EP0482872B1 - Smoking article - Google Patents

Smoking article Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0482872B1
EP0482872B1 EP91309726A EP91309726A EP0482872B1 EP 0482872 B1 EP0482872 B1 EP 0482872B1 EP 91309726 A EP91309726 A EP 91309726A EP 91309726 A EP91309726 A EP 91309726A EP 0482872 B1 EP0482872 B1 EP 0482872B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
collection zone
smoking
smoking article
smoke
hot gases
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP91309726A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0482872A1 (en
Inventor
Peter John Molloy
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Rothmans International Services Ltd
Original Assignee
Rothmans International Services Ltd
Rothmans International Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=26297856&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=EP0482872(B1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Rothmans International Services Ltd, Rothmans International Ltd filed Critical Rothmans International Services Ltd
Publication of EP0482872A1 publication Critical patent/EP0482872A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0482872B1 publication Critical patent/EP0482872B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24DCIGARS; CIGARETTES; TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS; MOUTHPIECES FOR CIGARS OR CIGARETTES; MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS OR MOUTHPIECES
    • A24D1/00Cigars; Cigarettes
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24DCIGARS; CIGARETTES; TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS; MOUTHPIECES FOR CIGARS OR CIGARETTES; MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS OR MOUTHPIECES
    • A24D3/00Tobacco smoke filters, e.g. filter-tips, filtering inserts; Filters specially adapted for simulated smoking devices; Mouthpieces for cigars or cigarettes
    • A24D3/04Tobacco smoke filters characterised by their shape or structure
    • A24D3/045Tobacco smoke filters characterised by their shape or structure with smoke acceleration means, e.g. impact-filters

