EP0550638A1 - Medium for culture of mammalian cells - Google Patents
Medium for culture of mammalian cellsInfo
- Publication number
- EP0550638A1 EP0550638A1 EP19910918096 EP91918096A EP0550638A1 EP 0550638 A1 EP0550638 A1 EP 0550638A1 EP 19910918096 EP19910918096 EP 19910918096 EP 91918096 A EP91918096 A EP 91918096A EP 0550638 A1 EP0550638 A1 EP 0550638A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- per liter
- medium
- milligrams per
- serum
- amount
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
- C12N5/0018—Culture media for cell or tissue culture
- C12N5/0037—Serum-free medium, which may still contain naturally-sourced components
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2500/00—Specific components of cell culture medium
- C12N2500/05—Inorganic components
- C12N2500/10—Metals; Metal chelators
- C12N2500/20—Transition metals
- C12N2500/24—Iron; Fe chelators; Transferrin
- C12N2500/25—Insulin-transferrin; Insulin-transferrin-selenium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2500/00—Specific components of cell culture medium
- C12N2500/30—Organic components
- C12N2500/34—Sugars
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2500/00—Specific components of cell culture medium
- C12N2500/30—Organic components
- C12N2500/36—Lipids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2500/00—Specific components of cell culture medium
- C12N2500/70—Undefined extracts
- C12N2500/74—Undefined extracts from fungi, e.g. yeasts
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of cell culture media. More particularly the invention relates to the field of mammalian cell culture media. Background of the Invention
- serum-free media Beyond a basal nutrient mixture of salts, sugars, amino acids, and vitamins, cells .in vitro have also been found to require for proliferation a supplement of poorly defined biological fluids or extracts. Because of availability and ease of storage, the most commonly used supplement is serum.
- the use of serum in cell culture media has several disadvantages. Serum is comparatively expensive. Since serum is not a defined component, different lots of serum may vary in the concentration of compounds present and thus result in unpredictable culture growth. Serum may also be contaminated with viruses or mycoplasms. The protein in serum may complicate the purification of cell products from the culture medium. In efforts to overcome the disadvantages of serum containing medium, researchers have attempted to provide serum-free media by substituting defined or better characterized components for serum.
- U.S. Patent 4,786,599 issued November 22, 1988 to Chessebeuf and Padieu discloses a serum-free animal tissue culture medium containing a mixture of six fatty acids and albumin or dextran.
- the medium is particularly adapted for the primary culture of rat liver epithelial cells and possibly in the presence of hormones and/or growth factors, for obtaining cell lines, in particular myeloma and hybridoma cell lines.
- Cytobiologica 2_6 123-132 report a serum-free medium for the culture of chick embryo cells containing dextran.
- Pietrzkowski and Korohoda (1988) Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica _ ⁇ 143-154 report a serum-free medium containing dextran for the culture of chick embryo fibroblasts. In these two publications, the dextran was added to the medium to enhance cell attachment and spreading.
- Ohmori (1988) Journal of Immunological Methods 112: 227-233 reports a serum-free medium which is able to support primary antibody responses by cultured murine lymphocytes. This medium is based on a basal medium supplemented with ⁇ - cyclodextrin, insulin, transferrin, albumin, low density lipoprotein, putrescine and alanine.
- R-innmai- ⁇ of the Invention The present invention provides media for the culture of mammalian cells. The invention is more particularly pointed out in the appended claims and is described in its preferred embodiments in the following description. Detailed Description of the Invention The media of the invention are useful for the culture of mammalian cells.
- the media of the invention have been found to be useful in the culture of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, and HAK cells, a baby hamster kidney cell line.
- the media of the invention have been found not suitable for the culture of myeloma cell lines.
- Cells may be grown in batch and continuous culture with the serum-frae media of the invention.
- CHO cells grown in the media of the invention reach higher cell density and show increased recombinant product secretion when compared to CHO cells grown in a serum-containing medium.
- the cell culture media of the invention are prepared by adding components to a basal medium designed for mammalian cell culture.
- the media are prepared in accordance with standard procedures for preparing cell culture media.
