EP0423886A1 - Tube photomultiplicateur multivoies à fort pouvoir de résolution entre signaux - Google Patents

Tube photomultiplicateur multivoies à fort pouvoir de résolution entre signaux Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0423886A1
EP0423886A1 EP90202717A EP90202717A EP0423886A1 EP 0423886 A1 EP0423886 A1 EP 0423886A1 EP 90202717 A EP90202717 A EP 90202717A EP 90202717 A EP90202717 A EP 90202717A EP 0423886 A1 EP0423886 A1 EP 0423886A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
holes
electrode
dynode
emitting
photomultiplier tube
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP90202717A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Jean-Pierre Société Civile S.P.I.D. Boutot
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Photonis SAS
Koninklijke Philips NV
Original Assignee
Photonis SAS
Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken NV
Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Photonis SAS, Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken NV, Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV filed Critical Photonis SAS
Publication of EP0423886A1 publication Critical patent/EP0423886A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J43/00—Secondary-emission tubes; Electron-multiplier tubes
    • H01J43/04—Electron multipliers
    • H01J43/06—Electrode arrangements
    • H01J43/18—Electrode arrangements using essentially more than one dynode
    • H01J43/22—Dynodes consisting of electron-permeable material, e.g. foil, grid, tube, venetian blind
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J43/00—Secondary-emission tubes; Electron-multiplier tubes
    • H01J43/04—Electron multipliers

