EP0544650B1

EP0544650B1 - A process for phosphate-coating metal surfaces

Info

Publication number: EP0544650B1
Application number: EP93200125A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Satoshi Miyamoto; Masamichi Nagatani
Original assignee: Henkel Corp
Current assignee: Henkel Corp
Priority date: 1985-08-27
Filing date: 1986-08-27
Publication date: 1997-11-26
Anticipated expiration: 2006-08-27
Also published as: SG52645A1; ATE160592T1; EP0544650A1; HK1007771A1; DE3689442D1; HK1012681A1; ATE99002T1; DE3650659T2; DE3689442T2; DE3650659D1; EP0228151A1; EP0228151B1

Abstract

Acidic, aqueous, substantially chlorate-free phosphate solution contains in S/L:- 0.1-1.5 Zn ions; 5-50 phosphate ions; 0.2-4 Mn ions; min 0.05 fluoride ions; less than 0.5 chloride ions; and at least one of the following phosphate accelerators:- 0.01-0.2 nitrite ions; 1-15 nitrate ions; 0.5-5 H2O2 (based on 100% H2O2); 0.05-2 m-nitrobenzene-sulphonate ions; 0.05-2 m-nitrobenzoate ions and 0.05-2 p-nitrophenol.

Description

The present invention relates to a process for phosphating a metal surface using an acidic aqueous phosphate solution. More particularly, it relates to a process for forming a phosphate film especially suitable for cationic electrocoating, and is particularly applicable to metal surfaces which include both an iron-based surface and a zinc-based surface such as an automobile body.
Japanese Patent Publication (unexamined) No. 107784/1980 (laid open to the public on August 19, 1980) discloses a process for treating a metal surface by dip treatment, followed by spray treatment, with an acidic aqueous phosphate solution containing from 0.5 to 1.5 g/l of zinc ion, from 5 to 30 g/l of phosphate ion, and from 0.01 to 0.2 g/l of nitrite ion and/or from 0.05 to 2 g/l of m-nitrobenzenesulfonate ion. Said process is reported to be capable of providing a phosphate film which is effective for forming a coating by cationic-resistance on complicated articles having many pocket portions like car bodies.
Japanese Patent Publication (unexamined) No. 145180/1980 (laid-open to the public on November 12, 1980) discloses a process for treating a metal surface by spray treatment with an acidic aqueous phosphate solution containing from 0.4 to 1.0 g/l of zinc ion, from 5 to 40 g/l of phosphate ion, from 2.0 to 5.0 g/l of chlorate ion, and from 0.01 to 0.2 g/l of nitrite ion. Further, Japanese Patent Publication (unexamined) No. 1512183/1980 (laid-open to the public on November 27, 1980) discloses an acidic aqueous phosphate solution containing from 0.08 to 0.20 wt. % of zinc ion, from 0,8 to 3.0 wt. % of phosphate ion, from 0.05 to 0.35 wt. % of chlorate ion, from 0.001 to 0.10 wt. % of nitrite ion, and complex fluoride ion in an amount calculated by the formula : 0.4 ≥ y ≥ 0.63x - 0.042, wherein z is the concentration in wt. % of zinc ion and y is the concentration in wt. % of the complex fluoride ion. These prior art processes are reported to be capable of providing excellent adhesion and corrosion-resistance to the coating by cationic electrocoating.
To such extent as it is relevant, it may also be noted that British Published Patent Application No. GB 2 148 951 A discloses according to its Abstract that a protective coating can be formed on steel or other metal surfaces at low temperatures, for instance below 40°C, by contact with a solution that is generally free of chlorate and chloride and that contains 0.5 to 1.5 parts silicofluoride or borofluoride, 0.8 to 2.5 parts zinc, 10 to 25 parts phosphate, 1.5 to 10 parts nitrate, 0.1 to 1.2 parts nickel and 0.25 to 2 parts sodium nitrobenzene sulfonate. The composition may also contain 0 to 0.7 parts manganese.
However, in a recent development in the automobile industry there has come to be used for car bodies steel components plated on one surface only with zinc or alloyed zinc, with the object of further improving corrosion-resistance after the application of the sicative coating. It has however come to be recognised that, when the above prior art compositions and processes are applied to such materials (i.e. to the metal surfaces which include both an iron-based surface and a zinc-based surface), on the iron-based surface a phosphate film suitable as a substrate to be coated by cationic electrocoating can be formed as desired, but a phosphate film formed on a zinc-based surface is significantly inferior to that formed on the iron-based surface.
