EP0454540A1 - Wandler für die geführte Übertragungsmode elektromagnetischer Wellen, und elektronisches Rohr mit solchem Wandler - Google Patents

Wandler für die geführte Übertragungsmode elektromagnetischer Wellen, und elektronisches Rohr mit solchem Wandler Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0454540A1
EP0454540A1 EP91401002A EP91401002A EP0454540A1 EP 0454540 A1 EP0454540 A1 EP 0454540A1 EP 91401002 A EP91401002 A EP 91401002A EP 91401002 A EP91401002 A EP 91401002A EP 0454540 A1 EP0454540 A1 EP 0454540A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
mode
microwave
guides
guide
transition structure
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP91401002A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Georges Mourier
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Thales Electron Devices SA
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Thomson Tubes Electroniques
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Thomson Tubes Electroniques filed Critical Thomson Tubes Electroniques
Publication of EP0454540A1 publication Critical patent/EP0454540A1/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P1/00—Auxiliary devices
    • H01P1/16—Auxiliary devices for mode selection, e.g. mode suppression or mode promotion; for mode conversion
    • H01P1/163—Auxiliary devices for mode selection, e.g. mode suppression or mode promotion; for mode conversion specifically adapted for selection or promotion of the TE01 circular-electric mode
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J23/00—Details of transit-time tubes of the types covered by group H01J25/00
    • H01J23/36—Coupling devices having distributed capacitance and inductance, structurally associated with the tube, for introducing or removing wave energy

