EP0501727A2 - Gaming or amusement machines - Google Patents

Gaming or amusement machines Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0501727A2
EP0501727A2 EP92301534A EP92301534A EP0501727A2 EP 0501727 A2 EP0501727 A2 EP 0501727A2 EP 92301534 A EP92301534 A EP 92301534A EP 92301534 A EP92301534 A EP 92301534A EP 0501727 A2 EP0501727 A2 EP 0501727A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
axis
viewing station
die
orientation
symbol
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP92301534A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0501727B1 (en
EP0501727A3 (en
Inventor
Neville Dale Chadwick
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Bell Fruit Manufacturing Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Bell Fruit Manufacturing Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Bell Fruit Manufacturing Co Ltd filed Critical Bell Fruit Manufacturing Co Ltd
Publication of EP0501727A2 publication Critical patent/EP0501727A2/en
Publication of EP0501727A3 publication Critical patent/EP0501727A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0501727B1 publication Critical patent/EP0501727B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • GPHYSICS
    • G07CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07FCOIN-FREED OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • G07F17/00Coin-freed apparatus for hiring articles; Coin-freed facilities or services
    • G07F17/32Coin-freed apparatus for hiring articles; Coin-freed facilities or services for games, toys, sports, or amusements
    • G07F17/3202Hardware aspects of a gaming system, e.g. components, construction, architecture thereof
    • G07F17/3204Player-machine interfaces
    • G07F17/3211Display means
    • G07F17/3213Details of moving display elements, e.g. spinning reels, tumbling members
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63FCARD, BOARD, OR ROULETTE GAMES; INDOOR GAMES USING SMALL MOVING PLAYING BODIES; VIDEO GAMES; GAMES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • A63F9/00Games not otherwise provided for
    • A63F9/04Dice; Dice-boxes; Mechanical dice-throwing devices