There has been developed a composition and process to solve the above-mentioned problems which occur on zinc-based surfaces in components which include both an iron-based surface and a zinc-based surface. This is the invention disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication (unexamined) No. 152472/1982 (laid-open to the public on September 20, 1982). That Publication discloses dipping the metal surface in an acidic aqueous phosphate solution comprising from 0.5 to 1.5 g/l of zinc ion, from 5 to 30 g/l of phosphate ion, from 0.6 to 3 g.l of manganese ion and a phosphating accelerator.
However, in the zinc phosphate treatment of galvanized steel, there often results an abnormal coating with white spots, each spot having a diameter of from 1 mm to 2 mm. This is particularly true with an electroplated galvanized steel and especially in the dip treatment thereof. These white spots will cause craters in subsequent treatment, thereby resulting in inferior coatings. The mechanism by which white spots are formed is believed to be as follows: In a first stage, there appear many pits, at the edge portions of which the galvanized layer is gradually dissolved in the form of concentric circles through an excessive etching reaction. As the growth of each pit continues, zinc phosphate is precipitated in the centre portion thereof. However, at the peripheral portions, the ion surface is exposed, which forms a galvanic cell with the zinc metal, thereby continuing the dissolution of the zinc.
As a consequence, an excess quantity of zinc phosphate crystals are precipitated and accumulate as "snow" at the peripheral portions of the spots, which can readily be observed by the naked eye.
Unfortunately, no solution to this problem has been found heretofor to consistently avoid the formation of such white spots.
It is the aim of the present invention to provide a process and solution for phosphating, especially as a substrate treatment under cationic electrocoating, so as to form excellent phosphate films capable of providing excellent adhesion and corrosion-resistance, especially to coatings from cationic electrocoating, on a variety of metal surfaces which include an iron-based surface, a zinc-based surface, and/or an aluminium-based surface even by treatment at low-temperature, and even on an article possibly having different metal surfaces and/or complicated shapes such as a car body ... and above all to provide a process which will not cause any white spots or at least any significant white spots on galvanized steel even in the dip treatment thereof.
We have found that phosphating compositions which are chlorate-free or at least substantially chlorate-free and which have a chloride ion level below 0.5 g/l provide excellent phosphate-coatings on iron, zinc, and aluminium-based surfaces, without the formation of deleterious white spots. It is important to the beneficial results of the present invention that the chloride ion level be consistently maintained below 0.5 g/l, which means that not only the chloride ion itself, but also the chlorate ion should not be added to the phosphating compositions, since the chlorate ion will be reduced to the chloride ion as the phosphating composition is used. These phosphating compositions are the subject of European Patent Application no. 86306622.1 (granted as EP 0 228 151) from which the present application has been divided.
According to the invention there is provided a process for phosphating a metal surface comprising treating the metal surface with an acidic aqueous phosphate solution in which one establishes and maintains a concentration of at most 0.2 g/l and preferably no chlorate ion and wherein the chloride ion concentration is maintained below 0.5 g/l, said solution comprising:

a) from 0.1 to 1.5 g/l of zinc ion,
b) from 5 to 50 g/l of phosphate ion,
c) from at least 0.2 to 4 g/l of manganese ion,
d) at least 0.05 g/l of a fluoride ion, and
e) at least one of the following phosphating accelerators in the following concentrations:
- i) from 0.01 to 0.2 g/l of nitrite ion,
- ii) from 1 to 10 g/l of nitrate ion,
- iii) from 0.5 to 5 g/l of hydrogen peroxide (based on 100% H₂O₂),
- iv) from 0.05 to 2 g/l of m-nitro-benzene-sulfonate ion,
- v) from 0.05 to 2 g/l of m-nitro-benzoate ion, and
- vi) from 0.05 to 2 g/l of p-nitrophenol.