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a guided propagation mode converter of electromagnetic waves. It finds its applications in any microwave energy transport system by waveguide, and more particularly in systems where the microwave energy source supplies its energy in a complex structure mode.
  • the mode converter forming the subject of the present invention can be used on a microwave energy transmission line, but it can also be used directly at the output circuit of an electronic tube generating microwave energy; in this configuration, the converter is an integral part of the tube.
  • the invention also relates to a microwave tube comprising a mode converter according to the invention.
  • the source is often quite far from the plasma machine (Tokamak, Stellarator 7), which requires waveguides a few tens of meters long. Consequently, the propagation circuit must be designed to minimize the power losses in the metallic parts mirrors or walls of the waveguide, which obliges to choose propagation modes of simple structure and above all, in waveguide , TE01 mode ( Figure 1).
  • the waveguide must be greatly oversized in diameter relative to the wavelength of the energy at carry.
  • a guide of 6 cm in diameter for example, is capable of conveying this high power; however, this diameter represents 20 wavelengths, which means that the guide is capable of conveying very numerous modes of more or less complex structure.
  • the slightest anomaly in the guide structure easily causes a transition between modes of complex structure and identical high numbers or identical.
  • the propagation mode is further characterized by a quantity which is called the natural number n .
  • n 2 ⁇ .a.fc / C
  • microwave uses in the aforementioned case, plasma machines prefer the supply of microwave energy in a simple structure mode (such as TE01 mode, for example) (see fig. 1).
  • a simple structure mode such as TE01 mode, for example
  • the propagation in waveguide generates the least significant losses for the TE01 mode.
  • high power and high frequency sources generally provide their energy in a complex structure mode (Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 12) hence the need for a very high efficiency guided propagation mode converter.
  • mode transformers are known in oversized circular guide.
  • the mode transformation is obtained by periodic deformations of the walls of the waveguide over 1 or 2 meters in length (see Figure 4).
  • the object of the present invention is to produce a mode converter for electromagnetic waves which may be of high power or of high frequency or both, which does not have the drawbacks of the converters known from the prior art, as described below. above.
  • a converter according to the invention has a manufacture which is less complicated to carry out industrially: on the one hand, by its forms which are more accessible to traditional machining methods, and on the other hand, because the manufacturing tolerances are less critical by design converter.
  • a converter according to the invention makes it possible to obtain other advantages in a use at the output of a microwave tube of very high power of electromagnetic energy, which add to the advantages of converter alone when energy is produced at the source with a complex mode structure.
  • one of the problems in the design of a gyrotron is that the output of microwave energy is generally done by a microwave window positioned at the end of the electron collector (see Figure 5) on the axis of revolution of the tube and perpendicular to the mean direction of electron propagation in the tube; the microwave window must be able to withstand the very great power to be conveyed, on the one hand, and on the other hand it must be protected against accidental bombardment by energetic electrons which circulate in the tube from the electron gun to the collector.
  • a propagation mode converter is integrated in the construction of a microwave tube such as the gyrotron, for example.
  • the coupling of this converter is done on the side walls of the outlet cavity, and the power is conveyed by these couplings. That is to say that the single window, in the axis as shown in FIG. 5, is no longer necessary, because it can thus be replaced by several windows installed on the lateral guides which form part of the converter according to the invention (see Figure 9).
  • This characteristic of the invention adds to the advantages specific to the mode converter according to the invention, additional advantages such as the reduction in power to be conveyed through each window (on average), and the impossibility of electronic bombardment of these windows thanks to at their position far from the main axis of the tube and the average trajectory of the electrons along the axis.
  • the present invention proposes a converter for the mode of guided propagation of electromagnetic waves, comprising a so-called transition structure and coupling means between said transition structure and a waveguide capable of propagating the mode resulting from the mode conversion to be effected by said mode converter, and also comprising coupling means between said transition structure and a waveguide or a source of microwave electromagnetic energy, these coupling means being capable of propagating the mode to be converted using the converter object of the invention.
  • said transition structure comprises l waveguides, l being an integer greater than one, chosen as a function of the TE lm mode to be converted (m also being an integer greater than or equal to 1); these l guides being coupled at their two ends, by coupling holes, respectively to a source of microwave electromagnetic energy or to a waveguide in which a TE lm wave of complex structure is propagated, on the one hand, and on the other hand to a waveguide capable of propagating the mode resulting from the mode conversion.
  • said transition structure comprising l waveguides is coupled directly to the output cavity of a microwave tube generating microwave electromagnetic energy in a TE lm mode; and, according to another characteristic, said microwave tube is a gyrotron.
  • these guides are coupled to a second single central guide operating in a mode different from that of the first guide (or cavity).
  • the l guides are coupled directly to the outlet cavity of a microwave tube operating in TE lm mode and each waveguide comprises a sealed microwave window in vacuo and transparent to the electromagnetic microwave energy, so that microwave power P produced by said tube is conveyed by the guides through the windows and therefore the power that passes through each window is P / l on average.
