EP0511298B1 - Outil pour forage a percussion et forage rotatif - Google Patents

Outil pour forage a percussion et forage rotatif Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0511298B1
EP0511298B1 EP91903724A EP91903724A EP0511298B1 EP 0511298 B1 EP0511298 B1 EP 0511298B1 EP 91903724 A EP91903724 A EP 91903724A EP 91903724 A EP91903724 A EP 91903724A EP 0511298 B1 EP0511298 B1 EP 0511298B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
inserts
reamer
drilling
button
drilling tool
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP91903724A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0511298A1 (fr
Inventor
Karl-Axel STJERNSTRÖM
Stig Uno LÖF
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Uniroc AB
Original Assignee
Uniroc AB
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from SE9000156A external-priority patent/SE467632B/sv
Priority claimed from SE9000157A external-priority patent/SE467886B/sv
Application filed by Uniroc AB filed Critical Uniroc AB
Publication of EP0511298A1 publication Critical patent/EP0511298A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0511298B1 publication Critical patent/EP0511298B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B10/00—Drill bits
    • E21B10/36—Percussion drill bits
    • E21B10/40—Percussion drill bits with leading portion
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B10/00—Drill bits
    • E21B10/26—Drill bits with leading portion, i.e. drill bits with a pilot cutter; Drill bits for enlarging the borehole, e.g. reamers
    • E21B10/32—Drill bits with leading portion, i.e. drill bits with a pilot cutter; Drill bits for enlarging the borehole, e.g. reamers with expansible cutting tools
    • E21B10/327—Drill bits with leading portion, i.e. drill bits with a pilot cutter; Drill bits for enlarging the borehole, e.g. reamers with expansible cutting tools the cutter being pivoted about a longitudinal axis
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B10/00—Drill bits
    • E21B10/64—Drill bits characterised by the whole or part thereof being insertable into or removable from the borehole without withdrawing the drilling pipe
    • E21B10/66—Drill bits characterised by the whole or part thereof being insertable into or removable from the borehole without withdrawing the drilling pipe the cutting element movable through the drilling pipe and laterally shiftable
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B7/00—Special methods or apparatus for drilling
    • E21B7/20—Driving or forcing casings or pipes into boreholes, e.g. sinking; Simultaneously drilling and casing boreholes

