EP0415849B1 - Printing sheet - Google Patents
Printing sheet Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0415849B1 EP0415849B1 EP19900402397 EP90402397A EP0415849B1 EP 0415849 B1 EP0415849 B1 EP 0415849B1 EP 19900402397 EP19900402397 EP 19900402397 EP 90402397 A EP90402397 A EP 90402397A EP 0415849 B1 EP0415849 B1 EP 0415849B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- parts
- ink
- printing
- copolymer
- printing sheet
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
- B41M5/00—Duplicating or marking methods; Sheet materials for use therein
- B41M5/50—Recording sheets characterised by the coating used to improve ink, dye or pigment receptivity, e.g. for ink-jet or thermal dye transfer recording
- B41M5/52—Macromolecular coatings
- B41M5/5254—Macromolecular coatings characterised by the use of polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. vinyl polymers
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an improved printing sheet having good ink adhesive properties, sheet running properties, anti-blocking properties, etc., and more particularly relates to an improved printing sheet having good adhesive properties when used with ultraviolet-curable ink (hereinafter, "ultraviolet-curable ink” is referred to as “UV ink”).
- ultraviolet-curable ink hereinafter, "ultraviolet-curable ink” is referred to as "UV ink”
- the printing sheet requires, in particular, the property of adhering well to cured UV ink. Additionally, general required properties such as sheet running properties, anti-blocking properties, producing uniform spread of the ink over the surface of the sheet, as well as antistatic properties.
- the above materials formed in sheets especially films of thermoplastic resin, will not sufficiently adhere with UV ink after printing and curing. Accordingly the printed and cured UV ink has a problem in that the printed and cured UV ink separates from the materials formed in a sheet.
- This invention has the above-described problems in mind, and an object of this invention is therefore to provide a printing sheet, particularly a thermoplastic film printing sheet, which has superior properties required of printing sheets, and particularly has superior adhesive properties with cured UV ink.
- a printing sheet comprising a supporting body and a surface layer which covers at least one side of the supporting body and comprises a copolymer consisting of an acrylic monomer having a carboxyl group and an acrylic monomer having an amino group or an amide group.
- the present invention provides a printing sheet comprising a supporting body and a surface layer which covers at least one side of the supporting body and comprises a copolymer or a homopolymer, which consists of an acrylic monomer having an amino group or an amide group, and a copolymer or a homopolymer which consists of acrylic monomer having a carboxyl group.
- the expression "acrylic monomer having an amino group or an amide group” denotes, for example, (meth)acrylic amide and all types of (meth)acrylic esters containing amino groups such as a primary amino group(-NH2), a secondary amino group(-NH ), a tertiary amino group( ⁇ N-), etc., particularly, 2-aminoethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-(methylamino) ethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-(dimethylamino) ethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-(diethylamino) ethyl (meth)acrylate, 3-(dimethylamino) propyl (meth)acrylate, 4-(dimethylamino)-n-butyl (meth)acrylate, acrylamide, N-methylolacrylamide, N-ethylolacrylamide, diacetone acrylamide, etc., are given, but are not limited to these.
- an acrylic monomer having a carboxyl group denotes chemicals such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid, etc., but are not limited to these.
- the "acrylic monomer having an amino group or an amide group” 2-(dimethylamino) ethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-(diethylamino) ethyl (meth)acrylate and N-alkylolacrylamide are preferable, and as the "acrylic monomer having a carboxyl group", acrylic acid and methacrylic acid are preferable.
- a surface layer denotes a layer which covers at least one side of the supporting body described bellow.
- This surface layer contains the above copolymer or homopolymer which has the above acrylic monomer, and a composition which is described bellow.
- the copolymer which has the above acrylic monomer having a carboxyl group, and the above acrylic monomer having an amino group or an amide group denotes copolymers which consist of the above two ingredients, or copolymers which consist of not fewer than one kind of monomer which can polymerize with the above copolymers in addition to the above two ingredients.
