EP0541677A1

EP0541677A1 - Heating boiler for burning comminuted fuel, which, when heated, at least partly gasifies

Info

Publication number: EP0541677A1
Application number: EP19910914450
Authority: EP
Inventors: Niels Bjarne Kampp Rasmussen
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1990-08-01
Filing date: 1991-07-31
Publication date: 1993-05-19
Also published as: AU8313491A; DK183490A; WO1992002763A1; DK183490D0

Abstract

Chaudière de chauffage destinée à brûler un combustible pulvérisé qui se gazéifie au moins partiellement lorsqu'il est chauffé, lequel combustible peut être, par exemple, de la paille pulvérisée, des flocons de bois, de la sciure ou des matières organiques analogues. Le combustible se dirige vers la chambre de combustion de la chaudière à travers un tube sensiblement horizontal débouchant dans ladite chambre de combustion, le combustible étant transporté par un transporteur hélicoïdal. Un brûleur secondaire est placé dans la chambre de combustion en regard de l'embouchure du tube, et est adapté pour brûler un combustible distribué en quantités variables par son air d'amenée, l'air excédentaire étant utilisé pour brûler un combustible secondaire présent en quantité réduite. Le tube doté du transporteur hélicoïdal est placé dans la chambre de combustion de manière que, sur une partie de sa longueur, il fasse saillie librement dans la zone de combustion du brûleur secondaire. Une chicane à deux faces est intercalée entre l'embouchure du tube et le brûleur secondaire et présente une taille suffisamment importante pour que l'une de ses faces puisse faire passer l'air provenant du brûleur secondaire devant l'embouchure du tube, et pour que l'autre face puisse dévier le gaz provenant du combustible dans le tube dans un sens transversal à celui par lequel arrive l'air du brûleur secondaire. La chaudière peut fonctionner de manière discontinue et brûler un combustible biologique de valeur thermique variable tout en assurant une production élevée et constante de chaleur.A heating boiler for burning pulverized fuel which at least partially gasifies when heated, which fuel can be, for example, pulverized straw, wood flakes, sawdust or the like. The fuel goes to the combustion chamber of the boiler through a substantially horizontal tube opening into said combustion chamber, the fuel being transported by a helical conveyor. A secondary burner is placed in the combustion chamber opposite the mouth of the tube, and is adapted to burn fuel distributed in variable quantities by its supply air, the excess air being used to burn a secondary fuel present in reduced quantity. The tube with the helical conveyor is placed in the combustion chamber so that, over part of its length, it projects freely into the combustion zone of the secondary burner. A two-sided baffle is interposed between the mouth of the tube and the secondary burner and has a sufficiently large size so that one of its faces can pass the air coming from the secondary burner in front of the mouth of the tube, and for that the other side can deflect the gas coming from the fuel in the tube in a direction transverse to that through which the air from the secondary burner arrives. The boiler can operate discontinuously and burn a biological fuel of variable thermal value while ensuring a high and constant production of heat.

Description

^• TING BC-LER FOR BURNING COMMINUTED FUEL, WHICH, WHEN HEATED, AT LEAST PARTLY GASIFIES

The present invention relates to a boiler of the kind stated in the preamble of claim 1. A boiler of this type is disclosed in DE "Offenle- gungsschrift" no. 24 00 778 and is described as being parti¬ cularly well suited for the burning of various kinds of waste and in particular waste containing material from the scrapping of cars, such as rubber from car tyres. In the boiler described, the flame from the secondary burner is di¬ rected towards the mouth of the tube and heats the waste in the mouth to such a degree that it continues to burn, when the secondary fuel supply is stopped. In the known boiler the fuel in the mouth of the tube is exposed to a very strong air flow, which in the case of essentially dry and comminuted fuel will disperse it in the combustion chamber without reachx.g the high combustion temperatures necessary for maintaining the combustion.

The object of the present invention is to provide a boi ar, which does not have these drawbacks, and which in connection with burning of comminuted fuel is particularly well suited for intermittent operation and where, in a simple way, variations in the thermal value of the fuel used and its ability to gasify are compensated for. This object is met thereby that the boiler according to t' present invention is characteristic by the subject matt - of the characterizing clause of claim 1.