As indicated above, the metal surface treated in accordance with the present invention includes iron-based surface, zinc-based surfaces, aluminum-based surfaces, and their respective alloy-based surfaces. These metal surfaces can be treated either separately or in combination. The advantage of the present invention is most prominently exhibited when the treatment is carried out on metal surfaces which include both an iron-based surface and a zinc-based surface, as for example in a car body. Examples of zinc-based surfaces include galvanized steel plate, galvanealed steel plate, electrogalvanized steel plate, electro zinc-alloy plated steel plate, complex electrogalvanized steel plate, electro zinc-alloy plated steel plate, complex electrogalvanized steel plate, etc.
When the content of the zinc ion in the above acidic phosphate solution is less than about 0.1 g/l, an even phosphate film is not formed on the iron-based surfaces. When the zinc ion content exceeds about 1.5 g/l, then on both iron-based and zinc-based surfaces continuing formation of the phosphate film occurs, causing a build-up of said film, with the result that the film shows a decrease in adhesion and becomes unsuitable as a substrate for cationic electrocoating.
When the content of phosphate ion in the above solution is less than about 5 g/l, an uneven phosphate film is apt to be formed. When the phosphate ion content is more than 50 g/l no further benefits result, and it is therefore economically disadvantageous to use additional quantities of phosphate chemicals.
When the content of manganese ion is less then 0.2 g/l the manganese content in the phosphate film formed on zinc-based surfaces is very small; therefore the adhesion between the substrate and the coating after the cationic electrocoating becomes insufficient. When the manganese ion is present in an amount of more than 4 g/l, no further beneficial effects are obtained for the coating, and the solution forms excessive precipitates, making it impossible to obtain a stable solution.
The manganese content in the phosphate film formed on the metal substrates would be in the range of from about 1 to about 20% by weight, based on the weight of the film, in order to have a phosphate film which exhibits the performance requirements for cationic electrocoating. The phosphate film containing the amount of manganese specified above also forms part of the present invention.
The content of manganese in the phosphate film can be determined according to conventional procedures. For example, a phosphated test piece [S(m²); W₁(g)] is dipped in an aqueous solution of 5 % by weight of chromic acid at 75°C for 5 minutes to dissolve the film, and the weight of the test piece after treatment [W₂(g)] is measured. The amount of film [W_c)g/m²)] is obtained by calculating the formula: [ W_c = (W₁ - W₂)/S]. Then, the amount of manganese which dissolved into said aqueous solution of chromic acid [A(1)] is determined by the atomic light absorption process [M(g/l)] to obtain the total amount of the dissolved manganese ( W_M = AxM/s(g/M²)]. Using the thus obtained amount and the above film amount, the manganese content can be calculated from the formula (W_M/W_C) x 100 %.
When the amount of fluoride ion in the phosphating solution is less than 0.05 g/l, micronization of the phosphate film, improvement of corrosion-resistance after coating, and phosphating treatment at a reduced temperature cannot be attained. The fluoride ion can be present in an amount above 3 g/l, but use thereof in such quantities will not provide any greater effects than are obtainable by the phosphating solutions of the invention. Preferably, the fluoride ion is contained in the form of a complex fluoride ion, e.g. the fluoroborate ion or the fluorosilicate ion, although the F^- ion itself can also be used.
It has been found that when the chloride ion concentration in the phosphating solution reaches or exceeds 0.5 g/l (500 ppm), there occurs an excessive etching reaction which results in undesirable white spots on zinc surfaces. Though the presence of chlorate ions themselves may not directly cause the development of white spots, they are gradually changed the chloride ions and accumulate in that form in the bath liquid thereby causing white spots as mentioned hereinabove.
Furthermore, the combination of manganese and fluoride ions has been found to be effective for the formulation of useful phosphating solutions containing no chlorate ions.
In the phosphating solutions used in the process of the invention it is preferable that the weight ratio of zinc ion to phosphate be 1 : (10 to 30). In this ratio an even phosphate film is obtained which exhibits all of the performance requirements needed for cationic electrocoating. The weight ratio of zinc ion to manganese ion is preferably 1 : (0.5 to 2). In this ratio it is possible to obtain in an economic manner a phosphate film which contains the required amount of manganese and which displays all of the beneficial effects provided by the present invention.
In the phosphating solutions used in the process of the invention, it is desirable for the solutions to have a total acidity of 10 to 50 points, a free acidity of 0.3 to 2.0 points, and an acid ratio of 10 to 50. With the total acidity, in the above range the phosphate film can be obtained economically, and with the free acidity in the above range the phosphate film can be obtained evenly without excessive etching of the metal surface. Adjustments in the solution to obtain and maintain the above points and ratio can be achieved by use of an alkali metal hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide as required.