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a drilling tool for percussive and rotary drilling in advance of a trailing casing tube, in which tool a pilot bit via an intermediate eccentric shaft is carried by a guide body, which is rotatably centered in and by the mouth of said casing tube on the rotational axis of said tool during drilling, and is coupled to drive means in said casing tube for actuation of said tool, a tubular reamer has an eccentric protruding portion carrying on one axial face thereof hard metal button inserts, and the reamer is pivotally mounted on said eccentric shaft between on the one hand a projected position, in which said eccentric portion with the button inserts thereon are adapted to ream up the hole from the initial diameter produced by said pilot bit to the full diameter of the hole enabling the casing tube to be advanced thereinto, and, on the other hand, a retracted position, in which the drilling tool can be passed through said casing tube.
  • the drive means usually comprise a drill string which within a string of interconnected casing tubes carries a downhole drill for direct actuation of the drilling tool by way of impacts and rotation as described for example in US patent 3,848,683 (Figs. 6-8) or, when tophammer drive is practiced, has the drill string directly coupled to the tool for actuation thereof.
  • the latter drive is exemplified by US patent 3,753,470 (Figs. 1-3).
  • US patent 4,440,244 One such drilling tool is described in US patent 4,440,244.
  • the reamer element In drilling with tools of the above type normally the reamer element is subjected to the heaviest load and has a shorter operational life as compared to the other tool elements. It is generally expected that in the average two reamers will be worn out for each expended pilot bit, and two pilot bits for each guide body. It is therefore important that attempts to increase the operational life be directed primarily to the reamer so as to prolong the useful time cycle between servicing and change of worn tool elements.
  • Fig. 1 shows, partly in section, the drilling tool in its drilling position in front of a casing tube to be driven down concurrently.
  • Fig. 2 shows the tool of Fig. 1 in retracted position while being passed through the casing tube.
  • Fig. 3 shows the forward portion of the tool in Fig. 1 seen from the rear.
  • Fig. 4 shows a somewhat enlarged side view of the reamer in Fig. 3.
  • Fig. 5 shows on a still larger scale a view from below of the reamer in Fig. 1 seen on the line 5-5 thereof.
  • Figs. 6-8 are sections in the scale of Fig.
  • Fig. 9 shows enlarged a modified embodiment of the reamer depicted in a side view similar to Fig. 3.
  • Fig. 10 is a view showing the modified reamer of Fig. 9 from below in a presentation similar to Fig. 5 but also indicating in section the eccentric shaft carrying the reamer.
  • the drilling tool in Fig. 1 comprises a pilot bit 11, a reamer 15 and a guide body 18.
  • the slightly modified guide body thus would be connected directly to a drill string.
  • the drill indicated at 22 is connected to be rotated within the casing tube 20 by the drill string 21 in unison with the guide body 18 while delivering impacts to the latter.
  • the cylindrical guide portion 19 of the guide body 18 is rotatably journalled in and centered by a casing shoe 23 forming the mouth of the casing tube 20 at the lower end thereof.
  • the casing shoe 23 has a somewhat smaller inner diameter than the casing tube 20 and forms at the transition thereto an annular shoulder 24, against which a rear flange 25 on the guide body 18 abuts in order to transmit impact energy thereto so as to drive down the casing tube 20.
  • Straight axial flushing grooves 26, for example three in number, are provided on the guide portion 19 and extend through the rear flange 25 for purposes of expelling flushing medium and drill cuttings from the hole to the interior of the casing tube 20.
  • At least one of the grooves 26 should during drilling be positioned to receive flushing medium from the broad spacing radially behind the reamer 15.
  • the guide portion has an annular groove 27 formed centrally therearound for equalizing the flushing medium flow emitted through the axial grooves 26. Flushing medium is supplied via passages 28 in the drill string 21 and guide body 18 and is supplied to the hole via a central passage 29 in the pilot bit 11.
  • the pilot bit 11 has an intermediate eccentric shaft 12 rearwardly prolonged by a threaded end 13 concentric with the pilot bit 11.
  • the end 13 is received in centered threaded engagement with the guide body 18 and the intermediate eccentric shaft 12 carries pivotally the reamer 15 between a projected drilling position according to Fig. 1 and a retracted position shown in Fig. 2.
  • the drilling position in which the pilot bit 11 together with the reamer 15 are adapted to drill a hole larger than the outer diameter of the casing tube 20, is defined by an inclined abutment 16 at one end of a ledge 51 at the rear of the pilot bit 11.
  • Abutment 16 transmits via a cooperating inclined lug 17 on the reamer 15 the joint rotation of the drill string 21, guide body 18 and pilot bit 11 on to the reamer 15 and urges the latter axially against the guide body 18 in order to eliminate play during transmission of impact energy therefrom.
  • the straight rear portion of the reamer lug 17 moving along the ledge 51 is met by an axial abutment 14 thereat, Fig. 3, diametrically opposite to the inclined abutment 16.
  • the axial abutment 14 and the lug 17 define the retracted position, Fig. 2, in which the drilling tool 10 can be raised through and lowered down through the casing tube 20.
  • the reamer 15, Fig.5 is a tubular substantially cylindrical steel body 30 centered on axis K and provided along a parallel axis E with an eccentric through bore 31 whereby the reamer 15 is pivotally journalled on the eccentric shaft 12 of the pilot bit 11.
  • the reamer body 30 becomes an eccentric symmetrically disposed with respect to a central plane through the axes K-E and having a radially protruding eccentric portion 32.
  • That portion 32 has a circular crest centered on an axis C coplanar with plane K-E and being the rotational axis of the guide body 18 and the entire tool 10.