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a smoking article according to the first part of claim 1 relating to the prior art of DE-U-1 892 093 in which the smoking material can be tobacco or any other suitable material.
  • composition of the cigarette smoke aerosol is complex, containing many compounds in the particulate and vapour phases. It is possible to classify the compounds contained within the particulate phase into two fractions, these are the involatile and semivolatile fractions.
  • the semivolatile fraction can be defined as consisting of all of those compounds which evaporate from a chemically inert substrate heated to a temperature of 200°C.
  • a smoking article comprises a rod of smoking material and a filter portion, said filter portion including means for collecting particulate matter in the smoke from the rod of smoking material in a collection zone arranged in the upstream end of the filter portion, and means for heating said collection zone to release the semivolatile compounds of the smoke whilst allowing the involatile compounds to be retained in the filter.
  • the rod of smoking material includes a longitudinally extending passage to feed hot gases from the tip of the article when lit to the said collection zone.
  • the collection zone is provided by an impervious transversely extending member on which the particulate matter is deposited by the smoke from the smoking material.
  • the transversely extending member can be provided by a disc the centre portion of which provides said collection zone and which is surrounded by an exit opening or openings.
  • the disc is provided in a chamber into which smoke from the smoking material is delivered and into which the longitudinally extending passage feeds hot gases to the collection zone.
  • If desired means may be included for accelerating the hot gases from the passage into the collection zone.
  • the collection zone can be provided in a high retention filter element.
  • the high retention filter element can be spaced away from the end of the smoking material rod to form a chamber adjacent the collection zone and into which smoke from the smoking material is delivered and into which the longitudinally extending passage feeds hot gases to the collection zone.
  • a secondary filter element can be provided which is located at the mouth piece end of the article.
  • the passage in the rod of smoking material is formed by a low porosity/permeability tube.
  • the smoking article according to the invention comprises a rod 1 of smoking material, for example tobacco, carried in a paper outer wrapper 2.
  • the rod is provided with a longitudinally extending passage 3 formed by a tube of low porosity/permeability material 4 which may be made from paper or reconstituted tobacco sheet.
  • the tube may have a diameter typically in the range of 0.5 to 5 mm.
  • a filter 5 located within the paper wrapper 2 is a filter 5 at the mouth piece end and an impervious transversely extending member in the form of an impaction disc made of material which is temperature stable.
  • the materials from which the disc may be constructed include metals, for example aluminium, ceramics or plastics such as nylon, polyethylene, polypropylene or cellulose acetate.
  • the disc has a low thermal heat capacity and it may also have a low thermal conductivity, for example when constructed from a ceramic or from Nylon 66.
  • This disc 6 has a central impaction surface 7 which is surrounded by circumferential holes 8 typically of 1 mm diameter.
  • a chamber 10 is formed in which is located a second disc 11 which can also be made from a material selected from the examples given for the disc 6, and this may be the same as, or different from, that used in the construction of the disc 6 in a particular construction.
  • a second disc 11 which can also be made from a material selected from the examples given for the disc 6, and this may be the same as, or different from, that used in the construction of the disc 6 in a particular construction.
  • One or more (three are shown) small diameter holes 12 are provided in the disc 11 and these may typically be of 0.1 - 1 mm diameter and preferably 0.4 - 1 mm diameter. These holes act as acceleration nozzles in the manner to be described.
  • the impaction surface provided by the surface 7 is located typically 2 mm from the nozzles 12.
  • the passage 3 is located coaxially with the smoking material rod 1 but it could be displaced to one side if desired.
  • the means for collecting particulate matter in the smoke from the rod of smoking material is provided by a high retention filter element 15.
  • the element 15 is spaced away from the end 9 of the smoking material rod and the filter 15 is located in a chamber 10 in place of the disc 11.
  • the disc 6 is also dispensed with.
  • smoke from the rod 1 impinges on the front surface 16 of the filter 15 and the filter retains a fraction of the total particulate matter over the first few (ten) mm of filter material. This is indicated by reference numeral 17.
  • This retained total particulate matter is again heated by hot air or smoke drawn down the passage 3 as in the previous embodiment.
  • the second filter element 5 can be spaced away from the filter element 15 as shown or it may abut it. Once again the action of the hot air or smoke heats the deposited particulate matter and releases the semivolatile fractions which are then drawn through the filter 5.
  • the second filter element 5 may have an inclusion of activated carbon to reduce the concentration of some of the vapour components in the smoke aerosol.
  • ventilation air may be introduced through the wrapper 5 into the filter 17 through openings 18 to confine the aerosol and the hot air/smoke stream to the central part of the filter.
  • ventilation air may be introduced through the wrapper 5 through openings 19 to aerodynamically focus the aerosol onto the disc 6 to improve the efficiency of the filter.
  • ventilation air may also be used to cool the evaporated semivolatiles to facilitate recondensation before delivery to the smoker, for example through openings 20.

Landscapes

  • Cigarettes, Filters, And Manufacturing Of Filters (AREA)
  • Saccharide Compounds (AREA)
  • Nitrogen Condensed Heterocyclic Rings (AREA)