Sources of the ingredients of the phosphating solutions used in the process of the invention include the following: as to the zinc ion, one can use zinc oxide, zinc carbonate, zinc nitrate, etc.; as to the phosphate ion, one can use phosphoric acid, zinc phosphate, zinc monohydrogen phosphate, zinc dihydrogen phosphate, manganese phosphate, manganese monohydrogen phosphate, manganese dihydrogen phosphate, etc.; as to the manganese ion, one can use manganese carbonate, manganese nitrate, the above-mentioned manganese phosphate compounds, etc.; as to the fluoride ion, one can use hydrofluoric acid, fluoroboric acid, fluorosilicic acid, fluorotitanic acid, and their metal salts (e.g. zinc salt, nickel salt, etc.- however the sodium salt is excluded as it does not produce the desired effect); and as to the phosphating accelerator, one can use sodium nitrite, ammonium nitrite, sodium m-nitrobenzenesulfonate, sodium m-nitrobenzoate, aqueous hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, zinc nitrate, manganese nitrate, nickel nitrate, etc..
The phosphating solutions used in the process of the invention can further contain, as an optional ingredient, nickel ion. The content of the nickel ion should be from 0.1 to 4 g/l, preferably from 0.3 to 2 g/l. When nickel ion is present with the manganese ion, performance of the resulting phosphate film is further improved, i.e. the adhesion and corrosion-resistance of the coating obtained after cationic electrocoating are further improved. In phosphating solutions containing nickel ion, the weight ratio of zinc ion to the sum of the manganese ion and the nickel ion is desirably 1 : (0.5 to 5.0), preferably 1 : (0.8 to 2.5). The supply source of nickel ion can be for example nickel carbonate, nickel nitrate, nickel phosphate, etc..
The phosphate film formed by the process of the present invention is a zinc phosphate-type film. Such films formed on iron based metal surfaces contain from about 25 to about 40 wt. % of zinc, from about 3 to about 11 wt. % of iron, from about 1 to about 20 wt. % of manganese, and from 0 to about 4 wt. % of nickel.
The process of the present invention for phosphating metal surfaces can be carried out using the phosphating solutions by spray treatment, dip treatment, or by a combination of such treatments. Spray treatment can usually be effected by spraying for 5 or more seconds in order to form an adequate phosphate film which exhibits the desired performance characteristics. Spray treatment can be conveniently carried out using a cycle comprising first a spray treatment for about 5 to about 30 seconds, followed by discontinuing the treatment for about 5 to 30 seconds, and then spray treating again for at least 5 seconds, with a total spray treatment time of at least 40 seconds. This cycle can be carried out once, twice or three times.
Dip treatment is usually more to be preferred than spray treatment in the process of the present invention. In order to form an adequate phosphate film which exhibits the desired performance characteristics, the dip treatment is usually effected for at least 15 seconds, preferably for about 30 to about 120 seconds. Also, treatment can be carried out by first dip treating for at least 15 seconds and then spray treating for at least 2 seconds. Alternatively, the treatment can be effected by first spray treating for at least 5 seconds, and then dip treating for at least 15 seconds. The former combination of first dip treating and then spray treating is especially advantageous for articles having complicated shapes like a car body. For such articles, it is preferable to first carry out a dip treatment for from 30 to 90 seconds, and then carry out the spray treatment for from 5 to 45 seconds. In this process, it is advantageous to effect the spray treatment for as long a time as possible within the limitations of the automotive production line, in order to remove the sludge which adheres to the article during the dip treatment stage.
In the present process, the treating temperature can be from 30 to 70°C, preferably from 35 to 60°C. This temperature range is approximately 10 to 15°C lower than that which is used in the prior art processes. Treating temperatures below 30°C should not be used due to an unacceptable increase in the time required to produce an acceptable coating. Conversely, when the treating temperature is too high, the phosphating accelerator is decomposed and excess precipitate is formed causing the components in the solution to become unbalanced and making it difficult to obtain satisfactory phosphate films.
In spray treatments, a convenient spray pressure is from 0.6 to 2 Kg/cm²G.
As described above, a preferred mode of treatment in the process of the present invention is a dip treatment or a combined treatment using a dip treatment first and then a spray treatment.
An advantageous procedure for treating metal surfaces using a series of pre-coating treatment processes followed by phosphating in accordance with the process of the present invention is as follows:
A metal surface is first subjected to a spray treatment and/or a dip treatment with an alkaline degreasing agent at a temperature of 50 to 60°C for 2 minutes; followed by washing with tap water; spray treatment and/or dip treatment with a surface conditioner at room temperature for 10 to 30 seconds; dip treatment with the solution of the present invention at a temperature of about 30 to about 70°C for at least 15 seconds; and washing with tap water and then with deionized water, in that order. Thereafter, it is desirable to after-treat with an acidulated rinse common to the industry such as a dilute chromate solution. This after-treatment is preferably adopted even when the present invention is carried out by spray treatment or by a combined treatment comprising a spray treatment, followed by a dip treatment. By introducing this after-treatment, a phosphate film which gives greater corrosion-resistance to a siccative coating can be obtained.
When carrying out the dip treatment or the dip treatment followed by spray treatment, which is the preferred treating method of the present invention, it is advantageous to use an acidic aqueous phosphate solution of the present invention comprising:

a') from 0.5 to 1.5 g/l, preferably from 0.7 to 1.2 g/l, of zinc ion,
b') from 30 g/l, preferably from 10 to 20 g/l, of phosphate ion,
c') from 0,8 to 3 g/l, preferably from 0.8 to 2 g/l, of manganese ion,
d') at least 0.05 g/l, preferably from 0.1 to 2 g/l, of a fluoride ion,
e') less than 0.5 g/l of chloride ion, and
f') a phosphating accelerator in a quantity given above

When using the above dipping solution in the process of the invention on a metal surface, especially a metal surface which includes both an iron-based surface and a zinc-based surface, there is formed thereon in an economic manner a fine, even and dense phosphate film which provides excellent adhesion and corrosion-resistance to coatings formed by cationic electrocoating, and which is substantially free of white spots.
In practising the present invention concentrated aqueous compositions are employed for formulating the acidic aqueous phosphate solutions used in the process of the present invention. The acidic aqueous treating solutions are conveniently prepared by diluting an aqueous concentrate which contains a number of the solution ingredients in proper weight ratios, and then adding other ingredients as needed to prepare the treating solutions.
The concentrates are advantageously formulated to contain zinc ion, phosphate ion, manganese ion, fluoride ion, and optionally nickel ion, in a weight proportion of
0.1 to 2 : 5 to 50 : 0.2 to 4 : at least 0.05 : 0.1 to 4. The concentrates preferably contain a weight proportion of the above ingredients of
0.5 to 1.5 : 10 to 30 : 0.1 to 3 : 0.3 to 2.
The concentrates are preferably formulated to contain at least about 25 g/l, more preferably from about 50 g/l to 130 g/l of zinc ion. However, care must be taken in forming the concentrates. For example, when manganese ion and complex fluoride ion are present together in a concentrate with sodium ion, a precipitate is formed. Also, it is not advisable to add any phosphating accelerator to the concentrate, since the accelerators tend to decompose and cause other problems.
As an example of a useful concentrated aqueous composition, there is formulated a concentrated composition comprising 3.0 wt. % of zinc oxide, 1.8 wt. % of nickel carbonate (II), 48.2 wt. % of 75 % phosphoric acid, 10.0 wt. % of manganese nitrate (II) hydrate (20 wt. % manganese content), 7.9 wt. % of 40 % fluorosilicic acid, and 29.1 wt. % of water. This concentrate is then diluted with water to 2.5 vol. %, followed by the addition of an aqueous solution of 20 % sodium nitrite to give an acidic phosphating solution of the invention.
In order that the invention may be well understood, it will now be further described in the practical and preferred embodiments thereof which are illustratively shown in the following Examples and Comparative Examples. It is to be understood, however, that the present invention is not limited to these Examples.

Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3:

(1) Metal to be subjected to treatment
Electrogalvanized steel plate
(2) Acidic aqueous phosphate solution
The compositions show in Table 1 were used
(3) Treating process:
The surfaces of the above metal were simultaneously treated in accordance with the following processes:
Degreasing, water washing, surface conditioning, phosphating, water washing, pure water washing, drying, coating.
(4) Treating Conditions:
- (a) Degreasing
  Using an alkaline degreasing agent ("RIDOLINE SD200" made by Nippon Paint Co., 2 wt. % concentration), spray treatment was carried out at 60°C for 1 minute, followed by dip treatment for 2 minutes
- (b) Washing with water:
  Using tap water, washing was carried out at room temperature for 15 seconds.
- (c) Surface conditioning:
  Using a surface conditioning agent ("FIXODINE 5N-5" made by Nippon Paint Co., 0.1 wt. % concentration), dip treatment was made at room temperature for 15 seconds.
- (d) Phosphating:
  Using the above acidic aqueous phosphate solution, dip treatment was carried out at 52°C for 120 seconds
- (e) Water washing:
  Using tap water, washing was carried out at room temperature for 15 seconds.
- (f) Pure water washing:
  Using deionized water, dip treatment was effected at room temperature for 15 seconds.
- (g) Drying was carried out with hot blown air at 100°C for 10 minutes.
  The appearance of each phosphated plate thus obtained and the weight of the phosphate film thereof were determined.
- (h) Coating:
  A cationic electrocoating composition ("POWER TOP U-30 Dark Grey" made by Nippon Paint Co.) was coated to a film thickness of 20µ (voltage 180 V, electricity applying time 3 minutes), and the surface was baked at 180°C for 30 minutes. A number of each of the resulting electrocoated plates were used for the brine spray test.
  The remaining non-tested electrocoated plates were coated with an intermediate coating composition ("ORGA T0778 Grey" made by Nippon Paint Co.) to a film thickness of 30µ then with a top coating composition ("ORGA T0626 Margaret White" made by Nippon Paint Co.) to a film thickness of 40µ to obtain coated plates having a total of 3-coatings and 3-bakings, which were then used for the adhesion test and the spot rush test.
(5) Test results:
The results are shown in Table 2. Each test method is shown below.
- (a) Brine spray test (JIS-Z-2871):
  Cross cuts were made on the electrocoated plate, on which 5 % brine spraying was carried out for 500 hours (zinc-plated steel plate) or 1,000 hours (cold rolled steel plate).
- (b) Adhesion test:
  The coated plate was dipped in deionized water at 50°C for 10 days, after which it was provided with grids (100 squares each) made at 1mm intervals with 2mm intervals using a sharp cutter. To each surface of the thus treated plate, and adhesive tape was applied, after which it was peeled off and the number of the remaining coated squares on the coated plate was counted.
- (c) White spot test:
  Presence of white spots was examined by visual observation
  O... no white spot X... white spots
Additionally, a scanning electron microscopic photograph confirmed the presence of white spot of phosphate film on electro galvanized steel plate.