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a photomultiplier tube with N parallel paths, comprising an input window and an electron multiplier of the "hole plate” type, partitioned into N elementary multipliers, and the first stage of which comprises an input electrode and a first emitting electrode.
  • the invention finds a particularly advantageous application in the field of nuclear physics and, more particularly, in the detection and precise localization of elementary particles.
  • European patent No. 0 131 339 discloses a photomultiplier tube conforming to the preamble, the first emitting electrode of which is a first emitting half-dynode, and the upper stages of which, beyond the first stage, consist of dynodes formed by two half dynodes appearing, like the first emitting half-dynode, as conductive plates pierced with holes; the first half-dynode is an extracting half-dynode, while the second half-dynode, provided with secondary emission, is the transmitting half-dynode.
  • the two half-dynodes of the same dynode are designed to be brought to substantially the same electrical potential and, in operation, one of the roles played by the extracting half-dynode is to attract towards the emitting half-dynode, by passing them through its own holes, the secondary electrons produced on the walls of the holes of the preceding emitting half-dynode, itself brought to a lower electrical potential.
  • the extracting half-dynode and the preceding transmitting half-dynode with which it is associated are placed at a short distance from each other and have the same structure in the sense that their respective holes correspond.
  • the extractor half-dynode is not, a plate with holes like the other half-dynodes of the multiplier, but is an input electrode constituted by a simple or double grid of high transparency with respect to photoelectrons, emitted by the photocathode deposited on the input window, and that said input electrode is responsible for attracting, for secondary multiplication, the first emitting half-dynode.
  • each extracting half-dynode also serves to electrically shield the emitting half-dynode of the same pair so that the electric field in the space between these two half-dynodes is weak, with the near field created by the following extracting half-dynode associated with said transmitting half-dynode.
  • the secondary electrons produced by the emitting half-dynode would be subjected as of their exit to an excessive electric field which would make them immediately fall back at the same place where they were created.
  • the hole plate electron multiplier is placed in the vicinity immediately from the photocathode. In this way, any photon reaching a given elementary photocathode produces photoelectrons which will all be collected by the corresponding elementary multiplier.
  • the technical problem to be solved by the object of the present invention is to produce a photomultiplier tube conforming to the preamble which would not exhibit crosstalk at the level of the first stage, while maintaining the essential proximity focusing of the tube known from the 'state of the art.
  • the solution to the technical problem posed consists, according to the present invention, in that the walls of the holes of the first emitting electrode are covered with a photoemissive material.
  • the invention amounts to carrying out the transduction of incident photons into photoelectrons not on a photocathode deposited in a conventional manner on the entry window of the photomultiplier tube, but on the holes of the first emitting electrode itself whose function, instead of multiplying incident electrons, is then to produce photoelectrons whose particularity is to have all a low initial speed which does not allow them to cross the first emitting electrode by another hole than where they were created.
  • the characteristic technical effect resulting from the invention is therefore to avoid the phenomenon of "elastic rebound" observed in the known tube described above, and, consequently, not to cause crosstalk on the first stage of the electron multiplier. , in accordance with the objective assigned with regard to the technical problem posed.
  • the input electrode associated with the first emitting electrode no longer plays the role of extraction of the photoelectrons, as in the known tube, since these are produced downstream and no longer in upstream of said input electrode. By cons, it still retains its role of shielding the first emitting electrode, become photocathode in accordance with the provisions of the present invention.
  • the input electrode In order to obtain maximum sensitivity, the input electrode must offer the greatest optical transparency.
  • said input electrode may be in the form of a conductive grid similar to that already used in the prior art, but for which the required transparency was exercised in an equivalent manner with respect to the incident photoelectrons.
  • the optical transmission of the input stage of the tube can then be further improved when, according to the invention, the input electrode is a conductive grid made up of wires arranged opposite the holes of the first emitting electrode and reflecting the incident light towards the walls of said holes.
  • the input electrode is made of a thin layer of a conductive material deposited on the input window. This particular embodiment has the advantage of being easy and inexpensive to implement.
  • the transduction efficiency of the photocathode of the photomultiplier tube according to the invention can be further increased if the walls of the holes of the first emitting electrode include a layer of reflective material on which said photoemissive material is deposited. In this way, the path of the incident light through the photoemissive material is elongated by reflection, which tends to increase the probability of transformation of photons into photoelectrons.
  • FIG. 1 represents, in section, a photomultiplier tube with N parallel channels, N being able to reach 64 for example.
  • This tube has an entry window 10, made of glass or quartz, and an electron multiplier 20 of the "hole plate” type, partitioned into N elementary multipliers 20a.
  • the first stage of the electron multiplier 20 comprises an input electrode 30 and a first emitting electrode 40.
  • dynodes made up of two half-dynodes in the form of plates with holes, of which l one, such as D′2 or D′3, is the extracting half-dynode, and the other, like D2 or D3, is the emitting half-dynode which, endowed with secondary emission, has the role of multiplying the incident electrons on the walls of its holes.
  • the two half-dynodes of the same dynode are brought to the same electrical potential, while each dynode is brought to an electrical potential greater than that of the preceding dynode.
  • the emitting half-dynodes 40, D2, D3, ... are separated from the following extracting half-dynodes D′2, D′3, ..., by insulating spacers 60, like small balls of resin for example.
  • the N elementary multipliers 20a lead to N adjacent anodes 60a and are separated from each other by partitions 21a which are electron-tight, produced by masking and photoengraving.
  • the walls 41 of the holes 42 of said first emitting electrode 40 are covered with a photoemissive material 43.
  • said photoemissive material can be an alkaline antimonide composed of antimony and one or more alkalines from potassium, sodium and cesium.
  • the first emitting electrode 40 then plays the role of photocathode which transforms incident photons 70 into photoelectrons 71 whose initial speed is not sufficient to pass from one hole to another, and which, consequently, cannot cause crosstalk between the tracks.
  • the input electrode 30 is made of a thin layer of conductive material deposited on the input window 30.
  • This input electrode ensures good optical transparency with respect to incident photons 70 and, on the other hand, being brought to an electrical potential equal to or slightly lower than that of the first emitting electrode 40, it ensures the shielding of said first emitting electrode so as to avoid the return of the photoelectrons 71 on the walls 41 of the holes 42.
  • FIG. 2 shows another embodiment of the invention in which the walls 41 of the holes 42 of the first emitting electrode 40 comprise a layer 44 of a reflective material on which said photoemissive material 43 is deposited.
  • the reflective layer 44 can be, for example, made up of aluminum.
  • the input electrode 30 is a conductive grid made up of wires 31 arranged opposite the holes 42 of the first emitting electrode 40, said wires 31 have a shape such that 'They reflect the incident light 70 on the walls 41 of said holes.
  • the optical transparency of the grid 30 is then increased, as well as the efficiency of the photomultiplier tube according to the invention.

