EP0511258A1 - Treating materials. - Google Patents

Treating materials.

Info

Publication number
EP0511258A1
EP0511258A1 EP91902274A EP91902274A EP0511258A1 EP 0511258 A1 EP0511258 A1 EP 0511258A1 EP 91902274 A EP91902274 A EP 91902274A EP 91902274 A EP91902274 A EP 91902274A EP 0511258 A1 EP0511258 A1 EP 0511258A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
microcapsules
substance
bound
binder
yeast
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP91902274A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0511258B1 (en
Inventor
Brian Sagar
David Wales
Gordon Nelson
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Unilever Bestfoods North America
Original Assignee
BRITISH TEXTILE TECHNOLOGY GROUP
British Textile Tech
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by BRITISH TEXTILE TECHNOLOGY GROUP, British Textile Tech filed Critical BRITISH TEXTILE TECHNOLOGY GROUP
Publication of EP0511258A1 publication Critical patent/EP0511258A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0511258B1 publication Critical patent/EP0511258B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M23/00—Treatment of fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, characterised by the process
    • D06M23/12—Processes in which the treating agent is incorporated in microcapsules
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M16/00—Biochemical treatment of fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, e.g. enzymatic

Definitions

  • This invention relates to treating materials, for example, textiles.
  • the invention relates to treating textiles with flame retardants, biocides, insecticides, odoriferous agents and dyes.
  • paper can be treated with dyes and odoriferous agents contained within microcapsules so that these can be released therefrom when the paper is subjected to compression, as when it is struck by a typewriter key hammer, for example, or compressed or abraded by a writing implement.
  • microcapsule has been recently expanded to include microbial cells such as those comprised by fungi, bacteria and algae as disclosed in European Patent Application 0,242,135, which describes adherence of the microcapsules to paper absent a binder or adhesive, although the intended contents for such microcapsules are limited to those classes which are already well known, viz, fragrances, dyes and biocides.
  • microcapsules are limited to those for which prior microcapsules have found applications. Such applications include those where the contents of the microcapsule are released continuously therefrom, as in coating paper to produce perfumed drawer liners, for example; or those applica ⁇ tions where use of an article coated with or comprising encapsulated substances, for the purpose intended is destructive of further capacity of the article to provide the desired results. Thus, for example, normal use of non-carbon copy paper consumes its capacity for further normal use.
  • the present invention provides novel uses for micro-encapsulation.
  • a method for applying substances to materials comprising encapsulating the substances within micro ⁇ capsules from which the substances can be released either by lesion of the microcapsules or by leaching of the substances therefrom and attaching the microcapsules to the materials with a binder which secures the micro ⁇ capsules substantially against removal from the material during normal usage of the material but does not impede the release of the substances.
  • the microcapsules may, for example, be a yeast such as Saccharomvces cerivisiae.
  • microcapsules may comprise starch or corn granules, or cellulosic fibres, such as those derived from wood pulp.
  • the substances may be alkali-soluble biocides, odoriferous agents such as mint, clove or cedar wood oils, for example, dyes, or indeed any other appropriate material capable of being encapsulated by known means into said microcapsules.
  • Encapsulation of the aforementioned oils may be achieved by suspending dried yeast in a solution comprising an organic solvent and an oil and evaporating said solvent so that the oils enter by diffusion.
  • oils may be added to said solvent, and the method according to the invention includes any suitable organic solvent-soluble substance or subtances, in addition to the the aforesaid oils.
  • Said solvent may be ethanol. Where the substance is alkali soluble, it may be precipitated with acid within the microcapsule.
  • Said substance may, for example, be an organo- sulphur compound when it may be generally desired that it is not continuously released from the microcapsules but is released in response to a specific event.
  • microcapsules may be bound to cotton in a moist-cure cross-linking process, using, for example, Fixapret CPN.
  • an ethylene grafted vinyl acetate copolymer emulsion such as Vinamul 6705 is used to bind the microcapsules to cotton.
  • a copolymer comprising adipic acid and diethylene triamine partially cross- linked with epichlorohydrin such as Hercosett may be used as the binder " .
  • a copolymer of methylmethacrylate and dimethylamino- ethylmethacrylate, for example, Dylan GRB, likewise treated with epichlorohydrin may also be used as a binder.