  • the crest of the eccentric portion 32 is geometrically faced by an acute angle V of maximally about 36 degrees extending from the axis C and forming therewith a circle sector symmetrically divided by the plane K-E-C. At its crest the portion 32 is bevelled forming an inclined conical surface 33 with axis C as center.
  • Surface 33 carries primary button inserts 36,37,38 of hard metal which are inclined outwardly relative to the drilling axis C and whose radial reach defines during drilling the full diameter of the hole.
  • the primary button inserts, 37, Fig. 6, are preferably inclined 35 degrees relative to axis C and are grouped as close to one another as is permissible with respect to the necessary operational strength for the buttons, by experience at a distance between them of about 1.5 times their diameter.
  • the reamer portion 32 has a plane axially directed front face 34 into which the bevelled surface 33 merges along a circular line centered on drilling axis C.
  • Front face 34 extends from the lug 17 to a diametrically opposed abutment 35 on a axially protruding portion 42 by which the reamer 15 rests against the back of the pilot bit 11, and which extends peripherally back to the lug 17.
  • the front face 34 carries secondary hard metal button inserts 39,40 placed on the same radius from axis C within the sector angle V and staggered radially inwardly of the primary button inserts 36-38.
  • the arrangement for working hard rock will as shown be two secondary inserts 39,40 inwardly of three primary ones 36-38 or, for softer ground, one secondary inside two primary, in both cases in a symmetrical disposition relative to the middle plane K-E-C.
  • the secondary inserts 39,40 have a somewhat smaller diameter than the primary ones 36-38 and their lasting attachment to the reamer 15 is assured by on the one hand inclining the secondary inserts somewhat less, for example only 10 degrees, than the primary ones 36-38 inclined at 35 degrees, and on the other hand by disposing the secondary inserts radially at a sufficient distance from the inner boundary of the bevelled surface 33.
  • the flushing passage 29 within the eccentric shaft 12 of the pilot bit 11 has a through crossbore 43 through which flushing medium is led to an inner supply groove 44 in the eccentric bore 31 of the reamer 15.
  • Therefrom are branched two axially forwardly directed flushing grooves 45,46 extending to the front face 34 and opening towards respectively the abutment 35 and the lug 17.
  • From the supply groove 44 there preferably extend two rearwardly directed oblique channels 47,48 to the diamwetrically somewhat reduced rear portion 49 of the reamer 15.
  • One of them, 47, Figs. 4,5 emerges some distance behind the area of the front face 34 between the inserts 36,39 and the abutments 35,14.
  • the other, 48 emerges also in rearwardly spaced relation at the plane of symmetry, Fig. 6.
  • Through the channels 47,48 flushing medium is emitted to produce ejector action whereby flushing of the hard metal inserts 36-40 is enhanced.
  • the tool 10 rotates counterclockwise when viewed from the underside in Fig. 1 as indicated by the arrow 50 in Fig 5.
  • the pilot bit 11 drills, preferably likewise by the aid of hard metal button inserts, a pilot hole that is reamed up by the reamer button inserts 36-40 to a full diameter big enough to enable the casing tube 20 to be driven down concurrently while drilling is in progress.
  • the secondary button inserts 39,40 are retracted and are trailing in the rotational direction 50 in a staggered way relative to the leading first primary insert 36 and its followers 37,38.
  • leading button inserts 36,39 jointly attain a rock breaking action directed somewhat inwardly in the rotational direction, i.e. in substance tangentially relative to the shaft 12, and towards the abutments 14,35, Figs. 3-5.
  • This is the area swept by flushing medium (water,air,mist,or foam) from groove 45 and after reversal of the flow by the ledge 51 on the pilot bit 11 the debris loaded flushing medium flow escapes rearwardly through the broad clearance between the leading flank of the reamer 15 and the drilled full diameter hole.
  • a separate trailing button insert 41, Fig 5,8, can be provided for working any residual rock fragments remaining in the radial spacing left between the primary 36-38 and secondary 39,40 inserts.
  • the trailing insert 41 is disposed straightly axially, is set across the inner borderline of the bevelled surface 33 and is spaced angularly for example 37.5 degrees relative to plane K-E-C and axis C.
  • a combined flushing and digging groove 52 is provided on the reamer flank that faces the rotational direction 50.
  • the groove 52 extends shovellike towards the rear of the reamer 15, terminating on the reduced rear mantle portion 49 of the reamer body 30 some distance in front of flushing channel 47.
  • the rotationally leading borderline 53 of the groove 52 in the example shown is somewhat inclined away from the rotational direction 50, while its opposed straight edge 54 is reinforced by hard metal, preferably by application of stellite.
  • the flushing medium stream issuing from groove 45 is reversed by ledge 51, catches from the area in front of the duality of leading button inserts 36,39 the normally coarse rock debris broken out jointly by them, and expels the debris laden flushing medium through the reamer groove 52.
  • the shovellike action of the groove 52 enhances the flow and so does its reinforced edge 54 by pushing and driving the cuttings in the rotational direction 50 for more easy removal.
  • the concentrated flushing-away of debris from the area in front of the inserts 36,39 assures a reduced tendency towards secondary crushing of the cuttings, which due to the close adjacency of the foremost inserts 36,39 tend to become more coarsegrained than in conventional reaming.
  • a flow enhancing action is also due to the rearwardly ejected flushing fluid stream issuing from the channel 47 upstream of the groove 52.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)
  • Drilling Tools (AREA)
  • Drilling And Boring (AREA)
  • Cutting Tools, Boring Holders, And Turrets (AREA)