By letting the tube project freely into the combustion chamber in the area of the combustion zone of the secondary burner, the tube is exposed to a heavy heat radia¬ tion, which develops a strong gasification in the fuel sup¬ plied by means of the helical conveyor. Simultaneously with the supplying of the fuel the helical conveyor carries out a stirring to such an extent that the heat supplied is distri¬ buted in the part of the fuel, which is present in the free¬ ly projecting part of the tube. The formation of gas gene¬ rated by the strong heating causes the gas to be pressed out through the mouth of the tube and by means of the two-sided deflector to be mixed effectively with the combustion air from the secondary burner. Simultaneously with the formation of gas, the secondary fuel supply can be reduced, but the resulting flame in the combustion chamber will essentially have the same shape and extension, as when secondary fuel is burned, and will ensure a combustion pattern in the boiler, which may therefore be constructed to yield a high degree of effiency. Firing of the boiler can take place immediately by starting the secondary burner at full effect, the secondary fuel supply being adjusted for the attainment of an approxi¬ mately full exploitation of the hydrogen supplied in the combustion air. Gradually along with the heating of the gas tube, the organic fuel supplied by the helical conveyor gives off an increasing amount of gas, and it will then be possible to throttle down or perhaps completely stop the supply of secondary fuel. The deflector protects the secon¬ dary burner against superheating from the combustion of the gas formed and contributes to ensure a safe control of where the flames from the combustion will be in the combustion chamber irrespective of the ratio between the fuels used.

According to the invention it is advantageous in con¬ nection with the horizontal position of the tube with the helical conveyor that the smoke flue of the boiler is placed opposite to the secondary burner and preferably below the point of entrance of the tube with the helical conveyor.

Such an arrangement makes it possible to heat the tube with the helical conveyor evenly over a wider area and to let the gasification take place over a period of for instance 1-5 minutes, so that the pyrolysis is effectively concluded, _be- fore the residue not transformed is conveyed into the com¬ bustion zone by means of the gas flow, in which zone the last carbon residue burns. The amount of ash in the boiler is therefore minimized and may be removed by means of an air flow, which every now and then blows the ash into the smoke flue, from where it is removed occasionally.

According to the invention the uttermost part of the tube with the helical conveyor tapers conically in the di- rection of the secondary burner. Thereby so big velocities are attained at the outlet of the gas that the parts not transformed of the organic material are expelled from the tube with the helical conveyor and brought into the primary air flow, in which they burn during their passage through the combustion chamber.

By means of the pyrolysis big amounts of gas are ge¬ nerated, which are at a high speed pressed into the primary air flow. For combustion reasons and for safety reasons it is advantageous not to permit this gas to penetrate back- wards through the fuel not pyrolysed. It is therefore advan¬ tageous to manufacture the boiler according to claim 5, so that a certain limited supply of gas is ensured, preferably air or flue gas, through the comminuted material in the di¬ rection of the secondary burner. Thereby, a gas leakage into the room, from which the introduction of fuel takes place, is effectively prevented.

To ensure an effective burning of the solid particles in the fuel it is advantageous as stated in claim 6 to pre¬ heat the primary combustion air or to line the end of the boiler, in which the secondary burner is placed.

.An important feature of the invention is that no other combustion air is conveyed than the primary combustion air. This means in most practical cases that the boiler is dimensioned on basis of the yield, which the secondary bur- ner can give, and that the primary fuel supply at the most can correspond to the amount of primary air, which the blower of the secondary burner can produce, in which case the secondary fuel supply is reduced to nil.

In practice this can only be achieved thereby that the secondary burner is an oil or gas burner, preferably a natural gas burner controlled by a lambda probe in the smoke flue. This arrangement is described in claim 7. Several of the natural gas burners available on the market are adapted to this kind of control of the gas supply, and the necessary automatic control for regulating the yield is therefore in many cases present as an integrated part of for instance na¬ tural gas burners. Natural gas is therefore the preferred fuel for the secondary burner.

The invention will be described in detail in the fol¬ lowing with reference to the drawing, which shows a longitu¬ dinal section through a boiler according to the invention.

The present invention relates to a boiler, in which a fuel that when heated at least partly can be transformed in¬ to a combustible gas is utilized. Such a fuel may typically be a socalled bio fuel, which may for instance be cut straw, wooden flakes, sawdust or the like, which in a suitable com¬ minuted shape when heated to over 300^βC liberates approx. 75% of its weight and the major part of its thermal value in the form of gases. The boiler according to the invention is shown in a longitudinal section in the drawing and comprises a combustion chamber 1 surrounded by a hood 2, which com¬ prises hollow spaces 3 for a heat transmission medium, nor- mally water. The hood is in the embodiment shown in the shape of a horizontally extending cylinder, which at one end is closed by means of a front wall 4, in the middle of which a primary air supply in the form of a blower 5 is placed, said blower being adapted to blow combustion air into the combustion chamber through a mouth piece 6. The front wall may advantageously have the shape of a preheating device 7 for the combustion air, whereby part of the heat delivered from the combustion chamber to the front wall 4 is transfer¬ red to the blown in air. In practice the primary air supply is a gas or possibly an oil burner with variable gas or oil supply 8. The gas or the oil serves as a secondary fuel in the boiler, but the supply should be adjustable with an interval so wide that it is possible to fire the engine so¬ lely with the secondary fuel or solely with the primary fuel. The burner consisting of the blower 5 and the fuel supply 8 is used for firing the boiler and as an additional fuel supply source during the running.