  • Figure 1 shows schematically the precipitation of an alkali soluble biocide within yeast cells to yield a microcapsule containing biocide, prior to the application thereof, for example, to a woollen carpet;
  • Figure 2 likewise shows the microencapsulation of an organic solvent-soluble biocide within yeast cells to yield micro ⁇ capsules containing biocide prior to the application thereof to textiles;
  • Figure 3 is from a scanning electron micrograph of cotton fabric with yeast bound by Vinamul 6705 thereto;
  • Figure 4 is from a scanning electron micrograph of a cotton wool batt with yeast bound by Vinamul thereto;
  • Figure 5 is from a scanning electron micrograph of a wool fibre with yeast bound thereto by Hercosett 125.
  • the present invention provides a method for applying substances to materials comprising encapsulating the substances within microcapsules from which the substances can be released either by lesion of the microcapsules or by leaching of the substances therefrom and attaching the microcapsules to the materials with a binder which secures the microcapsules substantially against removal from the material during normal usage of the material but does not impede the release of the substances.
  • Moth proofing agents Mitin FF, Eulan WA and Perigen were dissolved in ethanol, and a dried yeast, Saccharomvces cerrevisiae, added thereto. The solvent was evaporated from the resulting suspension, and the yeast cells comprising the thereby encapsulated insecticides were applied, using a spray technique in which the binder was vinamul 6705, to samples of woollen carpets. The Vinamul concentration was approximately 2% by weight of the carpet to which the insecticide containing-yeast cells were added.
  • the icroencapsulated insecticide is, as a consequence of the method, contained within a micro ⁇ capsule and released therefrom in response to moth larvae attempting to devour the wool fibres to which the said micro-capsules are attached.
  • the amount of insecticide applied to the carpet is dependent upon the amount of insecticide encapsulated within the yeast cells, as well as on the number of yeast cells bound to the carpet. It may be preferred to encapsulate a relatively low level of insecticide within the cells but to bind a relatively high number of insecticide containing cells to the carpet. It is thought that moth larvae are attracted to yeast as a nutrient source. Encapsulating a small but fatal dose of biocide in each cell and attaching a large number of cells to the wool fibres will provide the . capacity to kill large numbers of larvae without depleting the biocide level too much.
  • binder is such that it does not disguise the nature of the microcapsule so that the moth larvae, for example continue to be attracted to the yeast cells rather than to the fibre, notwithstanding that these are embedded in a binder.
  • Figures 3 to 5 show the insecticide-containing microcapsules 9 bound with Vinamul 6705 ( Figures 3 and 4) or Hercosett 125 (figure 5) to a cotton fibre 10 ( Figure 3), a cotton batt 11 ( Figure 4) or a wool fibre 12 ( Figure 5) .
  • the method provides that the microcapsule is not necessarily pre-formed, but may be formed in situ within the binder.
  • Thiol containing compounds which produce distinct odours when heated above temperatures encountered during processing and subsequent use can be encapsulated into an inert impervious polymer sheath during the production thereof, and subsequently incorporated into textiles, foams and plastics to act as a sensory early warning agent to indicate a possible conflagration.
  • Vinamul 6705 or the "softer" variants such as Vinacryl 43309 and Vinacryl 43289 may comprise the polymer sheath.
  • the amount of binder in which the microcapsules are dispersed may be varied so as to affect the distribution of capsules applied to a particular textile. Moreover, it may be desired to alter the accessibility of said capsules so as to expose greater or lesser regions of these to the event which causes release of the substances contained therein.
  • binders must be treated having regard to the nature of the capsules dispersed therein, so that, for example, treatments which are not detrimental to the binder but which are harmful to the microcapsules and/or contents thereof and vice versa are not used.
  • the invention is not limited to the examples of the binders described herein, and includes many other suitable polymers, such as polyurethanes and derivatives thereof.
  • a polymer which when polymerised comprises pores so that volatile substances encapsulated in microcapsules which are completely submerged within the binder are still able to permeate to the environment.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
  • Chemical Or Physical Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)
  • Manufacturing Of Micro-Capsules (AREA)
  • Crystals, And After-Treatments Of Crystals (AREA)
  • Photoreceptors In Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Glass Compositions (AREA)
  • Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)
  • Mechanical Treatment Of Semiconductor (AREA)

Abstract

Substances, e.g. insecticides, dyes, fragrances, are encapsulated in microcapsules of e.g. yeast and attached to materials e.g. of cotton or wool with a binder which does not impede the release of the substance from the microcapsule.