Claims (10)

  1. Outil de forage pour forage à percussion et forage rotatif, monté à l'avant d'un tube de cuvelage suiveur (20), outil (10) dans lequel :
    a) un foret pilote (11) est porté, vie un arbre excentrique intermédiaire (12), par un corps de guide (18) centré en rotation dans l'embouchure et par l'embouchure (23) du tube de cuvelage (20) sur l'axe de rotation (C) de l'outil (10) pendant le forage, et se trouve couplé à un dispositif d'entraînement (21, 22) logé dans le tube de cuvelage (20) pour actionner l'outil (10),
    b) un alésoir tubulaire comporte une partie excentrique en saillie (32) portant sur une face axiale de celle-ci des incrustations de boutons métalliques durs (36-40) comprenant une dualité d'incrustations de boutons adjacents radialement espacés (36, 39) conduisant dans la direction de rotation (50) pendant le forage de l'outil (10), et
    c) l'alésoir (15) est monté en pivotement sur l'arbre excentrique (12) entre, d'une part, une position en saillie dans laquelle la partie excentrique (32) munie des incrustations de boutons (36-40) sur celle-ci, est destinée à aléser le trou pour l'agrandir du diamètre initial produit par le foret pilote (11), jusqu'au plein diamètre du trou permettant de faire avancer le tube de cuvelage (20) dans celui-ci, et, d'autre part, une position rétractée dans laquelle on peut faire passer l'outil de forage (10) dans le tube de cuvelage (20),
       caractérisé en ce que le bouton radialement intérieur (39) suit dans la direction de forage juste derrière le bouton extérieur (36), cette dualité d'incrustations de boutons (36,39) étant ainsi conçue pour briser et concasser conjointement la roche dans la direction avant, essentiellement tangentiellement par rapport à l'arbre (12).
  2. Outil de forage selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les incrustations de boutons (36-40) sur la partie en saillie (32) comprennent des incrustations de boutons primaires disposées radialement vers l'extérieur (36,37,38) définissant, pendant le forage, le plein diamètre du trou, et des incrustations de boutons secondaires (39,40) disposées radialement vers l'intérieur de celles-ci, ces incrustations de boutons primaires et secondaires (36-40) formant un groupe étroitement réuni dont les centres des boutons tombent à l'intérieur d'un angle aigu (V) d'un secteur de cercle partant de l'axe de rotation (C) et définissant le périmètre de la partie d'alésoir excentrique (32).
  3. Outil de forage selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que l'alésoir (15) est muni, sur son flanc faisant face à la direction de forage rotatif (50), d'une rainure (52) s'étendant axialement dans la direction dirigée vers l'arrière pour venir rotativement en face des incrustations de boutons (36-40), et destinée à évacuer le fluide de lavage et les déchets expulsés des incrustations (36-40).
  4. Outil de forage selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que la rainure (52) forme un bord de coupe axial (54) au voisinage et en face de l'incrustation de bouton avant extérieure (36).
  5. Outil de forage selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que la rainure (52) est renforcée par un matériau de métal dur le long du bord de coupe (52).
  6. Outil de forage selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que les incrustations de boutons primaires et secondaires étroitement groupées (36-40) sont inclinées vers l'extérieur par rapport à l'axe de rotation (C), les incrustations secondaires (39,40) étant moins inclinées et présentant un diamètre légèrement plus petit que celui des incrustations primaires (36-38).
  7. Outil de forage selon la revendication 2 ou 3, caractérisé en ce qu'une rainure d'alimentation (44) en fluide de lavage est formée dans l'alésoir (15), une rainure de fluide de lavage dirigée vers l'avant (45) part de la rainure d'alimentation (44) et débouche vers la zone située rotativement en face de la paire d'incrustations de boutons (36,39).
  8. Outil de forage selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que la rainure d'alimentation (44) en fluide de lavage est formée à l'intérieur de l'alésoir (15), et un conduit de fluide de lavage dirigé vers l'arrière et incliné axialement (47) part radialement de la rainure d'alimentation (44), dans une direction dirigée vers l'extérieur et vers l'arrière de la rainure (52), de sorte que le fluide de lavage éjecté par le conduit (47) est destiné à renforcer l'extraction du fluide de lavage par la rainure (52), par une action d'éjecteur.
  9. Outil de forage selon la revendication 6, caractérisé en ce que les incrustations de boutons primaires et secondaires (36-40) sont disposées de façon que leurs centres soient groupés symétriquement à l'intérieur de l'angle de secteur aigu (V), et comprennent trois incrustations de boutons primaires extérieures (36,37,38) dont l'incrustation intermédiaire se trouve sur le plan de symétrie du secteur, et deux incrustations de boutons secondaires intérieures décalées périphériquement (39,40), espacées du plan.
  10. Outil de forage selon la revendication 9, caractérisé en ce que les incrustations de boutons secondaires (39,40) sont espacées dans la direction radiale vers l'intérieur des incrustations de boutons primaires (36-38), et une incrustation de bouton arrière séparée (41) prévue sur l'alésoir (15) à l'extérieur de l'angle de secteur (V), est réglée pour travailler toute roche restante dans l'espacement radial entre les incrustations de boutons primaires et secondaires (36-40).
EP91903724A 1990-01-17 1991-01-17 Outil pour forage a percussion et forage rotatif Expired - Lifetime EP0511298B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SE9000157 1990-01-17
SE9000156 1990-01-17
SE9000156A SE467632B (sv) 1990-01-17 1990-01-17 Borrverktyg foer slaaende och roterande borrning under samtidig neddrivning av ett foderroer
SE9000157A SE467886B (sv) 1990-01-17 1990-01-17 Rymmare till borrverktyg foer slaaende och roterande borrning
PCT/SE1991/000034 WO1991010805A1 (fr) 1990-01-17 1991-01-17 Outil pour forage a percussion et forage rotatif

