Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M135/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium
  • C10M135/02—Sulfurised compounds
  • C10M135/04—Hydrocarbons
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07G—COMPOUNDS OF UNKNOWN CONSTITUTION
  • C07G99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
  • C07G99/002—Compounds of unknown constitution containing sulfur
  • C07G99/0022—Compounds of unknown constitution containing sulfur derived from hydrocarbons
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2219/02—Sulfur-containing compounds obtained by sulfurisation with sulfur or sulfur-containing compounds
  • C10M2219/022—Sulfur-containing compounds obtained by sulfurisation with sulfur or sulfur-containing compounds of hydrocarbons, e.g. olefines

Definitions

• the present invention relates generally to a dehydrohalogenation process and the products obtained therefrom.
• halogen is removed from an alkylene/sulfur halide complex.
• the invention relates to a process for the dehydrochlorination of an isobutylene/sulfur chloride complex and the dechlorinated product (i.e., the sulfurized olefin) obtained from such a process, as well as lubricants and concentrates containing the product as a performance improving additive.
• Sulfurized olefin compounds are widely produced and are known to be effective extreme pressure agents or load carrying additives for lubricating oils. (See U.S. Patent 3,703,504; 3,697,499 and 3,471,404.) These sulfurized olefins may be obtained by sulfohalogenating a hydrocarbon olefin with a sulfur halide such as a sulfur chloride to form an alkylene sulfohalogenated complex. This complex can be further sulfurized such as by treating with an aqueous alkali metal monosulfide solution (see U.S. Patent 3,703,504) and dehalogenating.
• a sulfur halide such as a sulfur chloride
• U.S. Patent 4,200,546 discloses a process wherein sulfurized olefins are obtained via a process which comprises sulfohalogenating an olefin with a sulfur halide in the presence of a catalytic quantity (i.e., 0.2-10 wt.% based on the halide) of a lower aliphatic alcohol having up to about 10 carbon atoms (e.g., methanol, ethanol, propanol, i-propanol, butanol, i-butanol, etc.) to form a sulfohalogenated organic intermediate, and thereafter sulfurizing and dehalogenating said intermediate in the presence of a substantial quantity of lower aliphatic alcohol, e.g., from 10 to about 50% by weight of the adduct by treatment with an aqueous alkali metal sulfide solution, or an aqueous alkali metal monosulfide solution (which can be derived, for example, from
• U.S. Patent 3,703,504 like the above referred to patent, discloses a process which comprises sulfohalogenating an olefin. The process is carried out with a sulfur halide in the presence of a catalytic quantity of a lower aliphatic alcohol to form a sulfohalogenated organic intermediate, and thereafter sulfurizing and dehalogenating said intermediate in the presence of a substantial quantity of a lower aliphatic alcohol by treatment with an aqueous alkali metal monosulfide solution derived from a spent aqueous alkali metal hydroxide effluent from hydrocarbon purification and having a substantial combined sulfur content in producing an organic sulfide of high combined sulfur content.
• U.S. Patent 3,706,724 discloses a process comprising (1) preparing a catalyzed chlorinated polyolefin by substantially uniformly admixing from about 0.25 to 0.5 part by weight of a Lewis acid per 100 parts of a comminuted chlorinated polyolefin (phr.), (2) maintaining the catalyzed chlorinated polyolefin in the form of a fluidized bed in the presence of a substantially inert gas and further in the presence of from about 2 to 5 phr.
• U.S. Patent 3,862,991 discloses a bis(beta-chloro-beta-arylaklyl)disulfide,which is made by reacting sulfur monochloride with a beta-arylolefin selected from the group consisting of styrene, alpha-methyl styrene, p-tert-butyl styrene, o-chlorostyrene, p-chlorostyrene, vinyltoluene, anethole, 1,2-dihydroanaph- thalene, acenaphthalene, 1-phenylcyclohexane and indene.
• a beta-arylolefin selected from the group consisting of styrene, alpha-methyl styrene, p-tert-butyl styrene, o-chlorostyrene, p-chlorostyrene, vinyltoluene,
• U.S. Patent 2,322,258 discloses heating an olefin with a solution of potassium hydroxide in a monohydric alcohol such as ethanol.
• a monohydric alcohol such as ethanol.
• Polyhydric alcohols and hydroxy ethers are used for splitting a hydrogen halide from the molecule of a halogenated organic compound with an alkali.
• sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide may be used as the alkaline reactant and the latter may be employed in solid form or dissolved in an alcohol or water, as desired.
• the invention generally relates to a dehydrohalogenation process whereby halogens are removed from the reaction product obtained when sulfurizing an olefin with a sulfur halide.
• the invention includes a process whereby chlorine is removed from the reaction product obtained by sulfurizing an olefin with a sulfur chloride.
• an olefin such as isobutene is reacted with a sulfur chloride to obtain an isobutene sulfur chloride complex.
• the complex obtained is then contacted with a protic solvent such as water and isopropyl alcohol in the absence of any metal, providing a sulfurized olefin product which is substantially free of chlorine or any ash (metal) containing contaminants.
• a primary object of this invention is to provide an improved dehydrohalogenation process.
• Another object is to provide an improved method for obtaining a sulfurized olefin composition.
• Another object of this invention is to provide a sulfurized olefin product produced by utilizing an improved dehydrochlorination process.
