EP0531998A2 - Speaker unit and covering structure therefor - Google Patents
Speaker unit and covering structure therefor Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0531998A2 EP0531998A2 EP92115503A EP92115503A EP0531998A2 EP 0531998 A2 EP0531998 A2 EP 0531998A2 EP 92115503 A EP92115503 A EP 92115503A EP 92115503 A EP92115503 A EP 92115503A EP 0531998 A2 EP0531998 A2 EP 0531998A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- speaker unit
- sound
- unit support
- support
- speaker
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000011358 absorbing material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 abstract description 10
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011491 glass wool Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 2
- -1 steel Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000013585 weight reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011490 mineral wool Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011120 plywood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R1/00—Details of transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
- H04R1/20—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics
- H04R1/22—Arrangements for obtaining desired frequency or directional characteristics for obtaining desired frequency characteristic only
- H04R1/28—Transducer mountings or enclosures modified by provision of mechanical or acoustic impedances, e.g. resonator, damping means
- H04R1/2869—Reduction of undesired resonances, i.e. standing waves within enclosure, or of undesired vibrations, i.e. of the enclosure itself
- H04R1/2876—Reduction of undesired resonances, i.e. standing waves within enclosure, or of undesired vibrations, i.e. of the enclosure itself by means of damping material, e.g. as cladding
- H04R1/288—Reduction of undesired resonances, i.e. standing waves within enclosure, or of undesired vibrations, i.e. of the enclosure itself by means of damping material, e.g. as cladding for loudspeaker transducers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
- H04R1/00—Details of transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
- H04R1/02—Casings; Cabinets ; Supports therefor; Mountings therein
- H04R1/026—Supports for loudspeaker casings
Definitions
- a speaker unit casing structure including a box-like speaker unit support of a high-rigid material is so constructed according to the present invention that the whole inner and outer surface of said box-like enclosure is covered with a sound absorbing material, and that the covering of the sound absorbing material is covered with a sheet of sound barrier material which is characteristic of an increased acoustic loss, thus providing a sound barrier enclosure.
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Otolaryngology (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Details Of Audible-Bandwidth Transducers (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- The present invention relates to an improvement in or relating to speaker unit casing structure. More specifically the present invention relates to a speaker unit casing structure which prevents radiation of the resonance sound from a speaker unit, a rear opening type speaker unit support such as a baffle or frame, or an enclosure type speaker unit support, thereby reproducing acoustic signals with high fidelity.
- No matter which type or shape the speaker unit support may be of, the rear opening type or the enclosure type, the speaker unit support must be rigid enough to assure the stable fixing of the speaker unit, and at the same time, it must have an inner acoustic loss enough to reduce its resonance to a possible minimum.
- There is, however, no material to meet these requirements. Only from the rigid point of view the speaker unit support may be preferably made of metal, ceramics or glass. In an attempt to reduce the weight of the speaker unit support, and accordingly reduce its resonance time to possible minimum, metal speaker unit supports of honeycomb structure are used. This honeycomb structure, however, cannot get rid of the sharp "Q" of the speaker unit support. The weight reduction of glass or ceramic supports is impossible, and therefore their resonance time cannot be reduced with recourse to weight reduction. In this connection a rubber piece is used at a place at which a speaker unit is fixed to the speaker unit support, thereby suppressing transmission of vibration from the speaker unit to the speaker unit support. Disadvantageously the use of such rubber piece between the speaker unit and the speaker unit support prevents the stable fixing of the speaker unit to the speaker unit support. Also, disadvantageously a clear rising sound of recorded sound can be hardly reproduced.
- Only from the angle of inner acoustic loss the speaker unit support is preferably made of wood or plastics. These materials may have a flattened "Q", compared with the high-rigid materials described above. The materials, however, allow the sound to travel at such a slow speed that a heavy, thick resonance sound may be caused. As may be understood, the problems cannot be completely solved with recourse to selection of materials.
- All materials which are somewhat rigid, ranging from plastics to fine ceramics, will cause resonance. In an attempt to reduce undesired resonance a deadening material such as lead or rubber is applied to rigid materials, but this remedy deteriorates the reproduced sound by causing heavy, thick sound to accompany the reproduced sound. If no remedy is taken to reduce resonance in the speaker unit support, an appreciable amount of distortion will appear in the reproduced sound.