- Suitable basal media include standard mammalian cell culture media such as Ham's medium, Waymouth MB 752/1 medium. Eagle's medium, Williams E medium, 199 medium and derived edia of the types MEM and MEM ⁇ and any combinations of these media.
- Other standard media used for the culture of mammalian cells are also suitable for use in the invention.
- a preferred basal medium is the basal medium of Example 1.
- the preferred basal medium supports cell growth and significantly reduces the size of cell clumps in the media during cell culture.
- a yeast hydrolysate such as Yeastolate is added to the basal medium in the amount of from about 0.1 to about 10.0 grams per liter, preferably in an amount of about 5 grams per liter.
- Albumin or dextran is added to the basal medium, in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 5.0 grams per liter.
- bovine serum albumin or dextran having a molecular weight of about 500,000 is added to the basal medium.
- Bovine serum albumin is preferably added in the amount of from about 0.1 to about 0.5 grams per liter.
- Dextran having a molecular weight of about 500,000 such as Dextran T500 is preferably added to the basal medium in the amount from about 0.1 to about 1.0 grams per liter.
- Insulin is added to the basal medium in the amount of from about 2.0 to about 20 milligrams per milliliter, preferably in the amount of about 10 milligrams per liter.
- Transferrin or transferrin substitute is added to the basal medium in the amount of from about 0 to about 100.0 micrograms per milliliter.
- Transferrin may be substituted in the medium with ferric fructose (from about 1.0 to about 10.0 milligrams per liter) , ferric citrate (from about 1.0 to about 100.0 milligrams per liter), or ferrous sulfate (from about 5.0 micromoles to about 200.0 micromoles per liter).
- ferric fructose from about 1.0 to about 10.0 milligrams per liter
- ferric citrate from about 1.0 to about 100.0 milligrams per liter
- ferrous sulfate from about 5.0 micromoles to about 200.0 micromoles per liter.
- a mixture of the fatty acids oleic, linoleic and linolenic are added to the basal medium in the ratio of oleic 0.6: linoleic 1: linole
- oleic acid is preferably added to the basal medium in the amount of from about 0.012 to about 0.12 milligrams per liter; linoleic acid is preferably added to the basal medium in the amount of from about 0.2 to about 5.0 milligrams per liter; linolenic acid is added to the medium in the amount of from about 0.028 to about 0.7 milligrams per liter. Cholesterol is added to the basal medium in the amount of from about 0 to about 10.0 milligrams per liter.
- CaCl 2 (anhydrous) is added to the basal medium in the amount of from about 0 to about 200 milligrams per liter, preferably in the amount of about 66.67 milligrams per liter.
- Magnesium sulfate (MgSO (anhydrous) is added to the basal medium in the amount of from about 0 to about 100.0 milligrams per liter, preferably in the amount of about 24 milligrams per liter.
- the pH of the medium is preferably from about 6.8 to about 7.4.
- the osmolarity of the medium is preferably from about 280 to 360 milliosmoles.
- the basal medium may be stored as a powder at 4 * C for one year.
- the complete medium (basal medium with added supplements) in a liquid form may be stored at 4 ⁇ C for six months.
- the components in the basal media are mixed and ball-mill ground to formulate a homogeneous powder.
- the powdered media is then dispensed into 100L packets and stored at 4'C.
- L-Alanine 41 300000 L-Arginine HCl 112.546700 L-Arginine FB 16.666000 L-Asparagine H20 28.336700 L-Aspartic Acid 24.433300 L-Cystine 2HC1 19.116600 L-Cysteine HC1.H20 45.040000 L-Cysteine FB 13.333300 L-Glutamic Acid 46.566700 L-Glutamine 292.000000 Glycine 35.833300
- Vitamin B12 0.973300
- Methyl Linoleate 0.010000 Vitamin A Acetate 0.033000
- Medium MRl-3 contains the basal medium of Example 1 supplemented with 5,000 mg/1 TC Yeastolate (Difco, Detroit, Michigan) , 500 mg/1 bovine serum albumin (BSA) (Armour, Kankakee, Illindis) 10 mg/1 bovine insulin (Waitaki, Toronto, Canada), 10 mg/1 bovine transferrin (Sigma Chemical Co., St.