- "a monomer which can polymerize” denotes, for example, a (meth)acrylic monomer, styrene monomer, etc., particularly, n-butyl (meth)acrylate is preferable.
- the ratio of composition of the above acrylic monomer in the surface layer is the ratio "acrylic monomer having amino group or amide group"/"acrylic monomer having carboxyl group", which is between 8/2 to 2/8 inclusive (mole ratio), and is preferably between 6/4 to 4/6 inclusive.
- the ratio of the weights of the above acrylic monomers, in the surface layer is over 1%, preferably between 5 to 40%.
- As the thickness of the surface layer 1 to 10 ⁇ m is preferable.
- the surface layer is formed on the supporting body by applying a paint which is prepared in which the above compound is dissolved or dispersed in a solvent, water, etc., with a binding resin, if necessary.
- This paint is applied by the method of roll coating, blade coating, spray coating, air knife coating, rod bar coating, etc., on the supporting body and then dried.
- a compound of the above material for forming the surface layer is mixed uniformly, and is used to form the surface layer on the supporting body by the method of hotmelt coating or laminating.
- the binding resin the resin which is generally used for coating and laminating is used. All types of copolymers or homopolymers may be used, for example, polyester resin, acrylic resin, methacrylic resin, vinyl chloride resin, vinyl acetate resin, etc.
- the surface layer can contain all other additional agents, if necessary, for preventing the blocking of one sheet to another, and for improving the sheet running property, antistatic property, nontranceparency property, etc.
- a pigment such as polyethylene oxide, silica, clay, talc, diatomaceous earth, calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, barium sulfate, aluminum silicate, synthetic zeolite, alumina, zinc oxide, titanium oxide, lithopone, satin white, etc., and cationic, anionic and nonionic antistatic agents, etc., may be used.
- thermoplastic resin sheet a thermoplastic resin sheet, paper, synthetic paper, woven fabric, nonwoven fabric, ceramic sheet, metallic fiber sheet, metalized sheet (film), metallic foil, metallic plate, etc., and a composite sheet, which is formed by combination of the above materials formed into a multilayer structure, are preferred. If a printing machine can be adapted, the form of the supporting body is not limited to, for example, a film, sheet, plate, etc.
- the printing sheet which has particularly superior adhesive property with cured UV ink, comprises a surface layer which has the copolymer polymerized n-butyl methacrylate and the "acrylic monomer having an amino group or an amide group" which at least one type is selected from the group consisting of 2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate, 2-(diethylamino) ethyl methacrylate and N-alkylolacrylamide, and the "acrylic monomer having a carboxyl group" which is selected from acrylic acid and methacrylic acid.
- This surface layer covers the supporting body.
- a reverse face of the supporting body namely a face not covered by the surface layer
- a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer which consists of a commonly used pressure-sensitive adhesive agent.
- a releasing film or sheet consisting of a releasing agent, can cover the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer.
- This printing sheet can be used for an adhesive label which may be affixed to a number of types of surface. Accordingly, this printing sheet can expand the uses of the printing sheet of this invention.
- a film made of polyethylene terephthalate and having a thickness of 100 ⁇ m (marketed by the Fuji Film company under the name of PET100G) was used, and on one face of this film, a surface layer was formed by applying a paint which contained the components listed below, and the surface layer was dried. This surface layer had a thickness of 3 ⁇ m.
- the printing sheets obtained by the above procedure were evaluated in regard to the adhesive properties of the ink, and reproducebility.
- UV ink (marketed by the Toyo Ink Mfg. Co., Ltd. under the name of FLASH DRY, dark blue) was printed on these sheets, then cured by three UV lamps (5.6kw) at a distance of 14cm between the lamps and the sheets, for 3 seconds.
- UV lamps (5.6kw) at a distance of 14cm between the lamps and the sheets, for 3 seconds.
- These printing sheets was evaluated by the I.G.T. printability tester (produced by Kumagaya Riki Co., Ltd.).