As can be seen from the above Table 2, when the process uses solutions composed as in the examples according to the invention commercially highly acceptable phosphate coatings are produced while using solutions composed as in the comparative examples (in which the chloride ion level is over 0.5 g/l) produces commercially unsatisfactory coatings.
It should be noted that while Example 1 contained a small quantity of chlorate ion (0.2 g/l) which did not deleteriously affect the results obtained using the fresh bath, it is not recommended that the composition of Example 1 be employed commercially since maintaining even this low chlorate level in the bath as the bath continues to be used will eventually result in the reduction of sufficient chlorate ion to elevate the chloride ion above 0.5 g/l.
The solution employed in the process preferably contains not more than about 0.2 g/l of chlorate ion. It is especially preferred that the solution contains no chlorate.
The present invention is advantageous in avoiding white spots, especially on galvanized steel, particularly when the phosphating treatment comprises dipping.
In advantageous embodiment of the process the solution contains at least about 1.05 g/l, especially at least about 1.1 g/l of zinc ion, for instance from about 1.05 to about 1.5 g/l of zinc ion, especially when the phosphating treatment comprises dipping.
In another advantageous embodiment of the process the solution employed contains at least about 15 g/l of phosphate ion, for instance from about 15 to about 50 g/l, especially from about 15 to about 30 g/l, of phosphate ion.
In a further advantageous embodiment of the process, the solution employed contains more than about 4.0 g/l, especially more than about 5 g/l, of nitrate ion. Thus, the solution may contain from about 5 to about 15 g/l, especially from about 5 to about 10 g/l, on nitrate ion
In a yet further advantageous embodiment of the process the solution employed contains from about 0.3 g/l, especially more than about 0.4 g/l, of nickel ion. Thus the solution may contain from about 0.4 to about 4 g/l, especially from about 0.4 to about 2 g/l, of nickel ion.
These advantageous embodiments are especially advantageous for the avoidance of white spots and the provision of other advantageous properties to the phosphate surface.
When a solution is stated herein to comprise specified ingredients, in a preferred embodiment it consists essentially of these ingredients.
However the fluoride ion is provided, it is measured herein in terms of F ion.

Claims

A process for phosphating a metal surface comprising treating the metal surface with an acidic aqueous phosphate solution having a concentration of at most 0.2 g/l and preferably no chlorate ion and wherein the chloride ion concentration is maintained below 0.5 g/l, said solution comprising:
a) from 0.1 to 1.5 g/l of zinc ion,

b) from 5 to 50 g/l of phosphate ion,

c) from at least 0.2 to 4 g/l of manganese ion,

d) at least 0.05 g/l of a fluoride ion, and

e) at least one of the following phosphating accelerators in the following concentrations:
i) from 0.01 to 0.2 g/l of nitrite ion,