Definitions

  • This invention relates gaming or amusement machines.
  • dice-throwing devices per-se are known in which a dice is contained within a transparent box and is impelled into the air by the action of a sharp blow or impact upon its base, usually derived from a solenoid. Detecting means within the box can determine which face of the dice is uppermost. This idea can be extended to a collection of several dice to form a complete game in its own right.
  • the "throwing" of the dice is to all intents and purposes a random event. Often within a gaming or amusement machine it is desired to pre-determine the outcome of a game, or at least to influence it so that it is pseudo-random in a controllable manner. This is not possible with known dice-throwing machines and so they are not suitable for use in fruit machines and are not considered to be of any importance in the field of fruit machines.
  • the dice or body is angularly movable about a first axis so as to present in turn a number of its facets to the viewing station. It is preferably movable to a changed axis-orientation state in which the orientation of the first axis relative to the viewing station is changed so that subsequent angular movement of the dice about the first axis presents one or more different facets to the viewing station which cannot be seen readily with the first axis in its original orientation.
  • the movement of the first axis from its first orientation relative to the viewing station to its changed orientation may comprise an angular movement of the first axis relative to the viewing station.
  • the first axis may pass through opposed vertices of the dice or body.
  • the movement of the first axis to the changed axis-orientation state may comprise rotation of the first axis through at least substantially 90 degrees about a second axis substantially perpendicular to the first axis. Such a movement may comprise angular movement of substantially 90 degrees.
  • the dice or body may be internally illuminated.
  • a dice or other multi-faceted symbol-presenting body mechanism adapted for incorporation in a gaming or amusement machine, the mechanism comprising the body, sensor means adapted to detect the orientation of the body and adapted to produce signals indicative of the orientation of the body, drive means adapted to move the body between different presentation positions in which the body has different orientations, and control means which receives signals from the sensor means and controls the drive means so that the facet or symbol presented by the body to a viewing station is known to the control means and controlled by it.
  • a fruit machine M has a coin input slot, a payout tray, a reel display R comprising three reels, a feature display F indicating game features such as "trail” features and/or “skill-shot” features (terms known in the art and discussed in some of our earlier patent applications), and a dice display, or viewing station, D.
  • the dice display D comprises a cube 1 representing the dice rotationally mounted at two diagonally opposed vertices by a rod 2 held by bearings 14 and 15 in a frame arrangement 3 supported by suitable idler pulleys 4 and a drive pulley 5.
  • Drive means are provided for the rod 2 by a motor 6, and for the pulley 5 by a motor 7.
  • the cube 1 can be rotated through 360 degrees by the motor 6 and rod 2, and the frame 3 can be rotated by at least 90 degrees by the motor 7 and pulley 5.
  • Photoelectric sensors 8 and 9 pick up position-identifying information from suitable sensor components 10 and 11 affixed to the cube drive rod 2 and frame 3 respectively, so that the absolute position of the cube 1 can be determined by control means 12, which also controls the motors 6 and 7.
  • Appropriate drive signals are generated by the control means 12 and fed to motors 6 and 7 and in conjunction with the positional feedback information from sensor components 10 and 11 the control means 12 can arrange for any of the six faces of the cube to be presented to the player of the machine at the viewing station, the player viewing the cube from a viewing position along the line 13.
  • the cube would rest in any of six "index" positions, in which one of its faces is presented perpendicularly to the player along viewing line 13. Motion may be imparted to the dice in order to alter the displayed face during a game by use of the motors 6 and 7.
  • the cube may be illuminated from within, power for this purpose being advantageously passed down opposing projecting sides of the cube supporting rods 2, this being split inside the cube into two parts made of a suitable conducting medium.
  • the electrical connections then being made by means of wires attached to the supporting bearings 14 and 15 on the outer frame, and the outer frame 3 being suitably insulated at least two parts of its circumference.
  • electrical connections 18 and 19 could be made to suitable points on the frame 3 as shown in Figure 2, again with insulating parts 16 and 17 of the frame being provided.
  • the motor 6 moves around with the frame 3, or a coupling capable of accommodating the motion is provided.
  • the symbols depicted do not necessarily need to represent a dice and could be any other desired symbols such as fruits, playing cards or indeed just blocks of different colour.
  • the surface of such symbols could be formed in relief in a manner outlined in our British patent application GB 89184448. 5.
  • the supported body which in the example is cubic could be any desired geometrical polygon with an appropriate adjustment being made to the control means to provide the requisite index positions in order to be able to present each symbol to the player's view.
  • the body could have curved surfaces arid could even be a sphere.
  • the positional feedback could be by optical, magnetic or other suitable means.
  • the rotational drive for the supported body could be by means of an integral electric motor of the stepper (or other) kind supported on the cuter frame and directly driving the rod as described, or by means of a friction drive onto an extension of the support rod.
  • FIG. 3 An alternative support frame for the dice is shown in Figure 3 and comprises a skeletal frame of two wires 20 and 21 (of suitable strength) as shown in Figure 3, attached to bearing points 14′ and 15′ of rod 2′, and formed so that they come together at a suitable drive point 22 such that an equivalent rotation in the same plane as that described for frame 3 would be achieved by means of a direct drive motor 23 instead of an intermediate pulley.
  • the wires 20 and 21 sweep out a cone at the vertex 22 of which the motor 23 is situated and the axis 24 of the cone is perpendicular to a plane 25 equivalent to frame 3 already described.
  • Internal illumination means of the body 1′ could be provided in a similar manner to that of the first embodiment by providing insulating sections of the wires 20 and 21.
  • wires and frames in the above descriptions could be interchanged and the required physical spatial arrangements could of course be made by means of plastic or metal mouldings, wires, or other fabrications as may be convenient as long as the required insulating or conducting properties, as appropriate, were preserved.
  • the reels of the fruit machine may have a symbol the appearance of which in the win line, or in the reel display R, enables the player to play a dice game with the dice display D.
  • the achievement of a feature of a trail or skillshot of the feature display F may entitle the player to play a dice game.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Pinball Game Machines (AREA)