Description
- The present invention relates to an improved printing sheet having good ink adhesive properties, sheet running properties, anti-blocking properties, etc., and more particularly relates to an improved printing sheet having good adhesive properties when used with ultraviolet-curable ink (hereinafter, "ultraviolet-curable ink" is referred to as "UV ink").
- In recent years, a diversification of printed products requires printing on a wider variety of materials in sheets, for example, papers, synthetic papers, thermoplastic resin films, metallic foils, metallized sheets, etc. These printed items are printed by methods such as by offset printing, gravure, flexography, screen process printing and letterpress printing. In these printing methods, a method which uses UV ink has recently become popular because UV inks cure rapidly, and the printing method which uses UV ink is of superior handling. At present, there is a great demand for flat, sheet-like items.
- In printing methods which use UV ink, the printing sheet requires, in particular, the property of adhering well to cured UV ink. Additionally, general required properties such as sheet running properties, anti-blocking properties, producing uniform spread of the ink over the surface of the sheet, as well as antistatic properties.
- However, the above materials formed in sheets, especially films of thermoplastic resin, will not sufficiently adhere with UV ink after printing and curing. Accordingly the printed and cured UV ink has a problem in that the printed and cured UV ink separates from the materials formed in a sheet.
- Therefore, a printing sheet which has superior adhesion with the UV ink is required.
- This invention has the above-described problems in mind, and an object of this invention is therefore to provide a printing sheet, particularly a thermoplastic film printing sheet, which has superior properties required of printing sheets, and particularly has superior adhesive properties with cured UV ink.
- According to the invention, there is provided a printing sheet comprising a supporting body and a surface layer which covers at least one side of the supporting body and comprises a copolymer consisting of an acrylic monomer having a carboxyl group and an acrylic monomer having an amino group or an amide group.
- In another aspect, the present invention provides a printing sheet comprising a supporting body and a surface layer which covers at least one side of the supporting body and comprises a copolymer or a homopolymer, which consists of an acrylic monomer having an amino group or an amide group, and a copolymer or a homopolymer which consists of acrylic monomer having a carboxyl group.
- In this invention, the expression "acrylic monomer having an amino group or an amide group" denotes, for example, (meth)acrylic amide and all types of (meth)acrylic esters containing amino groups such as a primary amino group(-NH₂), a secondary amino group(-NH ), a tertiary amino group(〉N-), etc., particularly, 2-aminoethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-(methylamino) ethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-(dimethylamino) ethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-(diethylamino) ethyl (meth)acrylate, 3-(dimethylamino) propyl (meth)acrylate, 4-(dimethylamino)-n-butyl (meth)acrylate, acrylamide, N-methylolacrylamide, N-ethylolacrylamide, diacetone acrylamide, etc., are given, but are not limited to these. The expression "an acrylic monomer having a carboxyl group" denotes chemicals such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid, etc., but are not limited to these. In these monomers, as the "acrylic monomer having an amino group or an amide group", 2-(dimethylamino) ethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-(diethylamino) ethyl (meth)acrylate and N-alkylolacrylamide are preferable, and as the "acrylic monomer having a carboxyl group", acrylic acid and methacrylic acid are preferable.
- In this invention, the expression "a surface layer" denotes a layer which covers at least one side of the supporting body described bellow. This surface layer contains the above copolymer or homopolymer which has the above acrylic monomer, and a composition which is described bellow. The copolymer which has the above acrylic monomer having a carboxyl group, and the above acrylic monomer having an amino group or an amide group, denotes copolymers which consist of the above two ingredients, or copolymers which consist of not fewer than one kind of monomer which can polymerize with the above copolymers in addition to the above two ingredients. In this case, "a monomer which can polymerize" denotes, for example, a (meth)acrylic monomer, styrene monomer, etc., particularly, n-butyl (meth)acrylate is preferable.