• a feature of the process of the present invention is that dehydrochlorination can be carried out in a manner which reduces waste by-products such as ash (metal) containing contaminants.
• An advantage of this invention is that it provides a dehydrohalogenation process which can be carried out in a simple, economical and environmentally advantageous manner.
• Another feature of this invention is that sulfurized olefin compositions obtained can be used in various lubricant oils and functional fluids.
• the dehydrohalogenation step of the invention may be carried out "in the absence of any metal ions.” This is intended to indicate that no metal contaminant salts which might form metal ions are added to the reaction. However, some contaminants may be present in trace amounts. The amounts of metal ions present would be expected to vary depending on the reactants used and their purity.
• dehydrohalogenation may be carried out "in the presence of a catalytic amount of metal ions.”
• a catalytic amount of metal ions This is intended to mean that metal ions are present in less than molar amounts based on the molar amount of complex being dehydrohalogenated and further that the catalytic amount present is present in its original form and amount at the end of the reaction, i.e. the catalytic amount does not alter the final product but only affects the rate of reaction.
• ash containing is a term of art meaning metal containing.
• a unique composition of sulfurized olefins is produced by a process in accordance with the present invention.
• the composition itself is a unique blend of molecules, which blend can only be obtained by the process of the present invention.
• the complexity of this unique blend of molecules requires such be described in terms of the process by which such is produced and/or by spectrographic analysis.
• the unique composition of the present invention is produced by the present inventive process which is surprisingly simple, efficient and economical.
• the present process involves combining an olefin with a sulfur halide compound to obtain an alkylene sulfur halide complex.
• the reaction product complex obtained is then subjected to a protic solvent in the absence of any metal, i.e., ash producing component.
• the halogens are thereby removed from the reaction product leaving a sulfurized olefin composition of unique character.
• An embodiment of the present invention as applied to specific molecules can be describes as a dehydrochlorination process of an isobutylene/sulfur monochloride complex, which complex is the reaction product obtained by reacting isobutylene with sulfur monochloride.
• the dehydrochlorination of the reaction product is carried out by subjecting this reaction product (i.e., isobutylene/sulfur monochloride complex) to heat in the presence of a protic solvent (preferably acetic acid, isopropanol and/or H 2 0) with or without a catalyst in order to effect dehydrochlorination.
• a protic solvent preferably acetic acid, isopropanol and/or H 2 0
• the product can be isolated and this step repeated in order to remove any remaining chlorine.
• sodium hydroxide and/or Na 2 S x is added in order to remove any remaining chlorine.
• the product may be further sulfurized by contacting the product with elemental sulfur in the presence of heat and a catalyst. After the initial contact is carried out, further processing may not be required if the halide content has been reduced to less than the desired maximum level, e.g. about 0.5% by weight.
• the essence of the invention is a dehydrohalogenation step.
• This step is generally carried out as a part of a process for producing a sulfurized olefin.
• the process generally involves reacting an olefin with a sulfur halide to obtain an alkyl/sulfur halide complex.
• This complex is contacted with a protic solvent to carry out dehydrohalogenation of the complex.
• a sulfurized product is obtained which is substantially free of any halide, i.e. the product obtained has had enough of the halide removed so that it is useful as a lubricant additive.
• the sulfurized product can be isolated and used as is after a single contact.
• a protic solvent e.g. an additional charge of water
• an inorganic caustic for example, sodium hydroxide, Na 2 S x and others.
• reaction products are isobutylene/sulfur chloride complexes in a variety of forms, the structure of one such complex might be as follows:
• reaction products are dehydrochlorinated compounds in a variety of forms, the structure of one such compound might be as follows:
• the resulting sulfurized compound is substantially free of chlorine.
• step #2 Isolate the sulfurized compound and add an inorganic caustic such as NaOH and/or Na 2 S x (wherein x is generally 1 or 2) to remove remaining CI or isolate the sulfurized compounds and repeat the dehydrohalogenation step, i.e. repeat step #2 above.
• the protic solvent may be water.
• phase separation can be carried out to remove the water and additional water added.
• the additional water can be removed and a dehydrating catalyst added and the mixture heated under vacuum, e.g. add a sulfonated polystyrene such as Amberlyst 15.
• Essential features of this specific embodiment of the invention are (1) contacting the isobutylene/sulfur monochloride complex with the protic solvent in the presence of heat in order to effect dehydrochlorination; and (2) carrying out dehydrohalogenation without the use of a metal containing reactant. These procedures increase the efficiency of the dehydrochlorination process and substantially eliminate ash containing waste products.