  • the coupling between the azimuthal kinetic energy of the electrons and the microwave energy occurs in the cavity 55. After this interaction the electrons are collected on the walls of the collector 57 where their residual energy is converted into heat on impact with the walls, and evacuated by the cooling circuit 510,512.
  • the microwave energy is propagated in the collector, and must pass through the microwave window 58. This window is generally made of ceramic, and must be sealed against the internal vacuum of the turbe but transparent to the microwave energy.
  • the HF microwave energy is then delivered in the direction of the arrow, using the output guide 59, to the use circuit not shown.
  • FIG. 6a shows the physical coupler schematically in longitudinal section
  • FIG. 6b graphically shows the power transfer according to the length of the coupler.
  • the power P1 is introduced into the waveguide 1 which is oriented parallel to another waveguide 2, and the two guides are made integral in the coupling region of so that part of the wall of the guide 1 is contiguous with a corresponding part of the guide 2, at least over the entire length of the coupling region; practically, this can be achieved with a single wall which separates the two guides at least in the coupling region.
  • the graph in FIG. 6b shows, for an ideal coupler, the transfer of power P1 in the guide 1 to the guide 2 according to the length of the coupler; at the end of the coupling region of length L, the power P2 (L) is found in guide 2.
  • FIG. 7 schematically represents in cross section (7a) and perspective (7b) an example of an embodiment of a mode converter according to the invention; the section in FIG. 7a is representative and shows the configuration, for example, at the two points 7a indicated in FIG. 7b.
  • the circular guide G1 is supposed, in this embodiment of a mode converter according to the invention, to convey a microwave electromagnetic wave of complex mode, for example the TE41 mode shown in thumbnail, which will be converted into the desired mode in the guide circular G2 using the converter according to the invention, for example the TE01 mode shown in a thumbnail.
  • a number l of rectangular guides are attached to the wall of the guide G1, oriented parallel to the axis of the latter and distributed symmetrically around the periphery such that shown in Figure 7a.
  • the four rectangular guides are indicated by the references g1, g2, g3, g4; but only the guide g1 is shown completely, the other rectangular guides being identical to the latter.
  • the dimensions of the holes and the length L of the coupling are chosen according to several criteria, in particular: the intensity of the electric fields in the holes, which can lead to arcs, which is avoided by using a large number of small holes over a long length: presence of other modes in the guides at the operating frequency.
  • the excitation of these parasitic modes can be avoided if their phase speed is different from the phase speed of the modes used, because the phase differences with the unwanted modes change sign several times along the guides, which prevents the local excitations from constructively adding up.
  • the four rectangular guides are excited in phase because the field maps around the coupling points are identical, as seen on the thumbnail which represents the TE41 mode field lines.
  • the conversion from the excited mode in G1 to the four guides g1, g2, g3, g4 is complete; there is therefore no more power in G1.
  • a load constituted by an absorbent (hatched part on the abscissa drawing of B), preferably without reflection on any mode so as to avoid any reflection towards the generator, according to a usual technique for couplers .
  • the four guides g1, g2, g3, g4 are connected at A and at D to suitable loads, and the guide G2 is terminated by a load suitable for the abscissa of C.
  • the four guides g1, g2, g3, g4 are extended along a course generally having a sinuosity so as to be able to be joined to a guide G2 whose diameter will be different from that of G1.
  • these two guides theoretically propagate different modes and must have the same phase speed, which is also that of the four guides g1, g2, g3, g4.
  • G1 and G2 have the same diameter, but the four guides g1, g2, g3, g4 must then gradually change section between G1 and G2 instead of having a sinuosity.
  • the rule is that the four guides g1, g2, g3, g4 must have in the region between A and B the same phase speed as the mode transported by G1 (TE41 in the example of Figure 7) and, in that between C and D, the same phase speed as that transported by G2 (TE01 in this example).
  • the four guides can excite any mode having identical phases to regions separated by 90 °. But the local excitations of all the holes are added in phase only for the modes which have the same phase speed as the modes of the guides g1, g2, g3, g4 in this region.
  • TM11 mode (shown in thumbnail in Figure 7b) has the same cutoff frequency as the TE01 mode, therefore the same phase speed and, in this regard, is likely to draw part of the power intended for the mode TE01.
  • TM11 mode diametrically opposite points are in phase opposition, and the excitations by diametrically opposite holes in phase cancel each other out. This mode cannot therefore be excited.
  • G1 is excited in TE51 mode (shown in Figure 12) and still has four peripheral guides.
  • a mode converter according to the invention constructed with g lateral guides regularly spaced around the main guide (separated by 2 ⁇ / g radians), makes it possible to obtain a mode conversion between two initial and final modes whose indices azimuths differ from a multiple of g.
  • FIG. 8 represents an exemplary embodiment of a mode converter according to the invention.
  • the mode converter is connected to the not shown cavity of a gyrotron by the guide G1.
  • the space between B and C can be extended so that receive the electrons from the beams on the collector 87 which can be easily sized to dissipate the heat generated.
  • the circular guide G1 is supposed, in this embodiment of a mode converter according to the invention, to convey a microwave electromagnetic wave of complex mode originating from the cavity of a gyrotron, for example the TE41 mode shown in a thumbnail, which will be converted into the desired mode in the circular guide G2 using the converter according to the invention, for example the TE01 mode shown in thumbnail.
