lower than 200°C such as styrene, cumene, alpha-methyl styrene, methyl-ethyl-benzenes, methyl-vinyl-benzenes, butyl-ben ⁇ zenes, etc.
- the sulphur is generally present in a total amount ranging from about 5 to about 30%, preferably from about 10 to about 20% by weight calculated on the total residues.
- the sulphur so obtained can be either re-used as styrene polymerization inhibitor or utilized in its conventional fields of use.
- styrene is widely used as monomer for producing resins, plastics, elastomers, synthetic rubbers and the like.
- the process of the present invention is preferably used for recovering the sulphurous residues coming from the puri ⁇ fication of styrene which has been obtained through the conventional catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene; however, its application is not limited to said specific styrene source.
- the process of the present invention is applicable to any styrene-containing feedstock which is polluted by various high-boiling polymeric and non-polymeric materials and which, in particular, contains sulphur as polymerization inhibitor.
- the gasoil utilized in the process of the present invention typically is one produced by means of processes for the vacuum-distillation of oil products and generally has a boiling point ranging from about 390 to about 550 C C.
- the amount of sulphurous residues obtained from the styrene purification which can be added to the gasoil is not criti ⁇ cal; generally, amounts exceeding 0.1% by weight, with re ⁇ spect to the gasoil, can be advantageously utilized; amounts ranging from 0.5 to 10% by weight are preferred.
- the mix ⁇ ture composed of gasoil and residual sulphurous materials is subjected to a thermal cracking process, which preferably comprises heating the mixture to a temperature of about 465 to about 500°C at a pressure of about 10 to about 50 bar in a furnace equipped with an inner heating coil.
- the residence time of the mixture in the furnace usually varies from about 1 to about 15 minutes.
- the cracking reaction is preferably completed in a subsequent soaker, where said mixture is kept for about 10 to about 30 minutes.
- the mixture is preferably cooled to a temperature of about 380 to about 400°C and then is fed to a conventional fractionation column, wherein the differ ⁇ ent product fractions are separated.
- a stream of light gases generally comprising hydrogen, ethane, propane and butane, along with sulphurated hydrogen, is obtained; these light gases can be compressed and conveyed to known aminic scrub- ing systems for the recovery of sulphurated hydrogen and then to the sulphur recovery system.
- the fractions which boil in the gasoline range(about 70 to 140°C) can be either washed and admixed with other com ⁇ ponents in order to obtain gasolines or can be sent to the catalytic hydrodesulphurization units where, in the presence of hydrogen and a catalyst based on Co-Mo or Ni-Mo and at a temperature of about 250 to about 350°C and a pressure of about 20 to about 80 bar, they are first freed from foreign matters and then sent to octane conversion units ( isomerization and reforming).
- the intermediate distillates having a boiling point in the range of from about 140 to about 390°C and comprising kero ⁇ sene (boiling point 140 to 240 C C) and gasoil (boiling point 240 to 390°C) are subjected to catalytic hydrodesulphuri- zation.
- the catalytic hydrodesulphurization process comprises admixing the intermediate distillates with hydrogen and then heating the resulting mixture to a tem- perature of about 350 to about 420°C at a pressure of about 20 to about 80 bar in the presence of a catalyst, preferably based on Co-Mo, for about 1 to about 60 minutes. After the heating treatment, the unreacted hydrogen and the sulphurated hydrogen formed are separated from the mixture. The obtained residual product is utilized in the mixtures usually sold for being burnt in diesel engines or for heating purposes.
- the sulphurated hydrogen is preferably recovered by means of aminic washings and converted into elemental sulphur y means of conventional techniques such as, e.g., the Claus process.
- the residual portion which has not been converted in the thermal cracking process, discharged from the fractionation column bottom and having a boiling point higher than about 390°C, may be subjected to a stripping treatment and utilized as heavy fuel, according to conventional techniques.
- Another advantage resulting from the use of the sulphurous styrene residues in the gasoil cracking process is the con- version of the high-boiling products contained in said resi ⁇ dues into oil fractions having a higher added value.
- the process of the present invention permits to suppress the emission of SO_ connected with the combustion of the styrene residues derived from the styrene production processes, resulting in obvious ecological advantages, and to considerably reduce or even eliminate the consumption of sulphur utilized for the styrene inhibition.
- Example 1 Through a feeding pipeline (1) there were fed 1,200 t/day of gasoil from vacuum distillation, having a boiling range of from 390°C to 522°C, a sulphur content of 2.3% by weight and a density (15/4°) of 0.928 kg/1. To the above charge there were added, through line (2), 3% by weight of styrene residues derived from the production of styrene via catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene. The styrene residues had the following composition:
- the gasoil-styrene residues mixture was heated to about 300°C and fed to a furnace (3) equipped with a heating coil (4). In furnace (3) the mixture was heated to 495°C and kept there for about 7 minutes.
- the pressure at the outlet of coil (4) was maintained con ⁇ stant at 15 bar, while the pressure at the inlet, when the operation was started with a clean coil (4), was 25 bar.
- the mixture leaving furnace (3 ) was then conveyed to a soaker (5) operating at a pressure of about 15 bar, the residence time therein being about 15 minutes. Due to the endothermal cracking reaction the temperature decreased from 495°C at the inlet to about 440°C at the outlet.
- the mixture was then cooled to about 390°C and fed to a conventional fractionation column (6).
- the uncondensed light gas leaving the head (7) of the column ( 6) was compressed and sent to an aminic scrubbing unit to recover the sul ⁇ phurated hydrogen and to subsequently convert it into sulphur, following well-known and conventional processes.