Moreover, the boiler is provided with a back wall 9, wh;. .1 like the hood of the boiler is provided with hollow spaces 10 for the heat transmission medium. In the centre of the back wall a tube 11 with a helical conveyor is provided, said tube extending throughout the length of the boiler and with closed walls to the mouthpiece 6 for the air supply. It is preferable that the mouthpiece 6 and the tube with the helical conveyor have a common axis extending horizontally approXaimately in the middle of the boiler. The tube with the hel.-⁵ ^1 conveyor tapers in the direction of its mouth 12 at a sL.rt distance in front of the mouthpiece 6. The distance between the mouth 12 and the mouthpiece 6 is of the same size as the diameter of the mouth 12. In front of the mouth 12 a deflector 13 is provided, the purpose of which is to deflect, the gas streaming out of the mouth 12 of the tube with the helical conveyor in a direction radially outwards. The deflector is however two-sided and also serves to de¬ flect e stream of gaseous or atomized secondary fuel out¬ wards, so that the combustion of both the fuel supplied to the fuel supply 8 and gas streaming from the mouth 12 takes place by means of a flame starting in the area around the deflector 13, said flame extending along the tube 11 with the helical conveyor on all sides thereof.

The tube 11 with the helical conveyor is outside the back wall 9 of the boiler connected with a supply tube 14 with a helic . conveyor 15 supplying comminuted bio fuel to the supply tube from a storage silo 16. The storage silo 16 may be closed by a cover 17 preventing gas from entering backwards through the silo. The helical conveyor 15 trans¬ ports the bio fuel through the tube 11 at su a speed that the fuel stays in the tube for approx. 1 - 5 minutes. During this period the bio fuel is heated to a temperature of more than 300*C and thereby gives off its gas content. The gas can only flow in the direction towards the mouth 12, and the gas formation is so heavy that the not transformed grains or corn in the conically tapering part are swept along out through the mouth and mixed with the combustion air blown in from the mouthpiece 6. In the back wall there is furthermore an outlet 18 for smoke and ashes. Ashes deposited in the lower part of the combustion chamber, may advantageously be blown out in the smoke flue by means of a compressed air blower 19, the ash being separated from the smoke in a (not shown) device for cleaning of the smoke flue placed before the flue is taken to a chimney.

It is preferable to place a pair of mutually spaced pressure probes in the supply tube 14 for measurement of a differential pressure. Thereby it is possible to control a blowing in of air or some other gas in the supply tube to such an extent that gas is not pressed backwards through the supply tube.

Start of the boiler is carried out by means of the burner placed in the front wall, said burner being supplied with the secondary fuel. After a shorter period of heating, in which the tube with the helical conveyor is heated, the helical conveyor is started, the bio fuel being thereby gra¬ dually pressed forwards through the tube with the helical conveyor and an increasing amount of gas will be produced, until a stationary stage has been attained. To the same extent as the increase in the gas production the supply of secondary fuel to the burner in the front plate will be re¬ duced. The air supply, however, remains unchanged. The regu¬ lation of the secondary fuel supply may advantageously be controlled by means of a measuring of the oxygen surplus in the flue gas, an automatic control taking care of ensuring that the supply of secondary fuel will exactly be enough for obtaining an oxygen surplus of for instance 2%. Such a regu¬ lation is commonly known in connection with burners for heating with natural gas and need not be further described in this connection.

When the running of the boiler is stopped the supply of bio fuel is stopped first, and then the supply of secon¬ dary fuel is automatically increased for a period of time, while the gasification of the bio fuel present in the tube is terminated, and after a short while the boiler may be ex¬ tinguished by stopping the secondary fuel supply. in the boiler the combustion takes place in the same way irrespective of whether the thermal value of the bio fuel varies, as the supply of secondary fuel will automati¬ cally increase, if the oxygen content in the smoke flue in¬ creases. The flame does not, however, change character for that reason, and therefore a particularly clean and complete combustion of the bio fuel supplied is attained. In con¬ nection with tests with a boiler with a cylindrical com¬ bustion chamber with a diameter of 400 mm and a length of 1100 mm, there is at one end inserted a gas burner of the Weishaupt WG1 type, and from the other end a tube with a he- lical conveyor with a diameter of 65 mm is inserted coaxial- ly with the gas burner. Such a boiler has a firing effect of approx. 3? k . In tests at varying ratios between gas and bio fuel the following results have been achieved:

Test no. : 1 2 3 4 5 6

0₂-per cent 1,0 0,9 3,4 3,5 3,35 3,8

Air surplus 1,05 1,04 1,17 1,18 1,17 1,2

kW, in all 35,2 35,4 31,3 31,2 31,4 30,7

kW, natural 26,6 17,3 10,0 14,0 0,0 0,0 gas kW, sawdust 8,6 18,1 21,3 17,2 31,4 30,7

%, sawdust 24 51 68 55 100 100

Tests with the prototype show that it is possible to produce a boiler which is capable of operating effectively at varying ratios between bio fuel and a support fuel, such as natural gas, and which is capable of working with a con- stantly high effect both in case of a combined burning of bio fuel and natural gas and in case of pure bio fuel being burned.

The tube with the helical conveyor and the deflector are to be made from a heat-resistant material which can re¬ sist temperatures of approx. 7-800°c. The embodiment shown in the drawing of the mouth piece 6 and the mouth 12 with the intermediary deflector is a preferred and simple embodi- ment of the invention, and the -gas developed can by re¬ covered by means of guiding plates or the like means placed in the mouths and which impart a turbulent, rotating move¬ ment to the air of the primary air supply and the gas flow. It is preferable that the boiler is constructed with a view to the desired combination of fuel, for instance na¬ tural gas, as a secondary fuel, and straw or sawdust as a primary fuel. The principle of the boiler described may, however, also be used in certain types of already existing boilers, which are provided with a tube with a helical con- veyor introduced in the wall opposite to the oil or gas bur¬ ner and directed towards the oil or gas burner. Thereby it becomes possible to convert already existing boiler plants to operating by means of bio fuel and to achieve a particu¬ larly clean and complete combustion. In the boiler in question the tube with the helical conveyor is placed horizontally in the boiler, but the prin¬ ciple described may equally advantageously be used in boilers, in which the tube with the helical conveyor is placed even vertically, but in connection with such embodi- ments regard has to be had in particular to the flue gas flow but also to preventing backwards burning through the supply tube.

Claims

C l a i m s

1. Heating boiler for burning comminuted fuel, which, when heated, at least partly gasifies, preferably comminuted straw, wood flakes, sawdust or the like organic materials, in which boiler the fuel is conveyed towards the combustion chamber of the boiler through an approximately horizontally extending tube, which opens into the combustion chamber of the boiler, by means of a helical conveyor placed in the tube, and where a secondary burner is provided opposite to the moutr ->£ the tube in the combustion chamber, said secon¬ dary burner being adapted to burn a fuel distributed in its air supply and supplied in varying amounts, the excessive air supply being at a reduced secondary fuel supply used for burning of the comminuted fuel, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the tube with the helical conveyor is j laced in the combustion chamber in such a way that over a certain length it projects freely into the com- bustion zone of the secondary burner, and in that between the mouth of the tube and the secondary burner a two-sided deflector is provided, which has a size sufficient for con¬ veying by means of one of its sides the an from the secon¬ dary burner past the mouth of the tube and by means of the other side to deflect gas from the fuel in the tube in a di¬ rection transverse to the air supply from the second burner.

2. Boiler according to cla.im 1, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the tube with the he¬ lical conveyor enters through the back wall of the boiler and projects freely therefrom.

3. Boiler according to claims 1 or 2, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the smoke flue of the boiler is placed opposite to the secondary burner in the combustion chamber of the boiler and preferably below the inlet for the tube with the helical conveyor.

4. Boiler according to claims 1, 2 or 3, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the tube with the heli¬ cal conveyor in the combustion chamber is tapering preferab- ly conically in the direction of the secondary burner.

5. Boiler according to claims 1, 2, 3 or 4, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the tube with the heli¬ cal conveyor in the combustion chamber in the inlet area of the combustion chamber of the boiler is provided with means for registering the speed of the air flow through the tube, means being provided for supplying a gas at such a pressure that the speed of the air flow when entering is low and that the flow runs in the direction of the secondary burner.

6. Boiler according to any of the claims 1-5,

^"c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that at the end wall of the boiler, in which the secondary burner is placed, pre-heating means for the primary combustion air are provided.

7. Boiler according to any of the cla.ims 1-6, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the primary air supply is essentially the only supply of combustion air.

8. Boiler according to claim 7, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the secondary burner is a burner for atomized or gaseous fuel, in particular gas and preferably natural gas, the supply of secondary fuel being adapted to be controlled in dependency of the amount of heat obtained by means of the comminuted solid fuel in such a way that approxJLmately constant oxygen content of the smoke flue of the boiler is obtained.