Description

TREATING MATERIALS
This invention relates to treating materials, for example, textiles. Inter alia the invention relates to treating textiles with flame retardants, biocides, insecticides, odoriferous agents and dyes.
It is known that paper can be treated with dyes and odoriferous agents contained within microcapsules so that these can be released therefrom when the paper is subjected to compression, as when it is struck by a typewriter key hammer, for example, or compressed or abraded by a writing implement.
The choice of microcapsule has been recently expanded to include microbial cells such as those comprised by fungi, bacteria and algae as disclosed in European Patent Application 0,242,135, which describes adherence of the microcapsules to paper absent a binder or adhesive, although the intended contents for such microcapsules are limited to those classes which are already well known, viz, fragrances, dyes and biocides.
Moreover, the intended uses of such microcapsules are limited to those for which prior microcapsules have found applications. Such applications include those where the contents of the microcapsule are released continuously therefrom, as in coating paper to produce perfumed drawer liners, for example; or those applica¬ tions where use of an article coated with or comprising encapsulated substances, for the purpose intended is destructive of further capacity of the article to provide the desired results. Thus, for example, normal use of non-carbon copy paper consumes its capacity for further normal use.
Thus prior microcapsules have found rather pedestrian application in either use once only articles, or in continuous release systems.
The present invention provides novel uses for micro-encapsulation.
According to the present invention there is provided a method for applying substances to materials comprising encapsulating the substances within micro¬ capsules from which the substances can be released either by lesion of the microcapsules or by leaching of the substances therefrom and attaching the microcapsules to the materials with a binder which secures the micro¬ capsules substantially against removal from the material during normal usage of the material but does not impede the release of the substances. The microcapsules may, for example, be a yeast such as Saccharomvces cerivisiae.
Alternatively said microcapsules may comprise starch or corn granules, or cellulosic fibres, such as those derived from wood pulp.
In the case of substances which may be released continuously from the microcapsules, the substances may be alkali-soluble biocides, odoriferous agents such as mint, clove or cedar wood oils, for example, dyes, or indeed any other appropriate material capable of being encapsulated by known means into said microcapsules.
Encapsulation of the aforementioned oils may be achieved by suspending dried yeast in a solution comprising an organic solvent and an oil and evaporating said solvent so that the oils enter by diffusion.
Of course, where desired, multiple oils may be added to said solvent, and the method according to the invention includes any suitable organic solvent-soluble substance or subtances, in addition to the the aforesaid oils.
Said solvent may be ethanol. Where the substance is alkali soluble, it may be precipitated with acid within the microcapsule.
Said substance may, for example, be an organo- sulphur compound when it may be generally desired that it is not continuously released from the microcapsules but is released in response to a specific event.
The microcapsules may be bound to cotton in a moist-cure cross-linking process, using, for example, Fixapret CPN.
Preferably, however, an ethylene grafted vinyl acetate copolymer emulsion, such as Vinamul 6705 is used to bind the microcapsules to cotton.
When the textile is wool, a copolymer comprising adipic acid and diethylene triamine partially cross- linked with epichlorohydrin, such as Hercosett may be used as the binder". It will be appreciated, however, that a copolymer of methylmethacrylate and dimethylamino- ethylmethacrylate, for example, Dylan GRB, likewise treated with epichlorohydrin may also be used as a binder.
The invention will be further apparent from the following description, with reference to the several figures of the accompanying drawings, which illustrate the invention by way of examples only, with reference to the production of woollen carpets comprising encapsulated insecticides; and the production of fabrics comprising thiol compounds which in response to heat release malodorous gases which act as an indicator of a possible, impending conflagration.
Of the drawings :-
Figure 1 shows schematically the precipitation of an alkali soluble biocide within yeast cells to yield a microcapsule containing biocide, prior to the application thereof, for example, to a woollen carpet;
Figure 2 likewise shows the microencapsulation of an organic solvent-soluble biocide within yeast cells to yield micro¬ capsules containing biocide prior to the application thereof to textiles;
Figure 3 is from a scanning electron micrograph of cotton fabric with yeast bound by Vinamul 6705 thereto; Figure 4 is from a scanning electron micrograph of a cotton wool batt with yeast bound by Vinamul thereto; and
Figure 5 is from a scanning electron micrograph of a wool fibre with yeast bound thereto by Hercosett 125.
The present invention provides a method for applying substances to materials comprising encapsulating the substances within microcapsules from which the substances can be released either by lesion of the microcapsules or by leaching of the substances therefrom and attaching the microcapsules to the materials with a binder which secures the microcapsules substantially against removal from the material during normal usage of the material but does not impede the release of the substances.
Moth proofing agents, Mitin FF, Eulan WA and Perigen were dissolved in ethanol, and a dried yeast, Saccharomvces cerrevisiae, added thereto. The solvent was evaporated from the resulting suspension, and the yeast cells comprising the thereby encapsulated insecticides were applied, using a spray technique in which the binder was vinamul 6705, to samples of woollen carpets. The Vinamul concentration was approximately 2% by weight of the carpet to which the insecticide containing-yeast cells were added.
The icroencapsulated insecticide is, as a consequence of the method, contained within a micro¬ capsule and released therefrom in response to moth larvae attempting to devour the wool fibres to which the said micro-capsules are attached.
It will be appreciated that the amount of insecticide applied to the carpet is dependent upon the amount of insecticide encapsulated within the yeast cells, as well as on the number of yeast cells bound to the carpet. It may be preferred to encapsulate a relatively low level of insecticide within the cells but to bind a relatively high number of insecticide containing cells to the carpet. It is thought that moth larvae are attracted to yeast as a nutrient source. Encapsulating a small but fatal dose of biocide in each cell and attaching a large number of cells to the wool fibres will provide the.capacity to kill large numbers of larvae without depleting the biocide level too much.
The nature of the binder is such that it does not disguise the nature of the microcapsule so that the moth larvae, for example continue to be attracted to the yeast cells rather than to the fibre, notwithstanding that these are embedded in a binder.
Figures 3 to 5 show the insecticide-containing microcapsules 9 bound with Vinamul 6705 (Figures 3 and 4) or Hercosett 125 (figure 5) to a cotton fibre 10 (Figure 3), a cotton batt 11 (Figure 4) or a wool fibre 12 (Figure 5) .
The method, according to the invention provides that the microcapsule is not necessarily pre-formed, but may be formed in situ within the binder.
Thiol containing compounds which produce distinct odours when heated above temperatures encountered during processing and subsequent use can be encapsulated into an inert impervious polymer sheath during the production thereof, and subsequently incorporated into textiles, foams and plastics to act as a sensory early warning agent to indicate a possible conflagration. Vinamul 6705 or the "softer" variants such as Vinacryl 43309 and Vinacryl 43289 may comprise the polymer sheath.
It will be appreciated that it is not intended to limit the invention to the above example only, many variations, such as might readily occur to one skilled in the art, being possible, without departing from the scope thereof as defined by the appended claims. For example, numerous end use applications of the method according to the invention will be apparent as a consequence of its disclosure.
Although the examples describe application of the microencapsulated substances to substrata by a spraying process, it will be appreciated that a padding process, or indeed a coating, or exhaustion process may be sometimes used with advantage depending on the desired result.
The amount of binder in which the microcapsules are dispersed may be varied so as to affect the distribution of capsules applied to a particular textile. Moreover, it may be desired to alter the accessibility of said capsules so as to expose greater or lesser regions of these to the event which causes release of the substances contained therein.
It will be obvious that the various binders must be treated having regard to the nature of the capsules dispersed therein, so that, for example, treatments which are not detrimental to the binder but which are harmful to the microcapsules and/or contents thereof and vice versa are not used. The invention is not limited to the examples of the binders described herein, and includes many other suitable polymers, such as polyurethanes and derivatives thereof.
It may be desired to use as a binder, a polymer which when polymerised comprises pores so that volatile substances encapsulated in microcapsules which are completely submerged within the binder are still able to permeate to the environment.