- In an attempt to reduce above described problems it was proposed that an enclosure type speaker unit support is stuffed with a sound absorbing material as is taught in US Patent 2,315,896, US Patent 3,275,100, or Japanese Utility Model 2-126,493(A).
- As for the rear opening type speaker unit support there have been few proposals other than putting of a rubber piece between a speaker and an associated speaker unit support.
- Parts other than the cone or diaphragm of a speaker unit, such as the permanent magnet, the cone housing or the diaphragm support, the electrode support are made of high-rigid materials, and these high-rigid parts of the loudspeaker if attached to a rear-opening type speaker unit support, will be exposed outside, permitting radiation of the resonance sound from such high-rigid parts in addition to the speaker unit support.
- As for the enclosure type speaker unit support: in case where the speaker unit support is made of plywood board, wood and any other materials which are characteristic of a large amount of inner acoustic loss, as proposed in US Patents 2,315,896 and 3,275,100, a heavy, thick resonance sound is liable to be caused because of a relatively slow acoustic transmission speed in these materials. Also, disadvantageously the stable supporting of speaker units are hardly attainable. The total weight of the box-like speaker system is supported by the whole bottom area of the box-like housing, and it is most likely that the air which is trapped in very small irregular spaces in the interference between the bottom surface of the housing and the floor of the room will cause resonance, producing resonance sound.
- In case where a speaker system has legs to stand on the floor, as in Japanese Utility Model 2-126493(A), the resonance sound of the speaker unit support is liable to be transmitted to the floor via such legs.
- As may be understood from the above, it is realized that not only the speaker unit support but also parts of the speaker unit other than the cone or diaphragm of the speaker cannot get rid of resonance. Complete elimination of the resonance of the speaker unit support is impossible with recourse to the deadening of resonance sound, but the confining and shielding of the acoustic energy from the resonance of the speaker unit support is practically possible. It was found that the enclosing of the speaker unit support within a sound shielding barrier is effective to prevent radiation of the resonance sound from the inside of the enclosure to the surrounding air, and that the resonance sound can be eliminated almost completely from the acoustic point of view.
- Thus, the inventor proposes that at least the speaker support unit of a high-rigid material is confined and enclosed by an acoustic barrier. Also, the inventor proposes that the high-rigid parts of a loudspeaker when attached to a rear-opening type speaker unit support are confined and enclosed by an acoustic barrier. This has the effect of eliminating the resonance sound, thus substantially improving the quality of the reproduced sound. The complete enclosure of the housing has the effect of eliminating undesired transmission of the resonance sound to the floor via its legs, and of getting rid of resonance which otherwise, would be caused in the small spaces in the interface between the bottom surface of the housing and the floor.
- A speaker unit casing structure including a rear-opening type speaker unit support of a high-rigid material is so constructed according to the present invention that the high-rigid material parts of said speaker unit and the whole inner and outer surface of said speaker unit support are covered with a sound absorbing material, and that the covering of the sound absorbing material is covered with a sheet of sound barrier material which is characteristic of an increased acoustic loss, thus providing a sound barrier enclosure.
- A speaker unit casing structure including a box-like speaker unit support of a high-rigid material is so constructed according to the present invention that the whole inner and outer surface of said box-like enclosure is covered with a sound absorbing material, and that the covering of the sound absorbing material is covered with a sheet of sound barrier material which is characteristic of an increased acoustic loss, thus providing a sound barrier enclosure.
- Examples of high-rigid materials are hard metals such as steel, hard plastics, glass, ceramics or fine ceramics. Speaker units may be of dynamic type or condenser type.
- Examples of sound absorbing materials are glass-wool or rock wool of relatively high density. Examples of sound shielding or barrier materials are rubber impregnated with pulverized lead or soft plastics such as polypropylene, which materials are characteristic of an increased inner acoustic loss.
- With a view to eliminate the irregular interface between the bottom of the housing and the floor it is preferable that legs are fixed to the bottom of the housing and that such legs are confined within the sound barrier enclosure.
- In operation the speaker unit is responsive to electric signals for radiating reproduced sound from the front of the speaker unit, and at the same time, the sound wave in the opposite phase reaches the speaker unit support, the permanent magnet, the cone or diaphragm support, the electrode support and any other high-rigid parts of the loudspeaker so that the speaker unit support and these high-rigid parts may resonate, but the resonance sound cannot leak out of the surrounding acoustic barrier. The rigid speaker unit support assures the stable supporting of the speaker unit.