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0511298A1 EP0511298A1 (fr) 1992-11-04
EP0511298B1 true EP0511298B1 (fr) 1994-07-20

Family

ID=26660694

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP91903724A Expired - Lifetime EP0511298B1 (fr) 1990-01-17 1991-01-17 Outil pour forage a percussion et forage rotatif

Country Status (8)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0511298B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH05503556A (fr)
AT (1) ATE108861T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU642708B2 (fr)
CA (1) CA2074076A1 (fr)
DE (1) DE69102993T2 (fr)
FI (1) FI98155C (fr)
WO (1) WO1991010805A1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102010027544A1 (de) 2010-07-16 2012-01-19 Minova International Ltd. Verfahren zur Herstellung der Bohrvorrichtungen vor allem für die Rohrschirmtechnik und Bohrvorrichtung

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2338009B (en) * 1998-06-04 2000-06-21 Philip Head A method of installing the casing in a well and apparatus therefor
US6607046B1 (en) 1999-11-12 2003-08-19 Shell Oil Company Expandable drill bit
SE522135C2 (sv) * 2001-07-02 2004-01-13 Uno Loef Borrverktyg för sänkborrning
ZA200606939B (en) * 2005-08-25 2007-11-28 Gien Bernard L A dril bit
SE530651C2 (sv) * 2005-09-05 2008-07-29 Sandvik Intellectual Property Borrkrona för enstegsankarbultning och en enstegsborrande apparatur
JP5994015B1 (ja) * 2015-12-03 2016-09-21 株式会社オーク ダウンザホールハンマー用ビット

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
SE421551B (sv) * 1980-03-26 1982-01-04 Sandvik Ab Borrverktyg for rotations- och/eller slagborrning
GB8418482D0 (en) * 1984-07-19 1984-08-22 Nl Petroleum Prod Rotary drill bits

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102010027544A1 (de) 2010-07-16 2012-01-19 Minova International Ltd. Verfahren zur Herstellung der Bohrvorrichtungen vor allem für die Rohrschirmtechnik und Bohrvorrichtung

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU642708B2 (en) 1993-10-28
DE69102993T2 (de) 1995-03-02
JPH05503556A (ja) 1993-06-10
FI923240A (fi) 1992-07-15
WO1991010805A1 (fr) 1991-07-25
FI923240A0 (fi) 1992-07-15
FI98155B (fi) 1997-01-15
DE69102993D1 (de) 1994-08-25
AU7228091A (en) 1991-08-05
CA2074076A1 (fr) 1991-07-18
FI98155C (fi) 1997-04-25
ATE108861T1 (de) 1994-08-15
EP0511298A1 (fr) 1992-11-04

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