• olefinic substances may be charged to the initial sulfochlorination reaction including hydrocarbon olefins having a single double bond with terminal or internal double bonds and containing from about 2 to 30 or more, preferably 2 to 8 carbon atoms per molecule in either straight, branched chain or cyclic compounds, and these may be exemplified by ethylene, propylene, butene-1, cis and trans butene-2, isobutylene, diisobutylene, triisobutylene, pentenes, cyclopentene, cyclohexene, the octenes, decene-1, etc.
• C 3 - 6 olefins or mixtures thereof are desirable for preparing sulfurized products for use as extreme pressure additives as the combined sulfur content of the product decreases with increasing carbon content yet its miscibility with oil is lower for propylene and ethylene derivatives.
• isobutylene is particularly preferred as the sole olefinic reactant, but it may be employed, desirably in major proportion, in mixtures containing one or more other olefins; moreover, the charge may contain substantial proportions of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons as exemplified by methane, ethane, propane, butanes, pentanes, etc. Such alkanes are preferably present in minor proportion in most instances to avoid unnecessary dilution of the reaction, since they neither react nor remain in the products but are expelled in the off-gases or by subsequent distillation.
• mixed charges can substantially improve the economics of the present process since such streams are of lower value than a stream of relatively pure isobutylene.
• the other reactant in the first stage is the sulfurizing agent.
• This agent may be selected from compounds such as sulfur monochloride (S 2 CI 2 ); sulfur dichloride; and S 3 CI 2 as well as the corresponding but more expensive sulfur bromides.
• the sulfurizing agent may be employed in an amount which will provide the desired quantity of sulfur.
• the amount of sulfurization desired will vary depending on the end use of the product and can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.
• the molar ratio of olefin to sulfur halide will vary depending on the amount of sulfurization desired in the end product and the amount of olefinic unsaturation.
• the molar ratio of sulfur halide to olefin could vary from 1:(1-20).
• the olefin to be sulfurized contains a single double bond
• one mole of the olefin can be reacted with 0.5 moles or less of S 2 CI 2 (sulfur monochloride).
• S 2 CI 2 sulfur monochloride
• the olefin is generally added in excess with respect to the amount of the sulfur being added so that all of the sulfur halide will be reacted and any unreacted olefin can remain as unreacted diluent oil or can be removed and recycled.
• the reaction product is brought into contact with a protic solvent.
• the protic solvent may be water alone or a combination of water with a lower aliphatic alcohol or carboxylic acid containing from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, as exemplified by methanol, ethanol, propanol and isopropanol, hexanol and acetic acid. Of these, methanol, isopropanol and acetic acid are usually preferred.
• a solvent in amounts ranging from about 10 to 90% of the weight of the total solution may he utilized, but quantities on the order of 20 to 80% are usually preferred.
• the molar ratio of the protic solvent to the olefin/sulfur halide complex may range from (1-10):(1-10) but is preferably (1-5):(5-10) and more preferably about (1):(1).
• the solvolytic dehydrohalogenation step of the invention is carried out in the absence of ash containing (metal) contaminants. It is understood that small amounts of such contaminants may incidentally be present as impurities in one or more of the reactants.
• the protic solvent must thoroughly interact with the reaction product (i.e., the product obtained by reacting the olefin and sulfur halide) in an environment maintained completely free of all metal, i.e., free of all ash producing metal ions such a sodium ions.
• the protic solvent interacts with the olefin/sulfur halide complex and results in solvolytic dehydrohalogenation which removes 90% or more of the halide in the form of an acid HX where X is a halide such as chlorine or bromine.
• the solvolytic dehydrohalogenation is affected by the protic solvent resulting in a composition of sulfurized olefin which is substantially free of halide and any ash containing contaminants.
• Remaining halide can then be removed by the addition of compounds classified as "inorganic caustics" or by isolating the sulfurized olefin and repeating the solvolytic dehydrohalogenation one or more times.
• the reaction mixture When the chlorine has been reduced to the selected level, the reaction mixture is allowed to stand and separate into an aqueous hydrogen chloride layer and another liquid layer containing the desired organic sulfide product.
• the product is usually dried by heating at moderately elevated temperatures under subatmospheric pressure, and its clarity may often be improved by filtering the dried product through a bed of bauxite, clay or diatomaceous earth particles.
• the sulfurized product obtained from examples 1-20 can be added to an oil of lubricating viscosity.
• the amount of the sulfurized product being added to the oil will vary depending on the need of the lubricant and can be readily adjusted by one skilled in the art.
• the amount added might vary from 0.1 to 10%, preferably 0.25% to 5%, more preferably about 1 % to 3% by weight based on the weight of the oil.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
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• Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
• Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)

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Citations (5)

• 1988
  • 1988-03-11 EP EP19920104142 patent/EP0493368A3/en not_active Withdrawn

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