EP0407476A1 - A steel wire for the reinforcement of elastomers - Google Patents

A steel wire for the reinforcement of elastomers

Info

Publication number
EP0407476A1
EP0407476A1 EP89908704A EP89908704A EP0407476A1 EP 0407476 A1 EP0407476 A1 EP 0407476A1 EP 89908704 A EP89908704 A EP 89908704A EP 89908704 A EP89908704 A EP 89908704A EP 0407476 A1 EP0407476 A1 EP 0407476A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
steel wire
wire
wire according
elastomers
coating layer
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP89908704A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Wilfried Coppens
Dani[l CHAMBAERE
Willy Vanhee
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Bekaert NV SA
Original Assignee
Bekaert NV SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Bekaert NV SA filed Critical Bekaert NV SA
Publication of EP0407476A1 publication Critical patent/EP0407476A1/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B1/00—Constructional features of ropes or cables
    • D07B1/06—Ropes or cables built-up from metal wires, e.g. of section wires around a hemp core
    • D07B1/0606—Reinforcing cords for rubber or plastic articles
    • D07B1/0666—Reinforcing cords for rubber or plastic articles the wires being characterised by an anti-corrosive or adhesion promoting coating
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
    • C08J5/04—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material
    • C08J5/06—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material using pretreated fibrous materials
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
    • C25D5/34—Pretreatment of metallic surfaces to be electroplated
    • C25D5/36—Pretreatment of metallic surfaces to be electroplated of iron or steel
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25F—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC REMOVAL OF MATERIALS FROM OBJECTS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25F1/00—Electrolytic cleaning, degreasing, pickling or descaling
    • C25F1/02—Pickling; Descaling
    • C25F1/04—Pickling; Descaling in solution
    • C25F1/06—Iron or steel
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2321/00—Characterised by the use of unspecified rubbers