- In case that legs are fixed to the bottom of the housing and that such legs are confined within the sound barrier enclosure there can be caused no resonance sound in the interface between the housing of the speaker system and the floor.
- While assuring the stable supporting of the speaker unit thanks to use of a high-rigid material in making a speaker unit support, radiation of resonance sound is practically prevented, and accordingly the quality of reproduced sound is improved. This is particularly true with a rear-opening type speaker unit support, which has been hitherto regarded as being incapable of providing pure sound because of resonance of its baffle.
- Other objects and advantages of the present invention will be understood from the following description of preferred embodiments of the present invention, which are shown in accompanying drawings:
- Fig.1 is a longitudinal section of an inverted "T"-shaped speaker unit support of rear-opening type according to one preferred embodiment of the present invention;
- Fig.2 is a section of the speaker unit used in Fig.1, showing how the yoke and cone housing of the speaker unit are covered;
- Fig.3 is a cross section of a rear-opening type speaker unit support having a condenser speaker unit attached thereto according to another embodiment of the present invention;
- Fig .4 is a longitudinal section taken along the line X-X in Fig.3 and seen in the direction indicated by arrows;
- Fig.5 is a cross section taken along the line Y-Y in Fig.4 and seen in the direction indicated by arrows; and
- Fig.6 is a longitudinal section of a box-like speaker support unit according to still another embodiment of the present invention.
- In the drawings same parts are indicated by same reference numerals. Fig.1 shows a speaker system using a speaker unit casing according to a first embodiment of the present invention, particularly using a rear-opening type, inverted "T"-shaped baffle or speaker unit support. It comprises a
dynamic loudspeaker unit 1, a flat baffle or speaker support unit 2 and a sound barrier orshielding enclosure 3. - The flat baffle 2 is made of fine ceramics, and is given an inverted "T"-shape, which is composed of a
vertical board 21 and ahorizontal board 22. Adynamic speaker unit 1 is attached to the circumference of the opening of thevertical board 21 via an associatedannular frame 4 andscrews 6. Fourlegs 5 are fixed to the bottom surface of thehorizontal board 22. The flat baffle 2 may be made of glass, ceramics, hard plastics or any other high-rigid materials. - The
speaker unit 1 comprises a centerpermanent magnet 12, a "U"-shaped yoke 13 and a cone ordiaphragm 11 attached to theyoke 13. Acone housing 14 is fixed to the circumference of theyoke 13, and at the same time to theannular frame 4, which is fixed to the circumference of the opening of thevertical board 21 byscrews 6 as described earlier. - The flat baffle 2 and the high-rigid parts of the speaker unit, that is, the
cone housing 14 and theyoke 13 of the speaker unit are confined and enclosed by thesound shield 3. Specifically the front side excluding of thecone 11 of the speaker unit is shielded by the sound shield, and the rear side of the speaker unit is completely shielded by the sound shield. As shown, theunit frame 4, flat baffle 2,cone housing 14 and the rear side ofyoke 13 are covered by a sound absorbing material such as glass-wool 3a of relatively high density, and this sound absorbing covering is covered by a sheet ofsound barrier material 3b which is characteristic of an increased acoustic loss, such as pulverized lead-impregnated rubber sheet. All corners of thesound barrier 3b are rounded to cause a sound shielding effect due to diffraction. - The cone housing 14 of the speaker unit may be of a cross shape as seen in Fig. 2. Such a speaker unit is enclosed without leaving its high-rigid parts exposed, and the enclosure has four openings H.