  • a number l of rectangular guides are attached to the wall of the guide G1, oriented parallel to the axis of this last and distributed around the edge symmetrically.
  • the four rectangular guides are indicated by the references g1, g2, g3, g4; but only the guide g1 is shown completely, the other rectangular guides being identical to the latter.
  • the microwave power is transferred from the guide G1 into the four guides g1, g2, g3, g4 by coupling holes; the azimuthal symmetry of order l of the propagation mode to be converted dictates an identical power distribution in the l rectangular guides.
  • the microwave power injected into the guide G1 can be found in full in the rectangular guides if the conditions listed in the description of Figure 7 above are met.
  • the dimensions of the holes and the length L of the coupling are chosen according to the same criteria as in the previous case.
  • the conversion from the excite mode in G1 to the four guides g1, g2, g3, g4 is complete; there is therefore no more power in G1. It is therefore not necessary, in the case of a converter connected directly to the output of a gyrotron as shown in Figure 8, to put a suitable load after region B, but it is preferable in the case where unwanted modes are generated by the gyrotron.
  • the distance between B and C can be chosen to give a sufficient dimension to the electron collector 87, depending on the power to be dissipated.
  • the four guides g1, g2, g3, g4 are connected at A and at D to suitable loads, as well as the guide G2 is connected to a load suitable for the abscissa of C.
  • the four guides g1, g2, g3, g4 are extended along a course generally comprising a sinuosity so as to be able to be joined to a guide G2 whose diameter will be different from that of G1.
  • these two guides theoretically propagate different modes and must have the same phase speed, which is also that of the four guides g1, g2, g3, g4.
  • G1 and G2 have the same diameter, but the four guides g1, g2, g3, g4 must then gradually change section between G1 and G2 instead of having a sinuosity.
  • the rule is that the four guides g1, g2, g3, g4 must have in the region between A and B the same phase speed as the mode transported by G1 (TE41 in the example of Figure 8) and, in that between C and D, the same phase speed as that transported by G2 (TE01 in this example).
  • FIG. 9 represents another example of embodiment of a mode converter according to the invention, identical to the embodiment of FIG. 8 with the exception of the microwave windows 98 placed on the lateral guides.
  • a mode converter is connected to the cavity (not shown) of a gyrotron by the guide G1, as in the previous example illustrated in FIG. 8, but in the embodiment in FIG. 9, the lateral guides g1, g2, g3, g4 are provided with microwave windows 98 which are sealed against the internal vacuum of the gyrotron, but which are transparent to microwave energy.
  • This solution makes it possible to cool the windows more easily than the conventional solution of a single microwave power output window, due to the reduced dimensions of these multiple windows and the lower power to be conveyed by each window, on the one hand, and on the other hand, peripheral access to these remote windows from the gyrotron itself is much easier to install the cooling equipment.
  • FIG. 10 shows another example of embodiment of a mode converter according to the invention, in a characteristic according to which the lateral guides are bent by 90 ° between the guides G1 and G2, so as to reduce the space requirement of the system along the axis of G1.
  • a problem to be solved in practical installations of gyrotrons is that the gyrotron operates, in general, in a vertical position, but distant from the load by distances of a few tens of meters in a lateral direction. Therefore, it is desirable to make a bend in the guide which connects the vertical outlet of the gyrotron with the load distant from the gyrotron.
  • making the elbows as an oversized guide is very delicate because these guides can propagate microwave energy in many modes.
  • the bend can easily cause mode conversions between these modes propagated by the oversized guide, to unwanted modes.
  • the elbows are made with a very large radius of curvature, which considerably increases the size of the system.
  • the guides g1, g2, ... g n are provided between G1 and G2 with phase shifters, or with additional lengths, so to modify the phases around G2, which offers numerous possibilities for changing the mode azimuthal index.
  • two lateral guides g1, g3 can be seen diagrammatically in longitudinal section, in the same configuration as in preceding FIGS. 7 to 9, with absorbent fillers A and D at the ends as in these previous cases.
  • a cut on the abscissa S shows that in this example, we consider a mode converter with three lateral guides. If we start with a wave in TE34 mode, for example, we can obtain TE10 mode at abscissa P.
  • phase shifters 111 By inserting different phase shifters 111 in the different lateral guides g1, g2, ... g n , it is possible to introduce different electrical lengths on the different guides; the same effect can be obtained with different physical lengths.
  • the resulting phase shift between the components carried in the different guides is chosen so as to change the azimuth index of the propagated wave; in the example in figure 11, the resulting wave after phase shift at P will be in TE01 mode.
  • the invention therefore has many applications which can be easily imagined by those skilled in the art.
  • the invention can be used as a mode converter on a microwave circuit, for example as an oversized waveguide for high powers and high frequencies, or directly on the output of a microwave source to obtain the mode of preferred propagation, or even as a mode filter because it prevents the propagation of unwanted modes.
  • the use of the invention in complicated systems intended to convey high powers of microwave energy at high frequencies can make it possible to simplify the practical implementation of its systems because the invention allows a certain freedom in the choices of the relative geometry of microwave sources and loads, without increasing the risk of conversion to parasitic modes.
  • the invention When used directly at the output of a gyrotron or other very high power microwave sources, the invention also makes it possible to overcome certain problems associated with microwave windows.

