EP0452584B1

EP0452584B1 - Nozzle means for rotary drill bits

Info

Publication number: EP0452584B1
Application number: EP90308487A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Craig R. Ivie; David E. Pearce
Original assignee: Camco International Inc
Current assignee: ReedHycalog UK Ltd; Schlumberger Technology Corp
Priority date: 1990-03-30
Filing date: 1990-08-01
Publication date: 1994-06-29
Anticipated expiration: 2010-08-01
Also published as: CA2022495A1; DE69010320D1; CA2022495C; DE69010320T2; EP0452584A1

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to improved nozzle means for rotary drill bits, and more particularly to improved nozzle means for directing drilling fluid first against the side wall of the formation being cut and then underneath the roller cutters of drill bits.
Heretofore, such as shown in U.S. Patent No. 4741406, various types of discharge nozzles for discharging drilling fluid against roller cutters of a rotary drill bit have been utilised. Some of the prior nozzles have been positioned to discharge drilling fluid in a direction toward the surface or side of the roller cutters and some of the nozzles have been positioned and constructed to discharge drilling fluid in a direction against the side wall of the bore hole. However, the arrangement of such discharge nozzles heretofore has not provided an optimum use of hydraulic cleaning action for the efficient cleaning of the hole bottom including the corner of the hole, while adequately cleaning the cutting elements.
A method to improve hole cleaning without extended flow channels is shown in SU-A-258972, forming the preamble of claim 1, where a rolling cutter drill bit has nozzle passages directed downwardly and radially outwardly against the side wall of the bore hole to strike above the bottom corner, providing an inwardly sweeping fluid stream having a high velocity across the corner and bottom of the well bore tangential to the formation surface. This design serves to clean solids away from the fracture openings at the surface of the formation, reduce the hold-down pressure on the fractured cuttings, and facilitate removal of dislodged cuttings by the high velocity fluid stream.
The most important area of the hole to adequately clean is the corner of the hole at the juncture of the side wall with the bottom where cuttings are most likely to pack particularly in so called sticky formations. Also the corner is stronger than the flat hole bottom and is more difficult to drill. It is also important to effectively clean the rest of the hole bottom. To most effectively clean the formation it is important to achieve a high tangential velocity sweeping across the surface of the formation, both at the corner of the hole and the bottom of the hole. Also in sticky formations the cutting elements need to be cleaned to more efficiently penetrate the formation. It has been found that it is most desirable to clean the formation and the cutting elements during engagement and just prior to engagement with formation.
Prior art drill bits have not effectively cleaned the corner of the hole and then effectively cleaned the hole bottom because they lack a high velocity flat stream sweeping across the corner of the hole and the hole bottom in a direction tangential to the hole bottom beneath the cutting elements of an adjacent roller cutter.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a rotary drill bit having a plurality of roller cutters with a plurality of concentric rows of cutting elements on each cutter, and nozzle means positioned on the drill bit to direct a high velocity liquid stream in a manner to provide an improved cleaning action particularly for the corner of the hole and the bottom of the hole. It is noted that dead spots for the drilling fluid along the bottom surface of the bore hole normally occur beneath the roller cutters and particularly at bottom areas where the cutting elements engage the bottom surface.
According to the invention there is provided a rotary drill bit for drilling a bore hole comprising: a bit body having an upper end adapted to be connected to a drill string for rotating the bit and for delivering drilling fluid to the bit, and having three integrally connected legs extending from the lower end thereof, each leg including a journal on the extending end thereof having a longitudinal axis extending downwardly and generally radially inwardly of said leg; a roller cutter mounted for rotation about the longitudinal axis of each journal and having a plurality of rows of cutting elements including an outer gage row; and a fluid channel on said bit body positioned between a pair of adjacent roller cutters closer to the bore hole side wall than to the axis of rotation of said bit and having a discharge port at a height above the intersection of the longitudinal axes of said journals with said legs for directing a stream of drilling fluid downwardly and outwardly for first striking the side wall and then being directed by the side wall in a sweeping action across the bore hole corner and bottom in a high velocity thin stream following the contour of the bore hole underneath the cutting elements of said one of the adjacent roller cutters during cutting engagement of the cutting elements with the bore hole ; characterised in that said fluid channel is provided with a nozzle (36A) and that said stream of drilling fluid is slanted toward said one adjacent roller cutter as measured in a direction at right angles to the radius of said drill bit, said stream of drilling fluid being inclined radially outward from said discharge port at an angle of between around 5 degrees and 35 degrees relative to the rotational axis of the drill bit the center of the volume of discharged drilling fluid, during operation of the bit in the bore hole, first striking the side wall of the bore hole at a location which is situated on the side wall of the bore hole at a height above the lowermost cutting elements in said gage row.