Description

  • This invention relates to a smoking article according to the first part of claim 1 relating to the prior art of DE-U-1 892 093 in which the smoking material can be tobacco or any other suitable material.
  • The composition of the cigarette smoke aerosol is complex, containing many compounds in the particulate and vapour phases. It is possible to classify the compounds contained within the particulate phase into two fractions, these are the involatile and semivolatile fractions.
  • The semivolatile fraction can be defined as consisting of all of those compounds which evaporate from a chemically inert substrate heated to a temperature of 200°C.
  • Many of the compounds which have been identified as contributors to the taste and flavour of cigarette smoke are contained within the semivolatile fraction. Also it is found experimentally that approximately 50% of the total particulate matter of cigarette smoke is semivolatile.
  • It is an object of the present invention to deliver to the smoker an enhanced concentration of semivolatile compounds in the smoke and a reduced concentration of involatiles, thus maintaining taste and flavour at lower total particulate matter yields.
  • According to the present invention a smoking article comprises a rod of smoking material and a filter portion, said filter portion including means for collecting particulate matter in the smoke from the rod of smoking material in a collection zone arranged in the upstream end of the filter portion, and means for heating said collection zone to release the semivolatile compounds of the smoke whilst allowing the involatile compounds to be retained in the filter.
  • Preferably the rod of smoking material includes a longitudinally extending passage to feed hot gases from the tip of the article when lit to the said collection zone. In one preferred embodiment the collection zone is provided by an impervious transversely extending member on which the particulate matter is deposited by the smoke from the smoking material.
  • The transversely extending member can be provided by a disc the centre portion of which provides said collection zone and which is surrounded by an exit opening or openings.
  • Preferably the disc is provided in a chamber into which smoke from the smoking material is delivered and into which the longitudinally extending passage feeds hot gases to the collection zone.
  • If desired means may be included for accelerating the hot gases from the passage into the collection zone.
  • In another embodiment the collection zone can be provided in a high retention filter element.
  • With this arrangement the high retention filter element can be spaced away from the end of the smoking material rod to form a chamber adjacent the collection zone and into which smoke from the smoking material is delivered and into which the longitudinally extending passage feeds hot gases to the collection zone.
  • A secondary filter element can be provided which is located at the mouth piece end of the article.
  • Preferably the passage in the rod of smoking material is formed by a low porosity/permeability tube.
  • The invention can be performed in various ways but two embodiments will now be described by way of example and with reference to the accompanying drawings in which :
    • Figure 1 is a cross-sectional side elevation of a smoking article according to the present invention;
    • Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view on the line II-II in Figure 1;
    • Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view on the line III-III of Figure 1;
    • Figure 4 is a cross-sectional view on the line IV-IV of Figure 1; and,
    • Figure 5 is a cross-sectional side elevation of another construction according to the invention.
  • As shown in Figures 1 to 4 the smoking article according to the invention comprises a rod 1 of smoking material, for example tobacco, carried in a paper outer wrapper 2. The rod is provided with a longitudinally extending passage 3 formed by a tube of low porosity/permeability material 4 which may be made from paper or reconstituted tobacco sheet. The tube may have a diameter typically in the range of 0.5 to 5 mm. Also located within the paper wrapper 2 is a filter 5 at the mouth piece end and an impervious transversely extending member in the form of an impaction disc made of material which is temperature stable. Examples of the materials from which the disc may be constructed include metals, for example aluminium, ceramics or plastics such as nylon, polyethylene, polypropylene or cellulose acetate. Preferably the disc has a low thermal heat capacity and it may also have a low thermal conductivity, for example when constructed from a ceramic or from Nylon 66. This disc 6 has a central impaction surface 7 which is surrounded by circumferential holes 8 typically of 1 mm diameter.
  • Between the inner end 9 of the tobacco rod 1 and the surface of the disc 6 a chamber 10 is formed in which is located a second disc 11 which can also be made from a material selected from the examples given for the disc 6, and this may be the same as, or different from, that used in the construction of the disc 6 in a particular construction. One or more (three are shown) small diameter holes 12 are provided in the disc 11 and these may typically be of 0.1 - 1 mm diameter and preferably 0.4 - 1 mm diameter. These holes act as acceleration nozzles in the manner to be described.
  • When the article is smoked and the end 13 is lit smoke passes into the chamber 10 and through the nozzles 12, the action of passing through the nozzles 12 increases the velocity of the smoke and assists in the impaction of the smoke against the impaction surface 7 on the disc 6. This causes particulate matter to be deposited in the area 7 and to act as a collection zone.
  • Hot gases from the burning tip pass down the passage 3, are accelerated through the holes 12 and impact on the surface 7 thus heating the collection zone and deposited particulate matter sufficiently to cause the release of the semivolatile compounds which pass radially outwardly with the smoke and through the openings 8 into the filter 5 and to the smoker. Some of the semivolatile compounds may be released as they enter the collection zone before impaction due to the heat in the collection zone.
  • The impaction surface provided by the surface 7 is located typically 2 mm from the nozzles 12. In the embodiment shown the passage 3 is located coaxially with the smoking material rod 1 but it could be displaced to one side if desired.
  • In the second embodiment as shown in Figure 5 the same reference numerals are used to indicate similar parts as in Figures 1 to 4. In this construction the means for collecting particulate matter in the smoke from the rod of smoking material is provided by a high retention filter element 15. The element 15 is spaced away from the end 9 of the smoking material rod and the filter 15 is located in a chamber 10 in place of the disc 11. The disc 6 is also dispensed with. In this arrangement smoke from the rod 1 impinges on the front surface 16 of the filter 15 and the filter retains a fraction of the total particulate matter over the first few (ten) mm of filter material. This is indicated by reference numeral 17. This retained total particulate matter is again heated by hot air or smoke drawn down the passage 3 as in the previous embodiment. The second filter element 5 can be spaced away from the filter element 15 as shown or it may abut it. Once again the action of the hot air or smoke heats the deposited particulate matter and releases the semivolatile fractions which are then drawn through the filter 5.
  • The second filter element 5 may have an inclusion of activated carbon to reduce the concentration of some of the vapour components in the smoke aerosol.
  • If desired ventilation air may be introduced through the wrapper 5 into the filter 17 through openings 18 to confine the aerosol and the hot air/smoke stream to the central part of the filter.
  • Similarly in the construction shown in Figure 1 ventilation air may be introduced through the wrapper 5 through openings 19 to aerodynamically focus the aerosol onto the disc 6 to improve the efficiency of the filter.
  • If desired ventilation air may also be used to cool the evaporated semivolatiles to facilitate recondensation before delivery to the smoker, for example through openings 20.