- the medium is prepared as follows:
- Medium MR1-6 is contains the basal medium of Example 1 supplemented with 5,000 mg/1 TC Yeastolate (Difco, Detroit, Michigan) , 500 mg/1 bovine serum albumin (Armour, Kankakee, Illinois) , 10 mg/1 bovine insulin (Waitaki, Toronto, Canada) , 10 mg/1 bovine transferrin (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Missouri), 0.12 mg/1 oleic acid (Ameresco, Cleveland, Ohio), 0.20 mg/1 linoleic acid (Ameresco), 0.028 mg/1 linolenic acid (Ameresco) , and 2 mg/1 cholesterol (Ameresco) .
- the medium is prepared in the same way as medium MRl-3 in Example 2 except that steps 3 and 4 are omitted. In this medium no additional MgS0 4 or CaCl 2 is added.
- Example 4 Preparation of Medium MRl-7.
- Medium MRl-7 contains the basal medium of Example 1 supplemented with 5,000 mg/1 TC Yeastolate (Difco, Detroit, Michigan), 1,000 mg/1 Dextran T-500 (Pharmacia, Piscataway, New Jersey), 10 mg/1 bovine insulin (Waitaki, Toronto, Canada) , 10 mg/1 bovine transferrin (Sigma Chemical Co, St.
- Mediun MRl-7 is prepared in the same way as medium MRl-3 in Example 2 except that steps 3 and 4 are omitted and Dextran T-500 replaces bovine serum albumin in step 6. At step 6, 100 grams of Dextran T-500 are added and mixed until dissolved. • By.» ⁇ t ⁇ * ⁇ «» 5 Cell Culture
- CHO cells transformed to produce soluble T4 lymphocytic cell receptor (cell line 37-80N) were cultured in four different media: serum containing medium Alpha (-) MEM/5% Fetal bovine serum (FBS) , and the media described in Examples 2, 3, and 4. 5 x 10 5 cells per milliliter were cultured for 7 days after seeding in 250 ml SP flasks with 150 ml of medium. Total cell number was determined by Coulter counter, and viability was determined by trypan blue dye exclusion using a hemocytometer. Concentration of ST4 was determined by an ELISA-based assay. At day two after seeding, the serum-free media showed greater number of cells than the serum containing medium.
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Cell Biology (AREA)
- Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
Milieux sans sérum de culture de cellules mammifères comprenant un milieu de base synthétique destiné à une culture cellulaire mammifère; environ 0,1 à environ 10 grammes par litre de levure hydrolysée; environ 0,1 à environ 5 grammes par litre de dextran ou d'albumine; environ 2 à environ 20 milligrammes par litre d'insuline; 0 à environ 100 milligrammes par litre d'un composé choisi dans le groupe constitué de transferrine, fructose ferrique, citrate ferreux et sulfate ferreux; ainsi qu'un composant d'acide gras constitué d'acide oléique, d'acide linoléique et d'acide linolénique dans un rapport d'environ 0,6: 1: 0,14 milligrammes d'acide gras par litre.Mammalian cell culture serum-free media comprising a synthetic base medium for mammalian cell culture; about 0.1 to about 10 grams per liter of hydrolyzed yeast; about 0.1 to about 5 grams per liter of dextran or albumin; about 2 to about 20 milligrams per liter of insulin; 0 to about 100 milligrams per liter of a compound selected from the group consisting of transferrin, ferric fructose, ferrous citrate and ferrous sulfate; as well as a fatty acid component consisting of oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid in a ratio of about 0.6: 1: 0.14 milligrams of fatty acid per liter.