Abstract

A gaming or amusement machine comprises a die or similar symbol carrying body ( 1) which can be orientated with respect to axes passing through the body ( 1) to present symbols at a viewing station (D) in the machine. Drive means ( 6, 7) is provided to move the body between different presentation positions in which different symbols are presented to the viewing station (D) and sensor means ( 8, 9) detects the orientation of the body ( 1) and produces signals indicative of the symbol presented to the viewing station (D). Control means ( 12) receives signals from the sensor means and controls the drive means ( 6, 7) so that the symbol presented to the viewing station (D) is known to the control means and controlled by it. Driving the body ( 1) to present random faces of the body to the viewing station (D) provides a game of chance.

Description

  • This invention relates gaming or amusement machines.
  • It is well known to display symbols, such as representations of fruits, playing cards and so on, within amusement machines using mechanically-rotating reel mechanisms with the symbols arranged around the periphery of a rotating drum assembly, as in the so-called "fruit machine". It is also known to display as part of such machines other symbols, in particular dice, which have associations with other forms of gaming, in order to represent such other games within the framework of a fruit machine game.
  • However, there is a considerable difference between the appearance of a three-dimensional dice and its representations on a two-dimensional surface of a reel strip, and such representations are not as popular with the players of such games as perhaps they would be were the representation more realistic.
  • We have already proposed improvements in the symbols used in fruit machines, for example in our patent application GB 8918448.5 in which the symbols have a three dimensional profile. A representation of a dice can be made three dimensional in this way, but it only has one face visible to the user.
  • According to the invention a gaming or amusement machine in which symbols are presented at a viewing station comprises a dice or other multi-faceted symbol-carrying body, sensor means adapted to detect the orientation of the dice with respect to a viewing station and adapted to produce signals indicative of the facet or symbol presented to the viewing station by the dice, drive means adapted to move the dice between different presentation positions in which different facets of the dice are presented to the viewing station, and control means which receives signals from the sensor means and controls the drive means so that the facet or symbol presented to the viewing station is known to the control means and controlled by it.
  • This enables us to use dice in a fruit machine.
  • It is true that dice-throwing devices per-se are known in which a dice is contained within a transparent box and is impelled into the air by the action of a sharp blow or impact upon its base, usually derived from a solenoid. Detecting means within the box can determine which face of the dice is uppermost. This idea can be extended to a collection of several dice to form a complete game in its own right. The "throwing" of the dice is to all intents and purposes a random event. Often within a gaming or amusement machine it is desired to pre-determine the outcome of a game, or at least to influence it so that it is pseudo-random in a controllable manner. This is not possible with known dice-throwing machines and so they are not suitable for use in fruit machines and are not considered to be of any importance in the field of fruit machines.
  • Preferably the dice or body is angularly movable about a first axis so as to present in turn a number of its facets to the viewing station. It is preferably movable to a changed axis-orientation state in which the orientation of the first axis relative to the viewing station is changed so that subsequent angular movement of the dice about the first axis presents one or more different facets to the viewing station which cannot be seen readily with the first axis in its original orientation.
  • The movement of the first axis from its first orientation relative to the viewing station to its changed orientation may comprise an angular movement of the first axis relative to the viewing station.
  • The first axis may pass through opposed vertices of the dice or body.
  • The movement of the first axis to the changed axis-orientation state may comprise rotation of the first axis through at least substantially 90 degrees about a second axis substantially perpendicular to the first axis. Such a movement may comprise angular movement of substantially 90 degrees.
  • The dice or body may be internally illuminated.
  • According to a second aspect of the invention we provide a dice or other multi-faceted symbol-presenting body mechanism adapted for incorporation in a gaming or amusement machine, the mechanism comprising the body, sensor means adapted to detect the orientation of the body and adapted to produce signals indicative of the orientation of the body, drive means adapted to move the body between different presentation positions in which the body has different orientations, and control means which receives signals from the sensor means and controls the drive means so that the facet or symbol presented by the body to a viewing station is known to the control means and controlled by it.