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EP91401002A 1990-04-27 1991-04-16 Wandler für die geführte Übertragungsmode elektromagnetischer Wellen, und elektronisches Rohr mit solchem Wandler Withdrawn EP0454540A1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9005402A FR2661559A1 (fr) 1990-04-27 1990-04-27 Convertisseur de mode de propagation guidee des ondes electromagnetiques et tube electronique comportant un tel convertisseur.
FR9005402 1990-04-27

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EP0454540A1 true EP0454540A1 (de) 1991-10-30

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0499514A1 (de) * 1991-02-12 1992-08-19 Thomson Tubes Electroniques Modenwandler und Leistungsteiler-Einrichtung für eine Mikrowellenröhre, und Mikrowellenröhre mit einer solchen Einrichtung
US5652554A (en) * 1993-06-15 1997-07-29 Thomson Tubes Electroniques Quasi-optical coupler with reduced diffraction
CN105869973A (zh) * 2016-05-11 2016-08-17 中国人民解放军国防科学技术大学 轴向输出圆极化te11同轴波导模式的紧凑型磁控管
CN115133242A (zh) * 2022-06-10 2022-09-30 中国人民解放军国防科技大学 一种从二极管方向注入的单端口模式转换器

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE964882C (de) * 1955-07-23 1957-05-29 Siemens Ag Vorrichtung zur Richtungsaenderung von Oberflaechenwellenleitungen
EP0122834A1 (de) * 1983-03-18 1984-10-24 Thomson-Csf Mikrowellen-Wellentypwandler

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS59131201A (ja) * 1983-08-04 1984-07-28 Nec Corp 広帯域モ−ド変換器
JPS6460001A (en) * 1987-08-31 1989-03-07 Nec Corp Polarized wave converting waveguide device

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE964882C (de) * 1955-07-23 1957-05-29 Siemens Ag Vorrichtung zur Richtungsaenderung von Oberflaechenwellenleitungen
EP0122834A1 (de) * 1983-03-18 1984-10-24 Thomson-Csf Mikrowellen-Wellentypwandler

Non-Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 13, no. 270 (E-776)(3618) 21 juin 1989, & JP-A-1 60001 (NEC CORP.) 07 mars 1989, *
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 8, no. 261 (E-281)(1698) 30 novembre 1984, & JP-A-59 131201 (NIPPON DENKI K.K.) 28 juillet 1984, *
RADIO ENGINEERING AND ELECTRONICS. vol. 2, no. 1, janvier 1957, WASHINGTON US pages 96 - 111; M.V.PERSIKOV: "Directional coupler for H01_waves in circular guide" *

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0499514A1 (de) * 1991-02-12 1992-08-19 Thomson Tubes Electroniques Modenwandler und Leistungsteiler-Einrichtung für eine Mikrowellenröhre, und Mikrowellenröhre mit einer solchen Einrichtung
US5652554A (en) * 1993-06-15 1997-07-29 Thomson Tubes Electroniques Quasi-optical coupler with reduced diffraction
CN105869973A (zh) * 2016-05-11 2016-08-17 中国人民解放军国防科学技术大学 轴向输出圆极化te11同轴波导模式的紧凑型磁控管
CN105869973B (zh) * 2016-05-11 2017-06-16 中国人民解放军国防科学技术大学 轴向输出圆极化te11同轴波导模式的紧凑型磁控管
CN115133242A (zh) * 2022-06-10 2022-09-30 中国人民解放军国防科技大学 一种从二极管方向注入的单端口模式转换器
CN115133242B (zh) * 2022-06-10 2023-09-26 中国人民解放军国防科技大学 一种从二极管方向注入的单端口模式转换器

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