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a steel wire for the reinforcement of elastomers, in particular a bead wire for reinforcing a vehicle tire bead.
  • Bead wire with a round, rectangular or square cross-section is known.
  • bead wires have a thin metal coating such as copper, bronze or brass on their surface to promote the adhesion to the elastomers which they have to reinforce.
  • the last step is generally the coating step with the thin copper or brass layer. This is different from the manufacturing process for brass coated wire for tire cord used to reinforce the belt and/or carcass portions of a tire.
  • Wire for tire cord is generally drawn after the coating is applied to the wire surface. In this way the coated wire obtains a rather smooth surface. This is not always true for bead wire which, even after coating with a thin layer of copper or brass may retain a rather rough surface.
  • microroughening effect according to the invention is substantially different from and much finer than the rather coarse roughness of a wire surface obtained eg. by wire drawing.
  • micro ⁇ roughness is superposed on the base of and generally follows the pattern of the coarser irregularities of a conventional wire surface.
  • the surface conditioning treatment according to the invention offers further a fast, continuous and controllable process which avoids the drawbacks of deep etching and which produces said typical microsurface roughening with the effect of a drastically improved adhesion performance to rubbers. So far the mechanism of the improved adhesion behaviour is not fully understood.
  • the bare circular steel wire i.e. from which an adhesion promoting coating layer has been removed
  • a bead wire with a diameter d between 0,8 mm and 2 mm (particularly between about 0,89 and about 1,60 mm) will offer a brightness factor (L-value as defined below) meeting the relation 37 ⁇ L.d 1/3 ⁇ 55 and preferably 38 ⁇ L.d 1 / 3 ⁇ 50.
  • the L-value is determined and defined by means of the Chromameter II-Reflectance (Minolta).
  • the L-value is determined on the bare steel wire, i.e. either before a copper, bronze or brass coating is applied to the wire surface or after said coating has been removed from a coated wire.
  • the L-value could in principle also be measured on the coated wire.
  • applicant has choosen to measure only on bare wires (after removal of the metal coating as described further). Possible color effects are thus isolated from natural brightness (or lack of brightness).
  • Reference L-values are first determined of a standard white substrate accompanying the Chromameter in view of calibration of said measuring instrument.
  • the roughening effect can be produced by any suitably controlled continuous etching process during pickling such as an electrolytic pickling in a sulphate-ion containing bath before the plating with Cu (from a CuSO 4 - bath), brass or bronze having a tin content of between about 0,5 and 16 % weight.
  • An alternative continuous process relates to the addition of a sufficient amount of extra and sufficiently oxydising agents in a conventional pickling bath (eg. HCl) before the wire is plated with copper, brass or bronze. Said oxydising agents should of course be able to oxydise iron and will not form a metal deposit on the wire surface.
  • a further suitable method relates to electrolytic pickling in HCl, eg. with alternate current.
  • Still another advantageous method relates to the addition of some oxidising agents to the plating bath.
  • the oxygen and carbon content at the wire surfaces are generally increased versus that on conventionally pickled wires.
  • Fe from the wire surface is preferentially dissolved versus the iron carbides (and possibly iron oxydes) which may generally be present at the wire surfaces.
  • This dissolution creates micro-cavities and pores into the wire surface whereby it loses its brightness. This results in a decrease of the L-value as described above.
  • a lower L-value (brightness) is also observed on the coated wire, i.e.
  • the thin coating will generally follow the uneveness (micro-cavities) of the wire surface which will result in a rather dark and dull shaded wire surface appearance.
  • the metal coating layer may be copper or bronze with eg. 0,5 to 3 % weight Sn or brass with a copper content between 60 and 72 % weight.
  • a number of conventionally drawn circular bead wires (steel wires with a carbon content of at least 0,6 %) with a diameter d of 0,96 mm (set A) resp. 1,55 mm (set B) were continuously passed through a specially designed pickling installation in view of producing a micro-roughening effect at their surfaces.
  • the wires were subsequently conventionally electroless plated in a CuSO 4 -bath with a copper coating (coating weight about 0,3 to 0,7 g Cu per kg of wire). Both the uncoated and the coated wires showed a dull and dark shaded appearance in comparison to non roughened wires.
  • the L-value of the thus treated bare wires was determined as described above.
  • the wire-sets treated according to the invention were embedded in a number of rubber compounds and vulcanised. Their adhesion capacity was further determined according to a conventional pull out test and compared with the adhesion behaviour of conventional bead wires of the same diameter and composition and without having been subjected to the micro-surface roughening treatment according to the invention.
  • the electrolytic pickling line for set A comprised, downstream a conventional HCl -pickling bath (about 50'C and with about 200 g/l HCl), four consecutive cells wherein the wire was alternatively polarised as anode respectively as cathode.
  • the electrolyte was a solution of 200 g Na 2 SO 4 per 1. at 40oC.
  • the treatment time at a current density of 100 A/dm 2 of the wire in the electrolytic pickling line was about 2 sec. After rinsing and electroless plating with copper, the wires were properly embedded and vulcanised in different rubber compounds (Cp 1 to Cp 5) and the adhesion value (N) was determined.
  • the removal of the Cu-coating is carried out in a conventional way with an ammonium persulphate-solution whereafter the bare wire is rinsed and dried. Removal of the metal coating will of course always be carried out with agents which do not dissolve or attack the steel wire itself.
  • micro roughened wire surface is comparable to a dispersion of copper coated microcavities and pores between oxyde and carbide grains (created by controlled etching).
  • the copper will generally be better bonded in pores than on said grains.
  • copper sulfide particles may be formed which are responsible for deterioration of the adhesion performance. Presumably however, these sulfide particles remain better anchored in the pores and cavities thereby refraining deterioration of the adhesion capacity.
  • the invention when the steel wire according to the invention is a bead wire, then the invention of course relates also to a vehicle tire having its bead area reinforced with said wire.
  • any elastomeric body can be reinforced with steel wires according to the invention.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Ropes Or Cables (AREA)
  • Tires In General (AREA)
  • Electroplating Methods And Accessories (AREA)
  • Chemically Coating (AREA)
  • Cleaning And De-Greasing Of Metallic Materials By Chemical Methods (AREA)

Abstract

On a mis au point un câble en acier à surface microrugueuse permettant de renforcer des élastomères. La surface nue d'un câble rond (dont on a retiré le revêtement métallique pour augmenter l'adhérence aux élastomères) a un facteur L de brillance satisfaisant la relation 37 L.d1/3 55. Le traitement continu et commandé conférant une micro-rugosité est par exemple une opération d'attaque effectuée pendant le décapage et avant l'application dudit revêtement métallique à la tringle de talon.A steel cable with a micro-rough surface has been developed to reinforce elastomers. The bare surface of a round cable (from which the metallic coating has been removed to increase adhesion to elastomers) has a gloss factor L satisfying the 37 L.d1 / 3 55 relationship. The continuous and controlled treatment conferring micro- roughness is for example an etching operation carried out during pickling and before the application of said metallic coating to the bead bead.