Preferably said discharge port for said nozzle is positioned to direct drilling fluid in a stream against the side wall for striking the side wall between around 1.27 cm (½ inch) and 10.16 cm (4 inches) above the lowermost cutting elements in said gage row thereby to flatten said stream for sweeping across the bore hole bottom.
The arrangement according to the present invention provides high velocity high volume drilling fluid across the bore hole bottom in a tangential direction beneath the cutting elements of the roller cutters during cutting engagement of the cutting elements with the bore hole bottom while also effectively cleaning the corner of the bore hole. This is accomplished as a result of the high velocity stream first striking the side wall above the lowermost cutting elements in the gage row of an adjacent roller cutter and then sweeping across the hole corner and hole bottom and beneath the cutting elements of the adjacent roller cutter in a relatively flat high velocity tangential stream during cutting engagement of the cutting elements with the hole corner and hole bottom. As a result, an improved rate of penetration is obtained, particularly in so called "sticky" formation.
It is noted that the gage row of each roller cutter is the row that most affects the rate of penetration of the rotary drill bit. The gage row normally has more cutting elements therein than the remaining rows. Also, the formation is stronger at the annular corner of the bore hole formed at the juncture of the horizontal bottom surface and the vertically extending cylindrical side surface of the bore hole formation. Thus, the gage row of cutting elements is the critical row in determining the rate of penetration.
Additionally, in a rotary drill bit having three roller cutters, a so-called "interlocking" row of cutting elements is provided immediately adjacent the gage row on at least one of the three roller cutters. The interlocking row includes cutting elements which are staggered and fit between the cutting elements of the gage row in radially offset relation. The interlocking row of cutting elements along with the gage row are thus provided for cutting the formation at its strongest area. It is desirable that maximum cleaning action by the pressurised drilling fluid be provided particularly for the cutting elements in such gage and interlocking rows, immediately prior to and during engagement of such cutting elements with the formation.
EP-A-0409387 describes a roller cutter drill bit in which a high velocity stream of drilling fluid is directed against the cutting elements in the gage row to provide an increased hydraulic action first against the cutting elements in the gage row and then sequentially against the bore hole bottom generally adjacent the corner of the bore hole.
The present invention likewise is directed to an improved hydraulic action for the cutting elements in the gage row. However, the drilling fluid is discharged in a direction toward an adjacent roller cutter with the center of the volume of drilling fluid first striking the side wall of the bore hole above the lowermost cutting elements of the gage row, and then turning at the hole corner to sweep inwardly underneath the cutting elements during cutting engagement of the cutting elements with the formation. The stream of drilling fluid is angled against the side wall and adjacent roller cutter in such a manner that the velocity of the drilling fluid sweeping under the cutting elements is not substantially reduced after striking the side wall of the bore hole so that adequate velocity is retained for sweeping under the roller cutter in a tangential direction across the corner and bottom surfaces of the hole away from the side wall. The high velocity stream after striking the side wall sweeps in a thin high volume stream beneath the cutter across the bottom hole surface to scour and clean the corner and bottom surfaces during engagement of the cutting elements. In order that the velocity not be substantially reduced after striking the side wall, it has been found that the stream of drilling fluid (i.e. the center of the volume of discharged drilling fluid) should be inclined radially outward at an angle preferably of around fifteen degrees with respect to the rotational axis of the drill bit. According to the invention an angle of at least around five degrees and not greater than around thirty five degrees would function satisfactorily under various operating conditions.
In addition, the stream of drilling fluid is slanted or skewed toward an adjacent roller cutter at a sufficient angle to provide a sweeping action from the side wall underneath the cutting elements of the associated cutter in a tangential flow path across the corner and bottom surfaces of the hole for the effective cleaning of the formation during engagement of the cutting elements. A slant angle toward the roller cutter of around twenty degrees has been found to be optimum for directing maximum fluid flow underneath the roller cutter and across the corner and hole bottom with minimal dispersal of the drilling fluid after striking of the side wall. A slant angle of at least around ten degrees and less than around thirty five degrees has resulted in improved penetration rates under various operating conditions.