- The ratio of composition of the above acrylic monomer in the surface layer is the ratio "acrylic monomer having amino group or amide group"/"acrylic monomer having carboxyl group", which is between 8/2 to 2/8 inclusive (mole ratio), and is preferably between 6/4 to 4/6 inclusive. The ratio of the weights of the above acrylic monomers, in the surface layer, is over 1%, preferably between 5 to 40%. As the thickness of the surface layer, 1 to 10µm is preferable.
- In this invention, the surface layer is formed on the supporting body by applying a paint which is prepared in which the above compound is dissolved or dispersed in a solvent, water, etc., with a binding resin, if necessary. This paint is applied by the method of roll coating, blade coating, spray coating, air knife coating, rod bar coating, etc., on the supporting body and then dried. As the other method of forming the surface layer, a compound of the above material for forming the surface layer is mixed uniformly, and is used to form the surface layer on the supporting body by the method of hotmelt coating or laminating. In this case, as the binding resin, the resin which is generally used for coating and laminating is used. All types of copolymers or homopolymers may be used, for example, polyester resin, acrylic resin, methacrylic resin, vinyl chloride resin, vinyl acetate resin, etc.
- The surface layer can contain all other additional agents, if necessary, for preventing the blocking of one sheet to another, and for improving the sheet running property, antistatic property, nontranceparency property, etc. As the above addition agent, for example, a pigment such as polyethylene oxide, silica, clay, talc, diatomaceous earth, calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, barium sulfate, aluminum silicate, synthetic zeolite, alumina, zinc oxide, titanium oxide, lithopone, satin white, etc., and cationic, anionic and nonionic antistatic agents, etc., may be used.
- As the supporting body which can be used in this invention, a thermoplastic resin sheet, paper, synthetic paper, woven fabric, nonwoven fabric, ceramic sheet, metallic fiber sheet, metalized sheet (film), metallic foil, metallic plate, etc., and a composite sheet, which is formed by combination of the above materials formed into a multilayer structure, are preferred. If a printing machine can be adapted, the form of the supporting body is not limited to, for example, a film, sheet, plate, etc.
- In this invention, the printing sheet which has particularly superior adhesive property with cured UV ink, comprises a surface layer which has the copolymer polymerized n-butyl methacrylate and the "acrylic monomer having an amino group or an amide group" which at least one type is selected from the group consisting of 2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate, 2-(diethylamino) ethyl methacrylate and N-alkylolacrylamide, and the "acrylic monomer having a carboxyl group" which is selected from acrylic acid and methacrylic acid. This surface layer covers the supporting body.
- In this printing sheet, a reverse face of the supporting body, namely a face not covered by the surface layer, can be covered with a pressure-sensitive adhesive layer which consists of a commonly used pressure-sensitive adhesive agent. Furthermore, if it is necessary, a releasing film or sheet consisting of a releasing agent, can cover the pressure-sensitive adhesive layer. This printing sheet can be used for an adhesive label which may be affixed to a number of types of surface. Accordingly, this printing sheet can expand the uses of the printing sheet of this invention.
- The following examples further illustrate preferred operations within the scope of the present invention. "Parts", within the meaning of the present invention, means parts by weight.
- A film made of polyethylene terephthalate and having a thickness of 100µm (marketed by the Fuji Film company under the name of PET100G) was used, and on one face of this film, a surface layer was formed by applying a paint which contained the components listed below, and the surface layer was dried. This surface layer had a thickness of 3µm.
- The following are components of the above paint :
- 10 parts of 2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate / acrylic acid methyl methacrylate n-butyl methacrylate (2:2:2:4) copolymer;
molecular weight is in the region of 100,000; non-volatile matter is 40% - 8 parts of toluene
- 2 parts of methyl ethyl ketone.
- The same procedure as described for Example 1 was repeated except the components of the paint were as given below.
- The following are the components of the above paint:
- 10 parts of 2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate / acrylic acid / methyl methacrylate / n-butyl methacrylate (1:1:2:6) copolymer;
molecular weight is in the region of 100,000; non-volatile matter is 40% - 8 parts of toluene
- 2 parts of methyl ethyl ketone.