Claims (12)

  1. A smoking article comprising a rod of smoking material (1) and a filter portion (5), said filter portion including means (6) for collecting particulate matter in the smoke from the rod of smoking material in a collection zone arranged in the upstream end of the filter portion, characterized by means for heating (3) said collection zone to release the semivolatile compounds of the smoke whilst allowing the involatile compounds to be retained in the filter.
  2. A smoking article as claimed in claim 1 in which said rod of smoking material includes a longitudinally extending passage to feed hot gases from the tip of the article when lit to the said collection zone.
  3. A smoking article as claimed in claim 2 in which said collection zone is provided by an impervious transversely extending member on which the particulate matter is deposited by the smoke from the smoking material.
  4. A smoking article as claimed in claim 3 in which said transversely extending member is provided by a disc the centre portion of which provides said collection zone and which is surrounded by an exit opening or openings.
  5. A smoking article as claimed in claim 4 in which said disc is provided in a chamber into which smoke from the smoking material is delivered and into which the longitudinally extending passage feeds hot gases to the collection zone.
  6. A smoking article as claimed in claims 2 to 5 including means for accelerating the hot gases from the passage into the collection zone.
  7. A smoking article as claimed in claim 6 including means for accelerating the hot gases from the passage and the smoke into the collection zone.
  8. A smoking article as claimed in claims 6 and claim 7 in which the means for accelerating the hot gases or hot gases and smoke includes a disc of impervious material having one or more holes within the range of 0.1 to 1.0 mm diameter.
  9. A smoking article as claimed in claim 2 in which said collection zone is provided in a high retention filter element.
  10. A smoking article as claimed in claim 9 in which said high retention filter element is spaced away from the end of the smoking material rod to form a chamber adjacent the collection zone and into which smoke from the smoking material is delivered and into which the longitudinally extending passage feeds hot gases to the collection zone.
  11. A smoking article as claimed in claims 1 to 10 in which a secondary filter element is located at the mouth piece end of the article.
  12. A smoking article as claimed in claims 2 to 9 in which said passage in the rod of smoking material is formed by a low porosity/permeability tube.
EP91309726A 1990-10-26 1991-10-22 Smoking article Expired - Lifetime EP0482872B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9023368 1990-10-26
GB909023368A GB9023368D0 (en) 1990-10-26 1990-10-26 Smoking article
SG15695A SG15695G (en) 1990-10-26 1995-01-30 Smoking article