  • An embodiment of the invention will now be described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings of which:-
    • Figure 1 shows a fruit machine incorporating the invention;
    • Figure 2 illustrates the dice mechanism of the fruit machine of Figure 1 in schematic detail; and
    • Figure 3 shows an alternative dice mechanism.
  • A fruit machine M has a coin input slot, a payout tray, a reel display R comprising three reels, a feature display F indicating game features such as "trail" features and/or "skill-shot" features (terms known in the art and discussed in some of our earlier patent applications), and a dice display, or viewing station, D.
  • The dice display D comprises a cube 1 representing the dice rotationally mounted at two diagonally opposed vertices by a rod 2 held by bearings 14 and 15 in a frame arrangement 3 supported by suitable idler pulleys 4 and a drive pulley 5. Drive means are provided for the rod 2 by a motor 6, and for the pulley 5 by a motor 7. The cube 1 can be rotated through 360 degrees by the motor 6 and rod 2, and the frame 3 can be rotated by at least 90 degrees by the motor 7 and pulley 5. Photoelectric sensors 8 and 9 pick up position-identifying information from suitable sensor components 10 and 11 affixed to the cube drive rod 2 and frame 3 respectively, so that the absolute position of the cube 1 can be determined by control means 12, which also controls the motors 6 and 7. Appropriate drive signals are generated by the control means 12 and fed to motors 6 and 7 and in conjunction with the positional feedback information from sensor components 10 and 11 the control means 12 can arrange for any of the six faces of the cube to be presented to the player of the machine at the viewing station, the player viewing the cube from a viewing position along the line 13. In use the cube would rest in any of six "index" positions, in which one of its faces is presented perpendicularly to the player along viewing line 13. Motion may be imparted to the dice in order to alter the displayed face during a game by use of the motors 6 and 7.
  • The cube may be illuminated from within, power for this purpose being advantageously passed down opposing projecting sides of the cube supporting rods 2, this being split inside the cube into two parts made of a suitable conducting medium. The electrical connections then being made by means of wires attached to the supporting bearings 14 and 15 on the outer frame, and the outer frame 3 being suitably insulated at least two parts of its circumference. Alternatively, electrical connections 18 and 19 could be made to suitable points on the frame 3 as shown in Figure 2, again with insulating parts 16 and 17 of the frame being provided. The motor 6 moves around with the frame 3, or a coupling capable of accommodating the motion is provided.
  • Various alternative embodiments are possible within the framework of this invention. For instance, the symbols depicted do not necessarily need to represent a dice and could be any other desired symbols such as fruits, playing cards or indeed just blocks of different colour. The surface of such symbols could be formed in relief in a manner outlined in our British patent application GB 89184448. 5.
  • The supported body which in the example is cubic could be any desired geometrical polygon with an appropriate adjustment being made to the control means to provide the requisite index positions in order to be able to present each symbol to the player's view. The body could have curved surfaces arid could even be a sphere.
  • The positional feedback could be by optical, magnetic or other suitable means. The rotational drive for the supported body could be by means of an integral electric motor of the stepper (or other) kind supported on the cuter frame and directly driving the rod as described, or by means of a friction drive onto an extension of the support rod.
  • An alternative support frame for the dice is shown in Figure 3 and comprises a skeletal frame of two wires 20 and 21 (of suitable strength) as shown in Figure 3, attached to bearing points 14′ and 15′ of rod 2′, and formed so that they come together at a suitable drive point 22 such that an equivalent rotation in the same plane as that described for frame 3 would be achieved by means of a direct drive motor 23 instead of an intermediate pulley. The wires 20 and 21 sweep out a cone at the vertex 22 of which the motor 23 is situated and the axis 24 of the cone is perpendicular to a plane 25 equivalent to frame 3 already described.
  • Internal illumination means of the body 1′ could be provided in a similar manner to that of the first embodiment by providing insulating sections of the wires 20 and 21.
  • The use of the terms "wires" and "frames" in the above descriptions could be interchanged and the required physical spatial arrangements could of course be made by means of plastic or metal mouldings, wires, or other fabrications as may be convenient as long as the required insulating or conducting properties, as appropriate, were preserved.
  • The reels of the fruit machine may have a symbol the appearance of which in the win line, or in the reel display R, enables the player to play a dice game with the dice display D. Alternatively or additionally the achievement of a feature of a trail or skillshot of the feature display F may entitle the player to play a dice game.