- The same procedure as described for Example 1 was repeated except the components of the paint were as given below.
- The following are the components of the above paint:
- 10 parts of 2-(diethylamino) ethyl methacrylate / methacrylic acid / methyl methacrylate / n-butyl methacrylate (0.5:0.5:3:6) copolymer;
molecular weight is in the region of 100,OOO; non-volatile matter is 40% - 8 parts of toluene
- 2 parts of methyl ethyl ketone.
- The same procedure as described for Example 1 was repeated except the components of the paint were as given below.
- The following are the components of the above paint:
- 5 parts of 2-(diethylamino) ethyl methacrylate / n-butyl methacrylate (2:8) copolymer;
molecular weight is in the region of 50,000; non-volatile matter is 40% - 5 parts of acrylic acid / n-butyl methacrylate (2:8) copolymer;
molecular weight is in the region of 50,000; non-volatile matter is 40% - 8 parts of toluene
- 2 parts of methyl ethyl ketone.
- The same procedure as described for Example 1 was repeated except the components of the paint were as given below.
- The following are the components of the above paint:
- 10 parts of acrylamide / acrylic acid / methyl methacrylate / n-butyl methacrylate (1:1:2:6) copolymer;
molecular weight is in the region of 100,000; non-volatile matter is 40% - 8 parts of toluene
- 2 parts of methyl ethyl ketone.
- The same procedure as described for Example 1 was repeated except the components of the paint were as given below.
- The following are the components of the above paint:
- 10 parts of N-methylolacrylamide / acrylic acid / methyl methacrylate / n-butyl methacrylate (1:1:2:6) copolymer;
molecular weight is in the region of 100,000; non-volatile matter is 40% - 8 parts of toluene
- 2 parts of methyl ethyl ketone.
- The same procedure as described for Example 1 was repeated except the components of the paint were as given below.
- The following are the components of the above paint:
- 20 parts of methyl methacrylate resin (marketed by the Soken Kagaku company under the name of M-2000); non-volatile matter is 10%
- 5 parts of toluene
- 5 parts of methyl ethyl ketone.
- The same procedure as described for Example 1 was repeated except the components of the paint were as given below.
- The following are the components of the above paint:
- 10 parts of 2-(diethylamino) ethyl methacrylate / n-butyl methacrylate (2:8) copolymer;
molecular weight is in the region of 50,000; non-volatile matter is 40% - 8 parts of toluene
- 2 parts of methyl ethyl ketone.
- The same procedure as described for Example 1 was repeated except the components of the paint were as given below.
- The following are the component of the above paint:
- 10 parts of acrylic acid / n-butyl methacrylate (2:8) copolymer;
molecular weight is in the region of 50,000; non-volatile matter is 40% - 8 parts of toluene
- 2 parts of methyl ethyl ketone.
- The printing sheets obtained by the above procedure (Examples 1 to 6, and Comparative Examples 1 to 3) were evaluated in regard to the adhesive properties of the ink, and reproducebility. In the method of evaluation, UV ink (marketed by the Toyo Ink Mfg. Co., Ltd. under the name of FLASH DRY, dark blue) was printed on these sheets, then cured by three UV lamps (5.6kw) at a distance of 14cm between the lamps and the sheets, for 3 seconds. These printing sheets was evaluated by the I.G.T. printability tester (produced by Kumagaya Riki Co., Ltd.).
-
- In Table 1, "Reproducebility" indicates producing uniform spread of the ink over the surface of the sheets, and "Adhesion" indicates how well the ink adhered to the sheets. In the Table 1, the "Reproducebility" was evaluated by visual inspection; and ○ indicates desirable thickness, and × indicates an unsatisfactory thickness.
- In Table 1, adhesive properties were evaluated by use of adhesive tape. This adhesive tape was applied on the above printing sheet having dried UV ink on its surface, and then the adhesive tape was quickly removed. In this way, the properties of the ink which is printed on the printing sheet are observed. ⓞ indicates that the ink did not come off the printing sheet; ○ indicates that some of the ink came off the printing sheet; Δ indicates that the ink came off the printing sheet to a considerable extent but that printed letters, etc., were still legible; × indicates that the ink came off the printing sheet to a considerable extent, and accordingly, the remnants of printed letters, etc., could not be read.