Description

A STEEL WIRE FOR THE REINFORCEMENT OF ELASTOMERS
The invention relates to a steel wire for the reinforcement of elastomers, in particular a bead wire for reinforcing a vehicle tire bead.
Bead wire with a round, rectangular or square cross-section is known. In general bead wires have a thin metal coating such as copper, bronze or brass on their surface to promote the adhesion to the elastomers which they have to reinforce. During the manufacture of bead wire, the last step is generally the coating step with the thin copper or brass layer. This is different from the manufacturing process for brass coated wire for tire cord used to reinforce the belt and/or carcass portions of a tire. Wire for tire cord is generally drawn after the coating is applied to the wire surface. In this way the coated wire obtains a rather smooth surface. This is not always true for bead wire which, even after coating with a thin layer of copper or brass may retain a rather rough surface. It is believed that surface roughness in some instances may promote the anchoring of the surrounding rubber to the bead wire surface. In this way efforts have been made in the past to provide an extra rough surface by deep etching a steel wire for rubber reinforcement before coating it with copper. This etching process however is a slow process and the deep etching generally adversely affects a durable bond of the copper to ferrous oxyde or carbide grains which become exposed at the wire surface due to said deep etching. It is now an object of the present invention to avoid said drawbacks and to produce a wire with a controllable microroughening at its surface in view of maximal increase of the adhesion capacity to elastomers. The microroughening effect according to the invention is substantially different from and much finer than the rather coarse roughness of a wire surface obtained eg. by wire drawing. In fact the micro¬roughness is superposed on the base of and generally follows the pattern of the coarser irregularities of a conventional wire surface.
The surface conditioning treatment according to the invention offers further a fast, continuous and controllable process which avoids the drawbacks of deep etching and which produces said typical microsurface roughening with the effect of a drastically improved adhesion performance to rubbers. So far the mechanism of the improved adhesion behaviour is not fully understood. According to the invention the bare circular steel wire (i.e. from which an adhesion promoting coating layer has been removed), eg. a bead wire with a diameter d between 0,8 mm and 2 mm, (particularly between about 0,89 and about 1,60 mm) will offer a brightness factor (L-value as defined below) meeting the relation 37 ≤ L.d1/3 ≤ 55 and preferably 38 ≤ L.d1/3 ≤50.
The L-value is determined and defined by means of the Chromameter II-Reflectance (Minolta). The L-value is determined on the bare steel wire, i.e. either before a copper, bronze or brass coating is applied to the wire surface or after said coating has been removed from a coated wire. The L-value could in principle also be measured on the coated wire. However to avoid influences of coating color (shades of yellow, red or brown) on the L-value, applicant has choosen to measure only on bare wires (after removal of the metal coating as described further). Possible color effects are thus isolated from natural brightness (or lack of brightness). Reference L-values are first determined of a standard white substrate accompanying the Chromameter in view of calibration of said measuring instrument. With the standard CIE illuminant C (6774 K) the reference L-value used by applicant is 97,30 on the white plate. Surface roughened bare bead wires with a diameter d of 0,96 mm were found to offer, after applying a copper or bronze coating of about 0,5 to 2 g of coating metal per m2 of wire, a favourable adhesion behaviour - when their L-value was situated between about 40 and 50 for the bare wires (i.e. after removal of the coating with a persulfate solution as indicated in the example below.). For a similarly roughened (and coated) bead wire with a diameter d of 1,55 mm, L-values between 33 and 45 on the bare wires showed a considerably improved adhesion level. The specific adhesion values are given in the examples below. For the purpose of measuring the brightness L, a series of wires are arranged side by side against each other on a platform just below the measuring tip of the measuring head. The measuring area at said tip is a circle with a diameter of 8 mm. Wires with a rectangular cross section, treated according to the invention and similarly examined in a side by side arrangement under the measuring head of the Chromameter II generally offer a larger L-value for a comparative micro-surface roughening with the result of a similar adhesion capacity increase. This can be explained by the fact that the light reflection pattern (as input for the registered L-value) of said rectangular wires is less scattered than for circular wires The invention provides also some processing possibilities to attain the specific micro-roughening effect on the wire surface in a controllable way.