Claims (10)

  1. A gaming or amusement machine in which symbols are presented at a viewing station comprising a die or other multi-faceted symbol-carrying body (1), sensor means ( 8, 9) adapted to detect the orientation of the die ( 1) with respect to a viewing station (D) and adapted to produce signals indicative of the facet or symbol presented to the viewing station (D) by the die ( 1), drive means ( 6, 7) adapted to move the die ( 1) between different presentation positions in which different facets of the die ( 1) are presented to the viewing station (D), and control means ( 12) which receives signals from the sensor means ( 8, 9) and controls the drive means ( 6, 7) so that the facet or symbol presented to the viewing station (D) is known to the control means ( 8, 9) and controlled by it.
  2. A machine according to claim 1 characterised in that the die or body ( 1) is angularly movable about a first axis so as to present in turn a number of its facets to the viewing station (D).
  3. A machine according to claim 1 or claim 2 characterised in that the die or body ( 1) is movable to a changed axis-orientation state in which the orientation of the first axis relative to the viewing station (D) is changed so that subsequent angular movement of the die ( 1) about the first axis presents one or more different facets to the viewing station (D) which cannot be seen readily with the first axis in its original orientation.
  4. A machine according to claim 3 characterised in that the movement of the first axis from its first orientation relative to the viewing station (D) to its changed orientation may comprise an angular movement of the first axis relative to the viewing station (D).
  5. A machine according to claim 3 or claim 4 characterised in that the movement of the first axis to the changed axis-orientation state may comprise rotation of the first axis through at least substantially 90 degrees about a second axis substantially perpendicular to the first axis.
  6. A machine according to any of claims 3 to 5 characterised in that the movement comprises angular movement of substantially 90 degrees.
  7. A machine according to any of claims 2 to 6 characterised in that the first axis passes through opposed vertices of the die or body ( 1).
  8. A machine according to any preceding claim characterised in that the die or body ( 1) is internally illuminated.
  9. A die or other multi-faceted symbol-presenting body mechanism adapted for incorporation in a gaming or amusement machine, the mechanism comprising the body ( 1), sensor means ( 8, 9) adapted to detect the orientation of the body ( 1) and adapted to produce signals indicative of the orientation of the body, drive means ( 6, 7) adapted to move the body between different presentation positions in which the body ( 1) has different orientations, and control means ( 12) which receives signals from the sensor means ( 8, 9) and controls the drive means ( 6, 7) so that the facet or symbol presented by the body ( 1) to a viewing station (D) is known to the control means ( 12) and controlled by it.
  10. A method of presenting a symbol to the user of a gaming or amusement machine comprising using a die or multi-faceted symbol - presenting body in accordance with claim 9.
EP19920301534 1991-02-27 1992-02-24 Gaming or amusement machines Expired - Lifetime EP0501727B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9104100 1991-02-27
GB919104100A GB9104100D0 (en) 1991-02-27 1991-02-27 Gaming or amusement machines

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0501727A2 true EP0501727A2 (en) 1992-09-02
EP0501727A3 EP0501727A3 (en) 1992-10-14
EP0501727B1 EP0501727B1 (en) 1995-08-09

Family

ID=10690658

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP19920301534 Expired - Lifetime EP0501727B1 (en) 1991-02-27 1992-02-24 Gaming or amusement machines

Country Status (4)