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US58801790A | 1990-09-25 | 1990-09-25 | |
US588017 | 1990-09-25 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0550638A1 true EP0550638A1 (en) | 1993-07-14 |
EP0550638A4 EP0550638A4 (en) | 1993-12-08 |
Family
ID=24352124
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP19910918096 Ceased EP0550638A4 (en) | 1990-09-25 | 1991-09-20 | Medium for culture of mammalian cells |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0550638A4 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH06500918A (en) |
AU (1) | AU662491B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2091443A1 (en) |
IE (1) | IE913345A1 (en) |
MX (1) | MX9101254A (en) |
NZ (1) | NZ239900A (en) |
PT (1) | PT99048B (en) |
TW (1) | TW240247B (en) |
WO (1) | WO1992005246A1 (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA917561B (en) |
Families Citing this family (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
SE501217C2 (en) * | 1990-12-06 | 1994-12-12 | Skandigen Ab | Cell proliferation matrix and its use |
SE9303601D0 (en) * | 1993-11-01 | 1993-11-01 | Kabi Pharmacia Ab | Improved cell cultivation method and medium |
AU2260097A (en) | 1996-03-12 | 1997-10-01 | Life Technologies, Inc. | Hematopoietic cell culture nutrient supplement |
EP2243827B2 (en) | 1996-08-30 | 2017-11-22 | Life Technologies Corporation | Serum-free mammalian cell culture medium, and uses thereof |
WO1998015614A1 (en) * | 1996-10-10 | 1998-04-16 | Life Technologies, Inc. | Animal cell culture media comprising plant-derived nutrients |
US6692961B1 (en) | 1996-10-11 | 2004-02-17 | Invitrogen Corporation | Defined systems for epithelial cell culture and use thereof |
EP1598425A1 (en) | 2000-11-23 | 2005-11-23 | Bavarian Nordic A/S | Modified Vaccinia Ankara virus variant |
US7445924B2 (en) | 2000-11-23 | 2008-11-04 | Bavarian Nordic A/S | Modified Vaccinia Ankara virus variant and cultivation method |
CA2494379C (en) | 2002-09-05 | 2012-11-06 | Bavarian Nordic A/S | Method for the cultivation of primary cells and for the amplification of viruses under serum free conditions |
JP4619362B2 (en) * | 2003-08-08 | 2011-01-26 | メディミューン リミテッド | Myeloma cell culture in transferrin-free and low iron medium |
GB2404665B (en) | 2003-08-08 | 2005-07-06 | Cambridge Antibody Tech | Cell culture |
EP3898943A1 (en) * | 2018-12-21 | 2021-10-27 | Genfit | In vitro model of liver steatosis and fibrosing non-alcoholic steatohepatitis |
CN110343666B (en) * | 2019-07-10 | 2023-05-30 | 通化东宝药业股份有限公司 | Feed supplement culture medium for CHO cell culture and preparation method and application thereof |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0325190A2 (en) * | 1988-01-18 | 1989-07-26 | Roche Diagnostics GmbH | Pentosansulfate medium |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2543158B1 (en) * | 1983-03-24 | 1985-11-15 | Inst Nat Sante Rech Med | MEDIUM FOR CULTURING ANIMAL CELLS WITHOUT SERUM, WITHOUT HORMONES AND WITHOUT GROWTH FACTORS AND METHODS OF PRIMARY CULTURE AND OF OBTAINING CELL LINES USING THE SAME |
US5024947A (en) * | 1987-07-24 | 1991-06-18 | Cetus Corporation | Serum free media for the growth on insect cells and expression of products thereby |
AU4254489A (en) * | 1989-10-03 | 1991-04-11 | Ajinomoto Co., Inc. | Method of induction and activation of cytotoxic t cells |
ES2112866T3 (en) * | 1990-09-25 | 1998-04-16 | Smithkline Beecham Corp | MEANS FOR CULTIVATION OF DROSOPHILA CELLS. |
-
1991
- 1991-09-20 AU AU87348/91A patent/AU662491B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1991-09-20 EP EP19910918096 patent/EP0550638A4/en not_active Ceased
- 1991-09-20 JP JP3516989A patent/JPH06500918A/en active Pending
- 1991-09-20 CA CA 2091443 patent/CA2091443A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1991-09-20 WO PCT/US1991/006837 patent/WO1992005246A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1991-09-23 ZA ZA917561A patent/ZA917561B/en unknown
- 1991-09-23 NZ NZ23990091A patent/NZ239900A/en unknown
- 1991-09-24 IE IE334591A patent/IE913345A1/en unknown
- 1991-09-25 PT PT99048A patent/PT99048B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1991-09-25 MX MX9101254A patent/MX9101254A/en unknown