It is desirable that a high velocity high volume sweeping action occur across the corner and bottom surfaces underneath the leading side of the trailing adjacent cutter including the gage row of cutting elements after the stream of drilling fluid strikes the side wall of the bore hole with a minimum loss of velocity and minimum dispersal of the drilling fluid. By maintaining maximum velocity and minimum dispersal after striking the side wall, a strong flow of fluid is provided across the corner and hole bottom underneath the cutting elements with the drilling fluid engaging the cutting elements immediately before and during cutting engagement of the cutting elements with the formation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS:

Figure 1 is a perspective of the rotary drill bit of this invention including three cones or roller cutters of a generally conical shape thereon and discharge nozzles along the outer periphery of the bit body;
Figure 2 is an axial plan view of the rotary drill bit of Figure 1 showing the three roller cutters with annular rows of cutting elements thereon and a nozzle between each pair of adjacent roller cutters;
Figure 3 is a generally schematic view of the stream of drilling fluid taken generally along line 3-3 of Figure 2 and showing the drilling fluid directed radially outwardly against the side wall of the bore hole for cleaning the corner of the bore hole and for sweeping across the bottom surface under the cutting elements of an associated roller cutter;
Figure 4 is a generally schematic view taken generally along line 4-4 of Figure 3 and showing the stream of drilling fluid slanted toward an adjacent roller cutter with a portion of the stream striking the cutting elements in the gage row immediately prior to engagement of the cutting elements with the formation for sweeping inwardly under the cutting elements across the hole bottom;
Figure 5 is a bottom plan, partly schematic, of the streams of drilling fluid first striking the side wall of the bore hole and then sweeping inwardly across the gage corner and then the hole bottom beneath the roller cutters during cutting engagement of the cutting elements with the formation;
Figure 6 is a perspective, partly schematic, showing the angled relation of the stream for minimizing reduction in velocity after striking the side wall and subsequent sweeping across the hole corner and bottom in a tangential direction beneath the adjacent cutter;
Figure 7 is a schematic side view illustrating the stream of drilling fluid discharged from the nozzle striking the side wall and then sweeping across the hole bottom in a thin tangential stream closely adjacent the bottom surface; and
Figure 8 is a schematic bottom plan view illustrating the flow of the high velocity stream shown in Figure 7.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION:

Referring now to the drawings for a better understanding of this invention, and more particularly to Figures 1-2, a rotary drill bit 10 is shown in Figure 1 comprising a central main body or shank 12 with an upwardly extending threaded pin 14. Threaded pin 14 comprises a tapered pin connection adapted for threadedly engaging the female end of a drill string (not shown) which is connected to a source of drilling fluid at a surface location.
Main body or shank 12 is formed from three integral connected lugs defining three downwardly extending legs 16. Each leg 16 has an inwardly and downwardly extending, generally cylindrical bearing journal 18 at its lower end as shown in Figure 3. Roller cutters 20A, 20B, and 20C are mounted on journals 18 for rotation and each roller cutter is formed of a generally conical shape. Each roller cutter 20A, 20B, and 20C comprises a generally conical body 22 having a recess therein receiving an associated bearing journal 18. A plurality of generally elongate cutting elements or inserts 26 have cylindrical bodies mounted in sockets within body 22 and outer tips extending from the outer ends of inserts 26. Cutting elements 26 may be made of a suitable powder metallurgy composite material having good abrasion and erosion resistant properties, such as sintered tungsten carbide in a suitable matrix. A hardness from about 85 Rockwell A to about 90 Rockwell A has been found to be satisfactory.
Cutting elements 26 are arranged on body 22 in concentric annular rows 28A, 28B, 28C, and 28D. Row 28D is the outermost row and comprises the gage row of cutting elements 26 that determines the final diameter or gage of the formation bore hole which is generally indicated at 30. Row 28C is adjacent to row 28D and comprises an interlocking row on cutter 20A. Cutting elements 26 on row 28C are staggered circumferentially with respect to cutting elements 26 on row 28D and a portion of cutting elements 26 on interlocking row 28C projects within the circular cutting path of row 28D. Thus, the cutting paths of the cutting elements 26 on rows 28C and 28D of roller cutter 20A overlap. It is noted that cutters 20B and 20C do not have interlocking rows as adjacent rows 28B are spaced substantially inward of row 28D and cutting elements 26 on row 28B do not project within the cutting path of row 28D for cutters 20B and 20C. In some instances, it may be desirable to provide two cutters or possibly all of the cutters with interlocking rows of cutting elements.