- When the
dynamic speaker 1 is put in operation, the speaker unit support 2 and theyoke 13 andcone housing 14 of the speaker unit permit radiation of resonance sound of high-frequency range, and then the high-frequency resonance sound from such high-rigid parts will be absorbed in the surroundingsound absorbing layer 3a, and will be shielded by theoverlying sound barrier 3b, which has a very flattened "Q" factor. The sound absorbing material used is of such a high-density that the lagging effect may be caused, which lagging effect would be caused to absorb the resonance sound produced by the fluid flowing at an increased speed in pipings. - The
sound barrier 3b will prevent radiation of resonance sound which otherwise, would be caused by the air trapped in the irregularities appearing in the interface between thelegs 5 of the speaker unit support and the floor. - Figs.3 to 5 show a rear-opening type speaker unit support included in a speaker unit casing structure according to another embodiment of the present invention. A condenser speaker unit is indicated by 1a; a speaker unit support or frame is indicated by 2a; and a sound shield to enclose the
speaker unit support 2a in a sealed manner is indicated by 3. - The
condenser speaker unit 1a comprises a plate-like diaphragm 11a, aunit frame 4a to hold the plate-like diaphragm 11a, electrode nets 100 spaced from and stretched horizontally over the front and rear sides of the plate-like diaphragm 11a, a plurality of electrode supports 101 vertically extending to support the electrode nets 100, andreinforcements 102 horizontally extending to support the electrode supports 101 at their centers. Eachelectrode net 100 has a plurality of opposite "U"-shaped ends fixed to the front and rear surface of theframe 4a respectively, and the major plane of theelectrode net 100 is held on its opposite sides by the vertical electrode support strips 101. Thehorizontal reinforcements 102 are applied to the electrode supports 101 at their centers where the plate-like diaphragm 11a will vibrate at an increased amplitude. - As seen from Figs.3 to 5, the high-rigid parts of the
speaker unit 1a, that is,unit frame 4a, electrode supports 101,reinforcements 102 andframe 2a are enclosed by thesound shield 3 in a sealed fashion. Thesound shield 3 is composed of asound absorbing material 3a such as glass-wool of relatively high density, which completely coverunit frame 4a, electrode supports 101,reinforcements 102 andframe 2a, and asound barrier sheet 3b such as pulverized lead impregnated rubber sheet to cover thesound absorbing material 3a. Theoverlying sound barrier 3b is rounded at each corner to provide the sound shielding effect due to diffraction, as is the case with the first embodiment. - In operation, the
frame 2a,unit frame 4a and electrode supports 101 cause radiation of resonance sound of high-frequency range, and then the high-frequency resonance sound from such high-rigid parts will be absorbed in the surroundingsound absorbing layer 3a, and will be shielded by theoverlying sound barrier 3b, which has a very flattened "Q" factor. - Fig.6 shows a still another embodiment of the present invention using an enclosure type speaker unit support. In the drawing a dynamic speaker unit is indicated by 1a; an enclosure type
speaker unit support 2c, and asound shield 3 to enclose thespeaker unit support 2c in a sealed fashion. - The
speaker unit support 2c is a box-like structure of fine ceramics, having anopening 21c on its front side and adynamic loudspeaker 1a attached to the circumference of the opening by an associatedunit frame 4a andscrews 5a. Thespeaker unit support 2c has threelegs 5a on its bottom. - The
speaker unit support 2c along with itslegs 5a are enclosed by thesound shield 3 in a sealed fashion, only leaving thecone 11a of the speaker unit visible from the exterior. Thesound shield 3 is composed of asound absorbing material 3a such as glass-wool of relatively high density to completely cover thespeaker unit support 2c, and asound barrier sheet 3b such as pulverized lead impregnated rubber sheet to cover thesound absorbing material 3a. - When the
dynamic loudspeaker 1a works, thespeaker support unit 2c causes radiation of resonance sound, and then the resonance sound will be absorbed in the surroundingsound absorbing layer 3a, and will be shielded by theoverlying sound barrier 3b, which has a very flattened "Q" factor. The sound absorbing material of a relatively high-density will cause the lagging effect such as seen in deadening the resonance sound due to the fluid flowing at a high-speed in piping. - The
sound barrier 3b will prevent radiation of resonance sound which otherwise, would be caused by the air trapped in the irregularities appearing in the interface between thelegs 5a and 5b of thespeaker unit support 2c and the floor.
Claims (8)
- A speaker unit casing structure including a speaker unit support of a high-rigid material characterized in that said speaker unit support is of a rear-opening type, and that the high-rigid material part of said speaker unit and the whole inner and outer surface of said speaker unit support are covered with a sound absorbing material, and the covering of the sound absorbing material is covered with a sheet of sound barrier material which is characteristic of an increased acoustical loss, thus providing a sound barrier enclosure.
- A speaker unit casing structure claimed in Claim 1, wherein said speaker unit is a dynamic loudspeaker unit.
- A speaker unit casing structure claimed in Claim 1, wherein said speaker unit is a condenser loudspeaker unit.
- A speaker unit casing structure claimed in any of Claims 1 to 3, wherein said speaker unit support is an inverted-"T" shaped flat baffle.