- 1991-11-04 TW TW80108648A patent/TW240247B/zh active
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0325190A2 (en) * | 1988-01-18 | 1989-07-26 | Roche Diagnostics GmbH | Pentosansulfate medium |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See also references of WO9205246A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0550638A4 (en) | 1993-12-08 |
PT99048A (en) | 1992-08-31 |
IE913345A1 (en) | 1992-02-25 |
NZ239900A (en) | 1993-09-27 |
MX9101254A (en) | 1992-05-04 |
ZA917561B (en) | 1992-09-30 |
CA2091443A1 (en) | 1992-03-26 |
JPH06500918A (en) | 1994-01-27 |
AU662491B2 (en) | 1995-09-07 |
PT99048B (en) | 1999-02-26 |
WO1992005246A1 (en) | 1992-04-02 |
AU8734891A (en) | 1992-04-15 |
TW240247B (en) | 1995-02-11 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
AU662491B2 (en) | Medium for culture of mammalian cells | |
Gregory Hamilton et al. | Clonal growth of Chinese hamster cell lines in protein-free media | |
US5122469A (en) | Method for culturing Chinese hamster ovary cells to improve production of recombinant proteins | |
EP0283942B1 (en) | Basal nutrient medium for cell culture | |
US7462487B2 (en) | Cell culture media | |
CN102827804B (en) | Culture medium and method suitable for the amplification culture of Vero cell microcarrier suspension | |
CN101760442A (en) | Serum-free medium for MDCK cell large-scale adherent culture and single-cell suspension culture | |
JP5431361B2 (en) | Improved culture medium additive and method of using the same | |
AU2014364368A1 (en) | Media for cell culture | |
CN1778902A (en) | Non-serum culture medium for multiple animal cell large-scale culture | |
CN106190950A (en) | A kind of Chinese hamster ovary celI Serum-free and protein-free medium and preparation method thereof | |
CN111518768B (en) | Low-serum culture medium suitable for LMH cell wall-attached culture and preparation method thereof | |
EP0659880B1 (en) | Medium for culturing animal cells or antibody-producing cells | |
CN105567628B (en) | A kind of low blood serum medium of the full culture mdck cell that suspends | |
CN107435037A (en) | A kind of serum free medium for bhk cell | |
CN113913368A (en) | Serum-free medium suitable for CHO cell large-scale suspension amplification culture and preparation and application thereof | |
JPH03180176A (en) | Nutrient medium for cell culture | |
KR102536543B1 (en) | Culture medium containing N-acyl-X-glutamine dipeptide | |
Agy et al. | Protein-free medium for C-1300 mouse neuroblastoma cells | |
AU663060B2 (en) | Media for culture of insect cells | |
CN116790477A (en) | Serum-free culture medium supporting CHO cell high-density culture and preparation method and application thereof | |
CN109988741B (en) | Serum substitute for cell culture, preparation method thereof, serum substitute composition for cell culture and cell culture medium | |
Donta | Growth of functional glial cells in a serumless medium | |
JPH0568231B2 (en) |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PUAI | Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012 |
|
17P | Request for examination filed |
Effective date: 19930310 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE DK ES FR GB GR IT LI LU NL SE |
|
RIN1 | Information on inventor provided before grant (corrected) |
Inventor name: OKA, MELVIN, SUSUMU Inventor name: MURNANE, AMY, ANNE Inventor name: RAMOS, LUCIANO |
|
RHK1 | Main classification (correction) |
Ipc: C12N 5/06 |
|
A4 | Supplementary search report drawn up and despatched |
Effective date: 19931018 |
|
AK | Designated contracting states |
Kind code of ref document: A4 Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE DK ES FR GB GR IT LI LU NL SE |
|
17Q | First examination report despatched |
Effective date: 19951106 |
|
GRAG | Despatch of communication of intention to grant |
Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOS AGRA |
|
STAA | Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent |
Free format text: STATUS: THE APPLICATION HAS BEEN REFUSED |
|
18R | Application refused |
Effective date: 19981218 |
|
REG | Reference to a national code |
Ref country code: HK Ref legal event code: WD Ref document number: 1012417 Country of ref document: HK |