ii) from 1 to 15 g/l of nitrate ion,

iii) from 0.5 to 5 g/l of hydrogen peroxide (based on 100% H₂O₂),

iv) from 0.05 to 2 g/l of m-nitro-benzene-sulfonate ion,

v) from 0.05 to 2 g/l of m-nitro-benzoate ion, and

vi) from 0.05 to 2 g/l of p-nitrophenol,

whereby after treatment, the metal surface is substantially free of white spotting.
A process according to claim 1, in which the solution comprises some chloride ion and optionally some chlorate ion.
A process according to claim 1 or claim 2, in which the solution employed comprises from 0.5 to 1.4 g/l of zinc ion.
A process according to claim 3, in which the solution employed comprises from 0.7 to 1.2 g/l of zinc ion.
A process according to any of the preceding claims, in which the solution employed comprises from 5 to 30 g/l of phosphate ion.
A process according to claim 5, in which the solution employed comprises at least 10 g/l of phosphate ion.
A process according to claim 6, in which the solution employed comprises from 10 to 20 g/l of phosphate ion.
A process according to any of claims 1 to 4, in which the solution employed comprises from 15 to 50 g/l of phosphate ion.
A process according to any of the preceding claims, in which the solution employed comprises from 0.6 to 3 g/l of manganese ion.
A process according to claim 9, in which the solution employed comprises at least 0.8 g/l of manganese ion.
A process according to claim 10, in which the solution employed comprises from 0.8 to 2 g/l of manganese ion.
A process according to any of the preceding claims, in which the solution employed comprises from 0.1 to 3 g/l of fluoride ion.
A process according to claim 12, in which the solution employed comprises from 0.1 to 2 g/l of fluoride ion.
A process according to any of the preceding claims, in which the solution employed comprises from 1 to 10 g/l of nitrate ion.
A process according to any of the preceding claims, in which the solution employed comprises one or more of the following accelerators in the following amounts:
i) from 0.04 to 0.15 g/l of nitrite ion,

ii) from 2 to 8 g/l of nitrate ion,

iii) from 1 to 1.5 g/l of hydrogen peroxide (based on 100% H₂O₂),

iv) from 0.1 to 1.5 g/l of m-nitro-benzene-sulfonate ion;

v) from 0.1 to 1.5 g/l of m-nitrobenzoate ion; and

vi) from 0.1 to 1.5 g/l of p-nitrophenol.
A process according to any of the preceding claims, in which the solution employed comprises
a) from 0.7 to 1.2 g/l of zinc ion,

b) from 10 to 20 g/l of phosphate ion,

c) from 0.8 to 2 g/l of manganese ion, and d) from 0.1 to 2 g/l of a fluoride ion.
A process according to any of the preceding claims, in which the solution employed comprises from 0.4 to 4 g/l of nickel ion.
A process according to any of the preceding claims wherein an article is treated which has an iron-based surface, a zinc-based surface or an aluminium-based surface, or a combination of such surfaces.
A process according to claim 18 wherein the article treated has a surface comprising electroplated galvanised steel.
A process according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the treatment is carried out at a temperature in the range of from 30 to 70°C.
A process according to any of the preceding claims wherein the chloride concentration is maintained below 0.5 g/l by discarding a portion of the solution when the chloride level approaches 0.5 g/l and replenishing the solution as needed with one or more of the solution components which are substantially free from chloride ion.
A process according to claim 21 wherein the coating weight after treatment of the metal surface is at least 2 g/m².
A process according to claim 21 or claim 22 wherein, after treatment, the metal surface is substantially free of excess zinc phosphate precipitate.
A process according to any of the preceding claims, wherein at least the last step in the treatment is carried out by spraying.
A process according to any of the preceding claims, wherein at least one step in the treatment is carried out by dipping.
A process according to claims 24 and 25, wherein the treatment is carried out by dipping for at least 15 seconds and is followed by spraying for at least 2 seconds.
A metal surface whenever phosphated by a process according to any of the preceding claims.
A metal surface according to claim 27, wherein the phosphate film formed on the metal surface has a manganese content in the range of from 1 to 20% by weight, based on the weight of the film.
A metal surface according to claim 27 or claim 28, wherein the phosphate film formed has a coating weight of at least 2 g/m².
A process according to any of the claims 1 to 26, wherein, following the treatment, the metal surface is rinsed and electrocoated.
A process according to claim 30, wherein the metal surface is cationically electrocoated.