- the liquid gasoline recovered in the upper portion (8) of column (6) was sent to the gasoline desulphurization unit and then subjected to the well-known isomerization and re ⁇ forming processes.
- Kerosene having a boiling point range of from about 14Q to about 240°C, leaving the upper middle portion (9) of column (6) , and gasoil having a boiling point ranging from about 240 to about 390°C, leaving the lower middle portion (10) of column (6), were mixed together and introduced into .
- a desulphurization reactor (13) after hydrogen (12) had been added thereto in an amount of about 0.3% by weight calculated on the kerosene/gasoil mixture.
- the kerosene/gasoil mixture was heated to 370°C at a pressure of 57 to 58 bar and in the presence of a Co-Mo catalyst.
- the sulphurated hydrogen-containing gases leaving reactor (13) through line (14) were subjected to an aminic scrubbing, and from said gases sulphurated hydrogen was recovered and re-converted into elemental sul ⁇ phur in a Claus plant.
- the desulphurized mixture leaving the reactor (13) through line (15) was stored.
- Example 1 was repeated without addition of 3% of styrene residues.
- Example 3 was repeated without addition of 3% of styrene residues.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
- Separation, Recovery Or Treatment Of Waste Materials Containing Plastics (AREA)
Abstract
On décrit un procédé de récupération de résidus de styrène sulfurés obtenus au cours de la purification de styrène produit par déshydrogénation catalytique d'éthylbenzène, qui consiste à mélanger lesdits résidus avec du gazole et à soumettre le mélange au craquage, à la distillation fractionnée et à l'hydrodésulfuration des fractions lourdes dont le point d'ébullition est d'au moins 140 °C.A process for recovering sulfurized styrene residues obtained during the purification of styrene produced by catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene is described, which consists of mixing said residues with gas oil and subjecting the mixture to cracking, fractional distillation and hydrodesulfurization of heavy fractions with a boiling point of at least 140 ° C.
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
IT02207790A IT1246040B (en) | 1990-11-15 | 1990-11-15 | PROCEDURE FOR THE RECOVERY OF STYRENE SULPHURATED RESIDUES. |
IT2207790 | 1990-11-15 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0557280A1 true EP0557280A1 (en) | 1993-09-01 |
Family
ID=11191139
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP91906956A Ceased EP0557280A1 (en) | 1990-11-15 | 1991-03-27 | Process for recovering sulphurated styrene residues |
Country Status (14)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0557280A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH05505814A (en) |
KR (1) | KR920703765A (en) |
AR (1) | AR246933A1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU7558391A (en) |
BG (1) | BG96611A (en) |
BR (1) | BR9106015A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2073870A1 (en) |
CS (1) | CS97591A3 (en) |
HU (1) | HUT63647A (en) |
IT (1) | IT1246040B (en) |
PL (1) | PL295546A1 (en) |
TR (1) | TR26399A (en) |
WO (1) | WO1992008773A1 (en) |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3476656A (en) * | 1968-06-07 | 1969-11-04 | Universal Oil Prod Co | Fractional distillation and recovery of styrene containing sulfur with subsequent bottoms separation |
US3631214A (en) * | 1970-06-29 | 1971-12-28 | Alice M Engelbrecht | Recovery of aromatic hydrocarbons |
-
1990
- 1990-11-15 IT IT02207790A patent/IT1246040B/en active IP Right Grant
-
1991
- 1991-03-27 CA CA002073870A patent/CA2073870A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1991-03-27 AU AU75583/91A patent/AU7558391A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1991-03-27 JP JP91506816A patent/JPH05505814A/en active Pending
- 1991-03-27 EP EP91906956A patent/EP0557280A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1991-03-27 HU HU922323A patent/HUT63647A/en unknown
- 1991-03-27 BR BR919106015A patent/BR9106015A/en unknown
- 1991-03-27 PL PL29554691A patent/PL295546A1/en unknown
- 1991-03-27 WO PCT/EP1991/000594 patent/WO1992008773A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1991-03-27 KR KR1019920701668A patent/KR920703765A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1991-04-02 AR AR91319364A patent/AR246933A1/en active
- 1991-04-08 CS CS91975A patent/CS97591A3/en unknown
- 1991-04-10 TR TR91/0373A patent/TR26399A/en unknown
-
1992
- 1992-07-14 BG BG096611A patent/BG96611A/en unknown
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO9208773A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
IT9022077A0 (en) | 1990-11-15 |
CS97591A3 (en) | 1992-06-17 |
AR246933A1 (en) | 1994-10-31 |
TR26399A (en) | 1995-03-15 |
BR9106015A (en) | 1993-02-02 |
IT1246040B (en) | 1994-11-07 |
WO1992008773A1 (en) | 1992-05-29 |
CA2073870A1 (en) | 1992-05-16 |
BG96611A (en) | 1993-12-24 |
AU7558391A (en) | 1992-06-11 |
IT9022077A1 (en) | 1992-05-15 |
KR920703765A (en) | 1992-12-18 |
JPH05505814A (en) | 1993-08-26 |
HUT63647A (en) | 1993-09-28 |
PL295546A1 (en) | 1993-07-12 |
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Legal Events
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PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
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17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 19921030 |
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AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): DE ES FR GB NL |
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17Q | First examination report despatched |
Effective date: 19930915 |
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RAP1 | Party data changed (applicant data changed or rights of an application transferred) |
Owner name: ENICHEM S.P.A. |
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STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: THE APPLICATION HAS BEEN REFUSED |
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18R | Application refused |
Effective date: 19941022 |