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EP (1) EP0501727B1 (en)
DE (1) DE69203892T2 (en)
ES (1) ES2036509T3 (en)
GB (2) GB9104100D0 (en)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0577415A2 (en) * 1992-07-01 1994-01-05 Bell-Fruit Manufacturing Company Limited Machines for amusement and playing games
ES2072188A2 (en) * 1993-03-23 1995-07-01 Gespamar Sl Improvements introduced on recreational machines with cash prizes.
EP1574936A1 (en) * 2004-03-08 2005-09-14 Giga Games System, SL Image processing device

Families Citing this family (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2268415A (en) * 1992-07-01 1994-01-12 Bell Fruit Mfg Co Ltd Machines for amusement and playing games
GB9303705D0 (en) * 1993-02-24 1993-04-14 Starpoint Electrics Ltd Drive assemblies
US6234897B1 (en) 1997-04-23 2001-05-22 Wms Gaming Inc. Gaming device with variable bonus payout feature
US6190255B1 (en) * 1998-03-24 2001-02-20 Wms Gaming Inc. Bonus game for a gaming machine
ZA992256B (en) 1998-03-24 2000-01-13 Wms Gaming Inc Bonus Game for a gaming machine.
US6159098A (en) 1998-09-02 2000-12-12 Wms Gaming Inc. Dual-award bonus game for a gaming machine
US6443837B1 (en) 1999-05-26 2002-09-03 Wms Gaming Inc. Bonus games for gaming machines with strategy options
US6592457B1 (en) 1999-05-26 2003-07-15 Wms Gaming Inc. Gaming machine with player selected events
US6358147B1 (en) 1999-06-23 2002-03-19 Wms Gaming Inc. Gaming machine with multiple payoff modes and award presentation schemes
US6159097A (en) * 1999-06-30 2000-12-12 Wms Gaming Inc. Gaming machine with variable probability of obtaining bonus game payouts
US8721422B2 (en) 2004-05-19 2014-05-13 Wms Gaming Inc. Wagering game with award enhancement feature
US8308545B2 (en) 2007-11-09 2012-11-13 Wms Gaming Inc. Wagering game with enhanced player-selection bonus feature

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2400679A1 (en) * 1974-01-08 1975-07-17 Uwe C Seefluth Coin operated game - with apparent movements of objects stopped or changed by stroboscopic illumination
GB2147510A (en) * 1983-10-07 1985-05-15 Cirsa Comp Inversiones Sa Indicating module for gaming apparatus
DE4035757A1 (en) * 1990-11-08 1992-05-14 Bally Wulff Automaten Gmbh Coin operated gaming machine - has dice moved by mechanical transmission in pseudo random operation

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2400679A1 (en) * 1974-01-08 1975-07-17 Uwe C Seefluth Coin operated game - with apparent movements of objects stopped or changed by stroboscopic illumination
GB2147510A (en) * 1983-10-07 1985-05-15 Cirsa Comp Inversiones Sa Indicating module for gaming apparatus
DE4035757A1 (en) * 1990-11-08 1992-05-14 Bally Wulff Automaten Gmbh Coin operated gaming machine - has dice moved by mechanical transmission in pseudo random operation

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0577415A2 (en) * 1992-07-01 1994-01-05 Bell-Fruit Manufacturing Company Limited Machines for amusement and playing games
EP0577415A3 (en) * 1992-07-01 1994-10-26 Bell Fruit Mfg Co Ltd Machines for amusement and playing games.
ES2072188A2 (en) * 1993-03-23 1995-07-01 Gespamar Sl Improvements introduced on recreational machines with cash prizes.
EP1574936A1 (en) * 2004-03-08 2005-09-14 Giga Games System, SL Image processing device

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES2036509T1 (en) 1993-06-01
ES2036509T3 (en) 1995-12-01
GB9203873D0 (en) 1992-04-08
DE69203892T2 (en) 1996-04-11
GB2253154B (en) 1995-02-01
EP0501727B1 (en) 1995-08-09
DE69203892D1 (en) 1995-09-14
EP0501727A3 (en) 1992-10-14
GB9104100D0 (en) 1991-04-17
GB2253154A (en) 1992-09-02

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