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0482872A1 EP0482872A1 (en) 1992-04-29
EP0482872B1 true EP0482872B1 (en) 1994-12-14

Family

ID=26297856

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP91309726A Expired - Lifetime EP0482872B1 (en) 1990-10-26 1991-10-22 Smoking article

Country Status (29)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0482872B1 (en)
JP (1) JPH04262773A (en)
CN (1) CN1061331A (en)
AP (1) AP247A (en)
AT (1) ATE115368T1 (en)
AU (1) AU644690B2 (en)
BG (1) BG60511B1 (en)
BR (1) BR9104585A (en)
CS (1) CS317291A3 (en)
CU (1) CU22191A3 (en)
CY (1) CY1832A (en)
DE (1) DE69105914T2 (en)
DK (1) DK0482872T3 (en)
ES (1) ES2068522T3 (en)
FI (1) FI915054A (en)
GB (1) GB9023368D0 (en)
GR (1) GR3015084T3 (en)
HU (1) HUT66931A (en)
IE (1) IE65380B1 (en)
IS (1) IS3766A7 (en)
MA (1) MA22324A1 (en)
MX (1) MX9101730A (en)
NO (1) NO176862C (en)
NZ (1) NZ240084A (en)
PL (1) PL167771B1 (en)
PT (1) PT8860U (en)
RU (1) RU2001591C1 (en)
SG (1) SG15695G (en)
ZA (1) ZA918002B (en)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8353298B2 (en) 2006-07-12 2013-01-15 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Smoking article with impaction filter segment
AU2008224550B2 (en) * 2007-03-09 2013-07-04 Philip Morris Products S.A. Smoking article with open ended filter and restrictor

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AU3202895A (en) * 1994-07-28 1996-02-22 Lorillard Tobacco Company Hollow smokable article
GB2296853A (en) * 1995-01-12 1996-07-17 Chiu Christopher Chi Wah Safety cigarette
GB9724872D0 (en) * 1997-11-26 1998-01-21 British American Tobacco Co Smoking articles
DK1535524T3 (en) * 2002-09-04 2013-01-07 Japan Tobacco Inc Smoking filter
US7987856B2 (en) 2005-12-29 2011-08-02 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Smoking article with bypass channel
US8240315B2 (en) * 2005-12-29 2012-08-14 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Smoking article with improved delivery profile
WO2007110650A1 (en) 2006-03-28 2007-10-04 Philip Morris Products S.A. Smoking article with a restrictor
JPWO2007116751A1 (en) 2006-03-30 2009-08-20 日本たばこ産業株式会社 Cigarette mainstream smoke treatment method and smoking tool
US20080047571A1 (en) * 2006-07-12 2008-02-28 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Smoking article with plate impactor
US8424539B2 (en) 2006-08-08 2013-04-23 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Smoking article with single piece restrictor and chamber
BRPI0603954B1 (en) * 2006-09-25 2014-05-20 Souza Cruz Sa SMOKING ARTICLE AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING A SMOKING ARTICLE
US8235056B2 (en) * 2006-12-29 2012-08-07 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Smoking article with concentric hollow core in tobacco rod and capsule containing flavorant and aerosol forming agents in the filter system
CA2675993C (en) * 2007-02-02 2012-09-18 Japan Tobacco Inc. Smoking appliance
JP2010094025A (en) * 2007-02-02 2010-04-30 Japan Tobacco Inc Smoking filter
TW200911138A (en) * 2007-03-09 2009-03-16 Philip Morris Prod Smoking articles with restrictor and aerosol former
JP5068817B2 (en) * 2007-05-28 2012-11-07 日本たばこ産業株式会社 cigarette
AR080556A1 (en) 2009-10-09 2012-04-18 Philip Morris Prod FILTER DESIGN TO IMPROVE THE SENSORY PROFILE OF ARTICLES FOR SMOKING WITH CARBON FILTER NOZZLE
US8424540B2 (en) 2009-10-09 2013-04-23 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Smoking article with valved restrictor
US8905037B2 (en) 2009-10-15 2014-12-09 Philip Morris Inc. Enhanced subjective activated carbon cigarette
TW201204272A (en) 2010-03-26 2012-02-01 Philip Morris Prod Smoking articles with significantly reduced gas vapor phase smoking constituents
GB201104788D0 (en) * 2011-03-22 2011-05-04 British American Tobacco Co Smoking article
GB2491358A (en) * 2011-05-31 2012-12-05 British American Tobacco Co Smoking device for generating an aerosol
US9326547B2 (en) * 2012-01-31 2016-05-03 Altria Client Services Llc Electronic vaping article
AU2015359136B2 (en) * 2014-12-08 2018-04-26 British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited A smoking article, a smoking article filter section and a method of manufacturing a smoking article
ES2717550B2 (en) * 2017-12-21 2020-02-28 Univ Alicante COMBINED FILTER FOR THE ELIMINATION OF TARS AND TOXIC COMPOUNDS OF TOBACCO SMOKE
IT201800010060A1 (en) * 2018-11-06 2020-05-06 Gd Spa Cigarette
CN113163855A (en) * 2018-12-07 2021-07-23 日本烟草产业株式会社 Non-combustion heating type smoking article, electric heating type smoking system and method for manufacturing non-combustion heating type smoking article
CN110720665B (en) * 2019-10-15 2021-11-05 南通醋酸纤维有限公司 Aerosol generating structure, preparation method and application