In general, the roughening effect can be produced by any suitably controlled continuous etching process during pickling such as an electrolytic pickling in a sulphate-ion containing bath before the plating with Cu (from a CuSO4- bath), brass or bronze having a tin content of between about 0,5 and 16 % weight. An alternative continuous process relates to the addition of a sufficient amount of extra and sufficiently oxydising agents in a conventional pickling bath (eg. HCl) before the wire is plated with copper, brass or bronze. Said oxydising agents should of course be able to oxydise iron and will not form a metal deposit on the wire surface. A further suitable method relates to electrolytic pickling in HCl, eg. with alternate current. Still another advantageous method relates to the addition of some oxidising agents to the plating bath. By these treatments, the oxygen and carbon content at the wire surfaces are generally increased versus that on conventionally pickled wires. This means that during the etching process, Fe from the wire surface is preferentially dissolved versus the iron carbides (and possibly iron oxydes) which may generally be present at the wire surfaces. This dissolution creates micro-cavities and pores into the wire surface whereby it loses its brightness. This results in a decrease of the L-value as described above. As a result of this microroughening on the bare wire a lower L-value (brightness) is also observed on the coated wire, i.e. after applying a conventional adhesion promoting metal coating layer such as eg., copper than for a wire with a similar coating but non pre-etched (roughened) according to. the invention. The thin coating will generally follow the uneveness (micro-cavities) of the wire surface which will result in a rather dark and dull shaded wire surface appearance. The metal coating layer may be copper or bronze with eg. 0,5 to 3 % weight Sn or brass with a copper content between 60 and 72 % weight.
An embodiment of the invention will now be described by way of example in view of clarifying some details thereof and providing evidence of the improved adhesion behaviour and performance.
A number of conventionally drawn circular bead wires (steel wires with a carbon content of at least 0,6 %) with a diameter d of 0,96 mm (set A) resp. 1,55 mm (set B) were continuously passed through a specially designed pickling installation in view of producing a micro-roughening effect at their surfaces. The wires were subsequently conventionally electroless plated in a CuSO4-bath with a copper coating (coating weight about 0,3 to 0,7 g Cu per kg of wire). Both the uncoated and the coated wires showed a dull and dark shaded appearance in comparison to non roughened wires. The L-value of the thus treated bare wires was determined as described above.
The wire-sets treated according to the invention were embedded in a number of rubber compounds and vulcanised. Their adhesion capacity was further determined according to a conventional pull out test and compared with the adhesion behaviour of conventional bead wires of the same diameter and composition and without having been subjected to the micro-surface roughening treatment according to the invention.
The electrolytic pickling line for set A comprised, downstream a conventional HCl -pickling bath (about 50'C and with about 200 g/l HCl), four consecutive cells wherein the wire was alternatively polarised as anode respectively as cathode. The electrolyte was a solution of 200 g Na2SO4 per 1. at 40ºC. The treatment time at a current density of 100 A/dm2 of the wire in the electrolytic pickling line was about 2 sec. After rinsing and electroless plating with copper, the wires were properly embedded and vulcanised in different rubber compounds (Cp 1 to Cp 5) and the adhesion value (N) was determined. The results are given in table 1 stating also the results for the corresponding L-value for a number of said pickled wires (sets A and B) from which the copper coating was removed and according to the invention (indicated "Inv."). Each time the comparison with a conventional (non roughened) bead wire is given (reference samples identified as "Ref") after similar removal of its copper coating.
The removal of the Cu-coating is carried out in a conventional way with an ammonium persulphate-solution whereafter the bare wire is rinsed and dried. Removal of the metal coating will of course always be carried out with agents which do not dissolve or attack the steel wire itself.
It is clear from table 1 that the adhesion performance (N) increases substantially when comparing for the same rubber compound the Reference wire (Ref) with the Invention wire (Inv). The registered improvement is on the average over 30%.
It is assumed that the micro roughened wire surface is comparable to a dispersion of copper coated microcavities and pores between oxyde and carbide grains (created by controlled etching). The copper will generally be better bonded in pores than on said grains. Upon vulcanisation of rubber to said surface (and after ageing) copper sulfide particles may be formed which are responsible for deterioration of the adhesion performance. Presumably however, these sulfide particles remain better anchored in the pores and cavities thereby refraining deterioration of the adhesion capacity.
When the steel wire according to the invention is a bead wire, then the invention of course relates also to a vehicle tire having its bead area reinforced with said wire. In principle any elastomeric body can be reinforced with steel wires according to the invention.