Claims

1. A method for applying a substance to a material comprising encapsulating the substance within micro¬ capsules from which the substance can be released and attaching the microcapsules to the material with a binder which does not prevent release of the substance.
2. A method according to claim 1, in which the microcapsules comprise a yeast..
3. A method according to claim 2, in which the yeast comprises Saccharomyces cerivisiae.
4. A method according to claim 1, in which the microcapsules comprise starch.
5. A method according to claim 1, in which the microcapsules comprise corn granules.
6. A method according to claim 1, in which the microcapsules comprise cellulosic fibres.
7. A method according to claim 6, in which the cellulosic fibres are from wood pulp.
8. A method according to claim 1, in which the microcapsules are bound to the material by a moist-cure cross-linking process.
9. A method according to claim 1, in which the microcapsules are bound to the material using an ethylene grafted vinyl acetate copolymer emulsion.
10. A method according to claim 1, in which the microcapsules are bound to the material using a copolymer comprising adipic acid and diethylene triamine partially cross-linked with epichlorohydrin.
EP91902274A 1990-01-18 1991-01-16 Treating textiles Expired - Lifetime EP0511258B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9001108 1990-01-18
GB909001108A GB9001108D0 (en) 1990-01-18 1990-01-18 Treating materials
PCT/GB1991/000063 WO1991010772A1 (en) 1990-01-18 1991-01-16 Treating materials