Landscapes

  • Photometry And Measurement Of Optical Pulse Characteristics (AREA)
  • Common Detailed Techniques For Electron Tubes Or Discharge Tubes (AREA)
  • Electroluminescent Light Sources (AREA)
EP90202717A 1989-10-17 1990-10-12 Tube photomultiplicateur multivoies à fort pouvoir de résolution entre signaux Withdrawn EP0423886A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8913541 1989-10-17
FR8913541A FR2653269B1 (fr) 1989-10-17 1989-10-17 Tube photomultiplicateur multivoies a fort pouvoir de resolution entre signaux.

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0423886A1 true EP0423886A1 (fr) 1991-04-24

Family

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP90202717A Withdrawn EP0423886A1 (fr) 1989-10-17 1990-10-12 Tube photomultiplicateur multivoies à fort pouvoir de résolution entre signaux

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0423886A1 (ja)
JP (1) JPH03147240A (ja)
FR (1) FR2653269B1 (ja)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0686996A1 (en) * 1994-06-06 1995-12-13 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Photomultiplier
GB2293685A (en) * 1994-09-29 1996-04-03 Era Patents Ltd Photomultipliers
FR2733629A1 (fr) * 1995-04-26 1996-10-31 Philips Photonique Multiplicateur d'electrons pour tube photomultiplicateur a plusieurs voies
WO2014146673A1 (en) * 2013-03-22 2014-09-25 Cern - European Organization For Nuclear Research A wall-less electron multiplier assembly

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5572089A (en) * 1993-04-28 1996-11-05 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Photomultiplier for multiplying photoelectrons emitted from a photocathode
EP0622828B1 (en) * 1993-04-28 1997-07-09 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Photomultiplier
DE69406709T2 (de) * 1993-04-28 1998-04-02 Hamamatsu Photonics Kk Photovervielfacher

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2104171A5 (ja) * 1970-08-13 1972-04-14 Philips Nv
EP0043629A1 (en) * 1980-07-09 1982-01-13 Philips Electronics Uk Limited Channel plate electron multiplier

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2104171A5 (ja) * 1970-08-13 1972-04-14 Philips Nv
EP0043629A1 (en) * 1980-07-09 1982-01-13 Philips Electronics Uk Limited Channel plate electron multiplier

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE. vol. NS-32, no. 1, February 1985, NEW YORK US pages 427 - 432; J G Timothy: "Electronic readout systems for microchannel plates" *
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE. vol. NS-34, no. 1, February 1987, NEW YORK US pages 449 - 452; J P Boutot et al.: "Multianode photomultiplier for detection and localization of low level events" *

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0686996A1 (en) * 1994-06-06 1995-12-13 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Photomultiplier
US5801511A (en) * 1994-06-06 1998-09-01 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Photomultiplier
GB2293685A (en) * 1994-09-29 1996-04-03 Era Patents Ltd Photomultipliers
GB2293685B (en) * 1994-09-29 1998-02-04 Era Patents Ltd Photomultiplier
FR2733629A1 (fr) * 1995-04-26 1996-10-31 Philips Photonique Multiplicateur d'electrons pour tube photomultiplicateur a plusieurs voies
WO2014146673A1 (en) * 2013-03-22 2014-09-25 Cern - European Organization For Nuclear Research A wall-less electron multiplier assembly

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH03147240A (ja) 1991-06-24
FR2653269B1 (fr) 1992-05-22
FR2653269A1 (fr) 1991-04-19

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