- A speaker unit casing structure claimed in Claim 4, wherein said speaker unit support has legs on its bottom, said legs being confined within said sound barrier enclosure.
- A speaker unit casing structure claimed in any of Claims 1 to 5, wherein said sound barrier material is a lead-impregnated rubber.
- A speaker unit casing structure including a speaker unit support of a high-rigid material characterized in that said speaker unit support is a box-like enclosure, the whole inner and outer surface of said box-like enclosure is covered with a sound absorbing material, and the covering of the sound absorbing material is covered with a sheet of sound barrier material which is characteristic of an increased acoustical loss, thus providing a sound barrier enclosure.
- A speaker unit casing structure claimed in Claim 7, wherein said speaker unit support has legs on its bottom, said legs being confined within said sound barrier enclosure.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US07/757,765 US5194701A (en) | 1991-09-11 | 1991-09-11 | Speaker structure |
US757765 | 1991-09-11 | ||
JP1991108888U JPH0747030Y2 (en) | 1991-12-09 | 1991-12-09 | Speaker structure |
JP108888/91U | 1991-12-09 |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0531998A2 true EP0531998A2 (en) | 1993-03-17 |
EP0531998A3 EP0531998A3 (en) | 1994-02-16 |
EP0531998B1 EP0531998B1 (en) | 1997-04-09 |
Family
ID=26448701
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP19920115503 Expired - Lifetime EP0531998B1 (en) | 1991-09-11 | 1992-09-10 | Speaker unit and covering structure therefor |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0531998B1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE69218861T2 (en) |
DK (1) | DK0531998T3 (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2738983A1 (en) * | 1995-09-20 | 1997-03-21 | Aubriot Cedric | Acoustic chamber with rigid structure supporting loudspeakers |
EP2396481A1 (en) * | 2009-02-13 | 2011-12-21 | Nokia Corp. | Enclosing adsorbent material |
GB2507846A (en) * | 2012-08-28 | 2014-05-14 | Add On Technology Co Ltd | A vibration-absorbing shell or sleeve for a wirelessly-connected speaker device |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3867996A (en) * | 1973-11-21 | 1975-02-25 | Modular Sound Systems Inc | Speaker enclosure |
DE3223721A1 (en) * | 1982-06-25 | 1983-12-29 | Günther Dipl.-Ing. 5100 Aachen Penning | Holder for loudspeaker enclosures |
DE3705724A1 (en) * | 1986-02-24 | 1987-09-17 | Pioneer Electronic Corp | SPEAKER SYSTEM |
-
1992
- 1992-09-10 EP EP19920115503 patent/EP0531998B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-09-10 DK DK92115503T patent/DK0531998T3/en active
- 1992-09-10 DE DE1992618861 patent/DE69218861T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3867996A (en) * | 1973-11-21 | 1975-02-25 | Modular Sound Systems Inc | Speaker enclosure |
DE3223721A1 (en) * | 1982-06-25 | 1983-12-29 | Günther Dipl.-Ing. 5100 Aachen Penning | Holder for loudspeaker enclosures |
DE3705724A1 (en) * | 1986-02-24 | 1987-09-17 | Pioneer Electronic Corp | SPEAKER SYSTEM |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2738983A1 (en) * | 1995-09-20 | 1997-03-21 | Aubriot Cedric | Acoustic chamber with rigid structure supporting loudspeakers |
EP2396481A1 (en) * | 2009-02-13 | 2011-12-21 | Nokia Corp. | Enclosing adsorbent material |
EP2396481A4 (en) * | 2009-02-13 | 2012-08-01 | Nokia Corp | Enclosing adsorbent material |
US8292023B2 (en) | 2009-02-13 | 2012-10-23 | Nokia Corporation | Enclosing adsorbent material |
GB2507846A (en) * | 2012-08-28 | 2014-05-14 | Add On Technology Co Ltd | A vibration-absorbing shell or sleeve for a wirelessly-connected speaker device |
GB2507846B (en) * | 2012-08-28 | 2015-02-18 | Add On Technology Co Ltd | A battery-powered sound device with mounting element made of vibration absorbing material |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DK0531998T3 (en) | 1997-05-05 |
EP0531998B1 (en) | 1997-04-09 |
EP0531998A3 (en) | 1994-02-16 |
DE69218861D1 (en) | 1997-05-15 |
DE69218861T2 (en) | 1997-11-20 |
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