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0511258A1 true EP0511258A1 (en) 1992-11-04
EP0511258B1 EP0511258B1 (en) 1996-06-05

Family

ID=10669482

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP91902274A Expired - Lifetime EP0511258B1 (en) 1990-01-18 1991-01-16 Treating textiles

Country Status (9)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0511258B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE138988T1 (en)
AU (1) AU7177491A (en)
DE (1) DE69120056T2 (en)
DK (1) DK0511258T3 (en)
ES (1) ES2087996T3 (en)
GB (1) GB9001108D0 (en)
GR (1) GR3020780T3 (en)
WO (1) WO1991010772A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4242327A1 (en) * 1992-12-15 1994-06-16 Beggel Klaus Process for using microcapsules in textile finishing - by adding capsules contg. e.g. perfume to textile during wet treatment process
FR2811864A1 (en) * 2000-07-20 2002-01-25 Joubert Productions Textile material containing encapsulated antiparasitic agent, useful e.g. as part of a collar or harness to provide long-lasting protection of animals against fleas and ticks
SI1711058T1 (en) 2004-01-23 2022-02-28 Eden Research Plc, Methods of killing nematodes comprising the application of a terpene component
AP2919A (en) 2004-05-20 2014-05-31 Eden Research Plc Compositions containing a hollow glucan particle or a cell wall particle encapsulating a terpene component, methods of making and using them
WO2007036710A2 (en) * 2005-09-27 2007-04-05 Syngenta Limited Insecticidal textile material
WO2007063267A1 (en) 2005-11-30 2007-06-07 Eden Research Plc Terpene-containing compositions and methods of making and using them
KR20140103191A (en) 2005-11-30 2014-08-25 에덴 리서치 피엘씨 Compositions and methods comprising terpenes or terpene mixtures selected from thymol, eugenol, geraniol, citral, and l-carvone
DE102006016907A1 (en) * 2006-04-11 2007-10-25 Cognis Ip Management Gmbh Insect repellent treated fibers and textile fabrics
DE102011087850A1 (en) * 2011-12-06 2013-06-06 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Composite useful as e.g. components of primary structure and secondary structure of aircraft, and vehicles from a land- and sea transport e.g. roof components, bumpers and spoiler, comprises matrix material and several microcapsules
DE102011087849A1 (en) * 2011-12-06 2013-06-06 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Coating material useful for coating e.g. metals and alloys, comprises a binder and a multiple of microcapsules comprising a shell material made of a cell wall and/or a cell membrane, and an active substance included in the shell material
WO2013083693A1 (en) * 2011-12-06 2013-06-13 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Composites and coating materials with active substances contained in biological enveloping material
GB201220940D0 (en) 2012-11-21 2013-01-02 Eden Research Plc Method P
ES2518765B2 (en) 2014-07-16 2015-03-05 Nabari Textil S L Functional textile fabrics
CN105200800A (en) * 2015-09-17 2015-12-30 无锡市长安曙光手套厂 Fabric material

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US3565666A (en) * 1968-04-01 1971-02-23 Ncr Co Capsule-coated record sheet (with subcoat of latex)
US3859151A (en) * 1973-08-22 1975-01-07 Champion Int Corp Carpet with microcapsules containing volatile flame-retardant
US4528226A (en) * 1983-10-11 1985-07-09 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Co. Stretchable microfragrance delivery article
US4696863A (en) * 1984-08-28 1987-09-29 Mitsubishi Paper Mills, Ltd. Biocapsule
GB8608964D0 (en) * 1986-04-12 1986-05-14 Pannell N A Producing microbially encapsulated materials
FR2625745B1 (en) * 1988-01-08 1992-10-09 Picardie Lainiere THERMAL ADHESIVE TEXTILE PRODUCT COMPRISING A MICROENCAPSULATED CROSSLINKING AGENT
US4882220A (en) * 1988-02-02 1989-11-21 Kanebo, Ltd. Fibrous structures having a durable fragrance

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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Title
See references of WO9110772A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0511258B1 (en) 1996-06-05
DE69120056T2 (en) 1996-10-02
DK0511258T3 (en) 1996-07-08
AU7177491A (en) 1991-08-05
GR3020780T3 (en) 1996-11-30
DE69120056D1 (en) 1996-07-11
ES2087996T3 (en) 1996-08-01
WO1991010772A1 (en) 1991-07-25
ATE138988T1 (en) 1996-06-15
GB9001108D0 (en) 1990-03-21

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