Bore hole 30 includes a horizontal bottom surface as portion 32 and an adjacent cylindrical side wall 34 extending vertically generally at right angles to horizontal bottom 32. The corner or juncture of horizontal bottom 32 and cylindrical side wall 34 is shown at 35. The cutting elements 26 on gage row 28D engage the formation in cutting relation generally at the corner or juncture 35 formed by the generally horizontal bottom 32 and the vertical side wall 34.
To provide high velocity drilling fluid for the improved cleaning action, particularly for the gage row 28D and adjacent interlocking row 28C of cutting elements 26, a directed nozzle fluid system is provided. The fluid system includes a plurality of nozzles indicated at 36A, 36B, and 36C with a nozzle positioned on bit body 12 between each pair of adjacent roller cutters. Each nozzle 36 has a drilling fluid passage 38 thereto from the drill string which provides high velocity drilling fluid for discharge from port 37.
For the purposes of illustrating the positioning and angling of the nozzles and associated orifices for obtaining the desired angling of the discharged streams of drilling fluid, reference is made particularly to Figures 3-6 in which nozzle 36A and roller cutter 20A are illustrated. It is to be understood that nozzles 36B and 36C function in a similar manner for respective roller cutters 20B and 20C.
Nozzle 36A has a nozzle body 40 defining a discharge orifice or port 37 for directing a fluid stream therefrom as shown at 44. Fluid stream 44 is shown of a symmetrical cross section and having a fan angle of around five to twenty degrees for example about the entire circumference of the stream with the centerline of the volume of discharged fluid shown at 45. Other fan angles or non-symmetrical cross sections for fluid stream 44 may be provided, if desired. The rotational axis of cutter 20A is shown at 46 in Figure 3 and axis 46 intersects leg 16 at point 48. Nozzle 36A preferably is positioned with discharge orifice or port 37 at a height below the uppermost surface of roller cutter 20 as shown in Figure 3 and at least at a height above the intersection point 48 of the rotational axis 46 of roller cutter 20A with leg 16 as shown at H1. At the jet or orifice exit, the drilling fluid has a maximum velocity and minimal cross sectional area. As the stream or jet travels from the exit point, the stream loses velocity and increases in cross sectional area. A reduction in velocity reduces the cleaning effectiveness of the stream of drilling fluid. A suitable height should provide an adequate flow zone from the distribution of the stream with a sufficient velocity and dispersion to effectively clean the cutting elements and the formation.
It is desirable for the sweeping of the drilling fluid stream inwardly beneath the cutting elements on the associated cutter 20A that the drilling fluid stream 44 first contact the side wall 34 of the bore hole 40. Fluid stream 44 is inclined radially outward at an angle A as shown in Figures 3 and 7 of an optimum of around fifteen degrees. Angle A may be between five degrees and thirty five degrees and function satisfactory. If angle A is over around thirty five degrees, the velocity of the drilling fluid stream 44 is materially reduced from the deflection of the stream after striking side wall 34 which is undesirable for the subsequent sweeping tangential action beneath the cutting elements during the cutting operation.
In addition, it is desirable for the centerline of flow stream 44 to strike the side wall at a predetermined height above the lowermost cutting elements in the gage row 28D. A height H as shown in Figure 3 of around 3.81 cm (1-1½ inches) for a bit diameter of 22.23 cm (8-3/4 inches) has been found to be optimum. Height H is preferably at least around 1.27 (½ inch) and may be substantially higher than 3.81 cm (1½ inches) dependent somewhat on the angle A of radial inclination. With a small amount of radial inclination such as 5 degrees, a greater height of impact could be provided. However, in order to obtain a maximum velocity stream in a direction tangential to the formation surface with a maximum volume for sweeping across bottom surface 32 underneath cutter 20A height H should not be above around 10.16 cm (4 inches). It is further noted that side wall 34 tends to flatten stream 44 into a stream for sweeping across bottom surface 32. As shown particularly in Figure 7, for example, stream 44 is of a generally frustoconical shape from port 37 to side wall 34 as shown at 44A. After striking side wall 34, stream 44 is converted into a flat generally elliptical cross section at 44B for sweeping across the curved surface of the hole corner and hole bottom at a high velocity in a direction tangential to the surface of the formation.