- Next, the printing sheets obtained by the above procedures (Examples 1 to 6) were subjected to actual printing conditions. In this practical test, an offset printing machine (HEIDERBERG MO) was used, and 10,000 sheets of the above printing sheet were printed. The result was that above printing sheets produced highly desirable properties with respect to adhesion of the ink to the above sheets, reproducebility, etc.
Claims (3)
- A printing sheet comprising a supporting body and a surface layer, said layer covering at least one side of said supporting body and comprising a copolymer said copolymer comprising two types of acrylic monomers: one type of said monomers having carboxyl groups, and the other type of monomers selected from the group having amino groups and amide groups.
- A printing sheet comprising a supporting body and a surface layer, said layer covering at least one side of said supporting body and comprising two types of polymers: one type of said polymers, selected from a copolymer and a homopolymer, having acrylic monomers selected from the group consisting of amino groups and amide groups and the other type of polymers, selected from a copolymer and a homopolymer, having a carboxyl group.
- A printing sheet according to claims 1 and 2, wherein said acrylic monomer selected from the group consisting of amino groups and amide groups, is 2-(dimethylamino) ethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-(diethylamino) ethyl (meth)acrylate and N-alkylolacrylamide.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP1224360A JPH0390383A (en) | 1989-09-01 | 1989-09-01 | Printing sheet |
JP224360/89 | 1989-09-01 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0415849A1 EP0415849A1 (en) | 1991-03-06 |
EP0415849B1 true EP0415849B1 (en) | 1994-05-04 |
Family
ID=16812542
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP19900402397 Expired - Lifetime EP0415849B1 (en) | 1989-09-01 | 1990-08-30 | Printing sheet |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0415849B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH0390383A (en) |
DE (1) | DE69008646T2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5478631A (en) * | 1992-09-09 | 1995-12-26 | Kanzaki Paper Mfg. Co., Ltd. | Ink jet recording sheet |
ATE358594T1 (en) * | 1999-10-26 | 2007-04-15 | Tomoegawa Paper Co Ltd | INKJET RECORDING MATERIAL |
US6720042B2 (en) * | 2001-04-18 | 2004-04-13 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Primed substrates comprising radiation cured ink jetted images |
US6924011B2 (en) | 2002-08-27 | 2005-08-02 | Agfa Gevaert | Ink jet recording material |
EP1393922B1 (en) * | 2002-08-27 | 2007-06-06 | Agfa-Gevaert | Ink jet recording material |
JP5683117B2 (en) * | 2010-02-04 | 2015-03-11 | セーレン株式会社 | Inkjet print media |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS5736692A (en) * | 1980-08-14 | 1982-02-27 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | Sheet for ink jet recording |
JPS6124493A (en) * | 1984-07-13 | 1986-02-03 | Nec Corp | Film for overhead projector |
JPS62222884A (en) * | 1986-03-26 | 1987-09-30 | Canon Inc | Recording material |
JPH0780347B2 (en) * | 1986-12-12 | 1995-08-30 | 本州製紙株式会社 | Inkjet recording sheet |
JPS63265636A (en) * | 1987-04-23 | 1988-11-02 | Toray Ind Inc | Laminated polyester film |
-
1989
- 1989-09-01 JP JP1224360A patent/JPH0390383A/en active Granted
-
1990
- 1990-08-30 DE DE1990608646 patent/DE69008646T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-08-30 EP EP19900402397 patent/EP0415849B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE69008646T2 (en) | 1994-12-01 |
JPH0390383A (en) | 1991-04-16 |
JPH0529556B2 (en) | 1993-04-30 |
EP0415849A1 (en) | 1991-03-06 |
DE69008646D1 (en) | 1994-06-09 |
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