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8353298B2 (en) 2006-07-12 2013-01-15 Philip Morris Usa Inc. Smoking article with impaction filter segment
AU2008224550B2 (en) * 2007-03-09 2013-07-04 Philip Morris Products S.A. Smoking article with open ended filter and restrictor
CN101657114B (en) * 2007-03-09 2013-07-31 菲利普莫里斯生产公司 Smoking article with open ended filter and restrictor

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE69105914D1 (en) 1995-01-26
RU2001591C1 (en) 1993-10-30
NO914076L (en) 1992-04-27
FI915054A (en) 1992-04-27
CU22191A3 (en) 1994-01-31
NO176862C (en) 1995-06-14
CN1061331A (en) 1992-05-27
ES2068522T3 (en) 1995-04-16
DK0482872T3 (en) 1995-05-01
PT8860T (en) 1994-01-31
FI915054A0 (en) 1991-10-25
JPH04262773A (en) 1992-09-18
AU8554791A (en) 1992-05-14
DE69105914T2 (en) 1995-07-27
MX9101730A (en) 1992-06-05
AP9100331A0 (en) 1992-01-31
AP247A (en) 1993-03-14
NZ240084A (en) 1994-12-22
IE913717A1 (en) 1992-05-22
PL167771B1 (en) 1995-11-30
PL292172A1 (en) 1992-06-15
PT8860U (en) 1996-02-29
GB9023368D0 (en) 1990-12-05
MA22324A1 (en) 1992-07-01
CY1832A (en) 1995-12-01
CS317291A3 (en) 1992-12-16
HU913264D0 (en) 1992-01-28
AU644690B2 (en) 1993-12-16
HUT66931A (en) 1995-01-30
BR9104585A (en) 1992-06-09
GR3015084T3 (en) 1995-05-31
NO914076D0 (en) 1991-10-17
EP0482872A1 (en) 1992-04-29
BG60511B1 (en) 1995-07-28
IS3766A7 (en) 1992-04-27
SG15695G (en) 1995-06-16
ZA918002B (en) 1992-06-24
IE65380B1 (en) 1995-10-18
NO176862B (en) 1995-03-06
ATE115368T1 (en) 1994-12-15

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