Claims

1. A round steel wire for reinforcement of elastomers having a roughened surface and a metal coating layer for increasing the adhesion capacity to elastomers, characterised in that the wire has a diameter d of between 0,8 mm and 2 mm and that the bare wire, (i.e. after removal of the coating layer) has a brightness factor L in said diameter range meeting the relation 37 ≤ Ld1/3 ≤ 55.
2. A steel wire according to claim 1 wherein
38 ≤ Ld1/3≤ 50.
3. A steel wire according to claim 1 wherein
0,89 ≤ d ≤ 1,60 mm
4. A steel wire according to claim 1 wherein the metal coating layer has a weight of 0,5 to 2 g per m2 of wire.
5. A steel wire according to claim 1 or 2 wherein the metal coating layer is a copper layer.
6. A steel wire according to claim 1 or 2 wherein the coating layer is a bronze, layer with a tin content of between 0,5 and 16% weight.
7. A steel wire according to claim 6 wherein the bronze layer has a tin content of between 0,5 and 3 % weight.
8. A steel wire according to claim 1 or 2 wherein the metal coating is a brass layer with a copper content of between 60 and 72 % weight.
9. A bead wire according to claim 1 for reinforcement of a vehicle tire bead area.
10. An elastomeric body reinforced with a wire according to claim 1.
11. A vehicle tire, having a bead area reinforced with a bead wire according to claim 7.
12. A process for improving the adhesion capacity of a steel wire to elastomers comprising continuously and controllably micro-roughening the surface of said steel wire by etching the wire surface during a pickling treatment and before application of an adhesion promoting metal coating layer to said surface.
13. A process according to claim 12 wherein said pickling treatment comprises an electrolytic pickling in a sulphate-ion containing bath.
14. A process according to claim 12 wherein said pickling treatment comprises the addition of extra oxydising agents in a conventional pickling bath.
EP89908704A 1988-07-19 1989-07-13 A steel wire for the reinforcement of elastomers Pending EP0407476A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP88201563 1988-07-19
EP88201563 1988-07-19

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0407476A1 true EP0407476A1 (en) 1991-01-16

Family

ID=8199826

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP89908704A Pending EP0407476A1 (en) 1988-07-19 1989-07-13 A steel wire for the reinforcement of elastomers
EP89201852A Expired - Lifetime EP0351909B1 (en) 1988-07-19 1989-07-13 A steel wire for the reinforcement of elastomers

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP89201852A Expired - Lifetime EP0351909B1 (en) 1988-07-19 1989-07-13 A steel wire for the reinforcement of elastomers

Country Status (9)

Country Link
EP (2) EP0407476A1 (en)
JP (1) JP2872316B2 (en)
KR (1) KR960011682B1 (en)
CA (1) CA1332914C (en)
DE (1) DE68911224T2 (en)
ES (1) ES2049316T3 (en)
MX (1) MX171927B (en)
TR (1) TR23922A (en)
WO (1) WO1990001080A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB9001275D0 (en) * 1990-01-19 1990-03-21 Bekaert Sa Nv A steel wire for the reinforcement of elastomers
US20130133804A1 (en) * 2011-11-29 2013-05-30 Samy Laroussi Mzabi Texturing of a reinforcing cord for a pneumatic tire
WO2013097082A1 (en) * 2011-12-26 2013-07-04 山东大业股份有限公司 High strength tin-plated bronze bead wire and manufacturing method thereof
JP6438306B2 (en) * 2015-01-14 2018-12-12 住友ゴム工業株式会社 Bead wire and manufacturing method thereof, bead core and manufacturing method thereof, and pneumatic tire
KR101670266B1 (en) * 2015-05-12 2016-10-28 홍덕산업(주) Bead wire having a superior adhesive strength and method for the same
CN116037697A (en) * 2023-01-18 2023-05-02 江苏兴达钢帘线股份有限公司 Tire bead wire production line and production method

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2422903A (en) * 1944-04-21 1947-06-24 Western Electric Co Process for electrolytically treating stainless steel articles
JPS59112827A (en) * 1982-12-21 1984-06-29 Sumitomo Metal Ind Ltd Promotion of metal dissolution
GB8517606D0 (en) * 1985-07-12 1985-08-21 Bekaert Sa Nv Cleaning by electrochemical pickling
JP2645457B2 (en) * 1986-06-05 1997-08-25 住友電気工業株式会社 Method of manufacturing steel wire and steel cord for reinforcing rubber articles
JPS6324099A (en) * 1986-07-17 1988-02-01 Kawasaki Steel Corp Production of grain-oriented silicon steel sheet having small iron loss

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See references of WO9001080A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CA1332914C (en) 1994-11-08
WO1990001080A1 (en) 1990-02-08
AU3989689A (en) 1990-02-19
DE68911224T2 (en) 1994-05-26
JPH03501631A (en) 1991-04-11
JP2872316B2 (en) 1999-03-17
KR960011682B1 (en) 1996-08-29
MX171927B (en) 1993-11-24
ES2049316T3 (en) 1994-04-16
EP0351909A1 (en) 1990-01-24
KR900702088A (en) 1990-12-05
TR23922A (en) 1990-12-19
EP0351909B1 (en) 1993-12-08
AU617847B2 (en) 1991-12-05
DE68911224D1 (en) 1994-01-20

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