In order for the drilling fluid stream 44 to gain access to sweep under the cutting elements of roller cutter 20A and particularly gage row 28D and interlocking row 28C during cutting engagement, it is desirable to slant or skew stream 44 toward the leading side of the trailing cutter 20A. The slant angle B as measured in a direction perpendicular to the radial plane through the axis of drill bit 10 and the nozzle exit port 37 is preferably around twenty degrees as shown particularly in Figure 4. A side portion of stream 44 contacts the projecting ends of cutting elements 26 in gage row 28D and interlocking row 28C for cleaning the gage and interlocking rows immediately before the cutting elements 26 in rows 28C and 28D engage the formation in cutting relation and before impingement of the stream 44 against side wall 34. After striking side wall 34, stream 44 is directed by side wall 34 around the gage corner 35 and then inwardly across bottom surface 22 tangential to the formation surface beneath cutting elements 26 of roller cutter 20A, particularly gage row 28D and interlocking row 28C. Thus, after striking side wall 34, stream 44 closely follows the contour of corner 35 and bottom surface 32 in a thin high velocity stream thereby providing a relatively thin high velocity stream sweeping across corner 35 and bottom surface 32 for cleaning and scouring the surface immediately before and during cutting engagement of the cutting elements 26 of roller cutter 20A and particularly the interlocking and gage rows 28C and 28D.
From the foregoing, it is apparent that an improved cleaning and hydraulic action is provided by the positioning and angling of a stream of drilling fluid from a discharge nozzle positioned between a pair of adjacent roller cutters. The stream is inclined radially outwardly and slanted toward an adjacent roller cutter at precise predetermined angles in order to obtain the desired cleaning effect by the high velocity fluid first striking the side wall of the bore hole and then sweeping inwardly in a thin tangential stream closely following the contour of the formation around the gage corner and across the bottom surface of the bore hole beneath the cutting elements of the adjacent cutter while the cutting elements are in cutting engagement with the formation.
While a preferred embodiment of the present invention has been illustrated, it is apparent that modifications and adaptations of the preferred embodiment will occur to those skilled in the art. However, it is to be expressly understood that such modifications and adaptations are within the scope of the present invention as set forth in the following claims.

Claims

A rotary drill bit (10) for drilling a bore hole (30) comprising:
a bit body (12) having an upper end adapted to be connected to a drill string for rotating the bit and for delivering drilling fluid to the bit, and having three integrally connected legs (16) extending from the lower end thereof, each leg (16) including a journal (18) on the extending end thereof having a longitudinal axis extending downwardly and generally radially inwardly of said leg;
a roller cutter (20A, 20B, 20C) mounted for rotation about the longitudinal axis of each journal and having a plurality of rows (28A, 28B, 28C, 28D) of cutting elements (26) including an outer gage row (28D); and
a fluid channel on said bit body positioned between a pair of adjacent roller cutters (20A, 20B) closer to the bore hole side wall than to the axis of rotation of said bit and having a discharge port (37) at a height above the intersection of the longitudinal axes of said journals with said legs for directing a stream of drilling fluid downwardly and outwardly for first striking the side wall and then being directed by the side wall in a sweeping action across the bore hole corner and bottom in a high velocity thin stream following the contour of the bore hole underneath the cutting elements of said one of the adjacent roller cutters (20A) during cutting engagement of the cutting elements (26) with the bore hole;
characterised in that said fluid channel is provided with a nozzle (36A) and that said stream of drilling fluid is slanted toward said one adjacent roller cutter (20A) as measured in a direction at right angles to the radius of said drill bit, said stream of drilling fluid being inclined radially outward from said discharge port (37) at an angle (A) of between around 5 degrees and 35 degrees relative to the rotational axis of the drill bit with the center (45) of the volume of discharged drilling fluid, during operation of the bit in the bore hole, first striking the side wall of the bore hole at a location which is situated on the side wall of the bore hole at a height (H) above the lowermost cutting elements in said gage row.
A rotary drill bit (10) as set forth in Claim 1 characterised in that said stream of drilling fluid is slanted toward the leading side of the trailing cutter (20A) of said pair of adjacent roller cutters.
A rotary drill bit (10) as set forth in Claim 1 characterised in that at least a side portion of said stream of drilling fluid contacts the cutting elements (26) in said gage row (28D) prior to striking said side wall.
A rotary drill bit (10) as set forth in Claim 1 characterised in that said discharge port (37) for said nozzle is positioned to direct drilling fluid in a stream against the side wall (34) for striking the side wall between around 1.27 cm (½ inch) and 10.16 cm (4 inches) above the lowermost cutting elements (26) in said gage row (28D) thereby to flatten said stream for sweeping across the bore hole bottom.
A rotary drill bit (10) as set forth in Claim 1 characterised in that said stream of drilling fluid is slanted toward said one adjacent roller cutter (20A) at an angle (B) of at least around 10 degrees and less than around 35 degrees as measured in a direction at right angles to the radius of said drill bit.