EP0387687B1 - Process and apparatus for regulating the interpolar distance to compensate the anode burning up in electrolysis cells - Google Patents

Process and apparatus for regulating the interpolar distance to compensate the anode burning up in electrolysis cells Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0387687B1
EP0387687B1 EP90104391A EP90104391A EP0387687B1 EP 0387687 B1 EP0387687 B1 EP 0387687B1 EP 90104391 A EP90104391 A EP 90104391A EP 90104391 A EP90104391 A EP 90104391A EP 0387687 B1 EP0387687 B1 EP 0387687B1
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Prior art keywords
anode
beams
rods
attached
carbons
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP90104391A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0387687A1 (en
Inventor
Gerald Dr. Peychal-Heiling
Volker Dr. Sparwald
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Vaw Aluminium AG
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Vereinigte Aluminium Werke AG
Vaw Aluminium AG
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
    • C25C3/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of aluminium
    • C25C3/16—Electric current supply devices, e.g. bus bars

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and a device for readjusting the pole spacing in electrolysis cells, in particular for aluminum melt flow electrolysis, consisting of movable anode bars, to which individual anode blocks are attached in an electrically conductive manner via anode rods.
  • the anode bar has large differences in position in the upper and lower positions. This makes the current path and the power loss large. There are also considerable fluctuations in the magnetic field and other procedural disadvantages.
  • the lowering of the anodes required to eliminate the anode effect leads to an increase in the bath level, which can result in the anode carbons being flooded and possibly even in the melt escaping.
  • the object of the present invention is to avoid the disadvantages mentioned in the known method for readjusting the pole spacing and eliminating the anode effect and to enable the individual anodes to be precisely adapted to the respective anode erosion.
  • the rise in the bath level when eliminating the anode effect can be avoided. This is done by simultaneously lowering and lifting off a part of the anodes in such a way that the additionally displaced volume of the bath melt is compensated for by the volume of the anode carbons drawn out.
  • anode rod Due to the slight lifting or lowering movement of the anode bars, it is possible for the first time to use a largely rigid riser to the neighboring furnace when connecting the anode / cathode and to dispense with an auxiliary cross beam, which previously led to considerable work in the operation of the individual electrolysis cells. Furthermore, the anode rod can be kept much shorter compared to the previous technology, which leads to considerable material and weight savings.
  • Figures 1 and 2 show a schematic representation of the electrolytic cell in cross section.
  • the anode bars 1, 2 are connected to the anode carbons 4 via the anode rods 3.
  • the whole is held in a supporting structure 5, on which a spindle gear 6 for driving the spindle 7 is also arranged.
  • the spindle 7 has an opposite slope in the upper and lower half.
  • Fig. 1 u. 2 shows an electrolytic cell in partial cross section.
  • the furnace pan 8 the refractory base insulation 9 and the carbon base (cathode) 10 can be seen.
  • the edge infeed (carbon) 11 and the cathodic steel rail 12 can be seen in the lateral area.
  • the liquid metal is designated 13 and the electrolysis bath 14.
  • FIG. 1 the position of the anode bar 1 is shown shortly before reaching the lower end position.
  • the anode rod 3 In order to allow a further lowering of the spent anode carbon 4, the anode rod 3 must now be switched from the lower anode bar 1 to the upper anode bar 2.
  • the spindle gear 6 is first stopped. Then the anode rod 3 is connected to the upper anode bar 2 via the lock 15. Then the lock 16 on the lower anode bar 1 is released.
  • the anode carbon 4 to be lifted is clamped to the upper anode bar 2 via lock 18 when the spindle gear 6 is at a standstill. While all other anode carbons remain attached to the lower anode bar 1.
  • the pole spacing of the anode carbon to be set increases, since the upper and lower anode bars 1, 2 move in opposite directions.
  • the upper anode bar is separated again from the anode rod 3 via the lock 18, which is then connected to the lower anode bar 1 via lock 17.
  • anode burnup is approx. 1.5 to 2 cm per day, a stroke of the anode bar of less than / equal to 5 cm is sufficient to carry out all conceivable lifting and lowering movements.
  • the anode rods can therefore be made very short and the distance of the scaffold from the electrolysis bath can also be kept very small, which leads to a reduction in the overall height of the electrolysis cell.
  • the lifting-lowering movement of the anode bars 1, 2 is initiated via a spindle 7 with an opposite slope.
  • appropriately designed spindle nuts must be arranged in the anode bars 1, 2.
  • each anode bar 1, 2 can be controlled with a separate drive via an electric motor or a hydraulic cylinder.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
  • Crystals, And After-Treatments Of Crystals (AREA)
  • Immobilizing And Processing Of Enzymes And Microorganisms (AREA)
  • Discharge Heating (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)

Abstract

Process and apparatus for regulating the interpolar distance to compensate for anode consumption in electrolysis cells. <??>As a result of the large differences in the position of the anode beam in the upper and lower position, the current path and the power loss become too large during lowering or raising and substantial variations in the magnetic field arise. The lowering of the anode necessary to remove the anode effect results in a rise in the bath level which may bring about flooding of the carbon anodes and leakage of the melt. <??>To avoid these disadvantages, at least one further anode beam (2) is movably arranged parallel to, and at a variable distance from, the first anode beam (1), the anode rods (3) being attached either to the first or the second anode beam and the anode beams (1, 2) each being connected to a drive running in the opposite direction. This makes it possible to adjust the individual anodes precisely to the to anode consumption at a particular time. <??>Regulation of the interpolar distance in electrolysis cells, in particular those used for aluminium melt electrolysis.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zur Nachregulierung des Polabstandes bei Elektrolysezellen, insbesondere für die Aluminiumschmelzflußelektrolyse, bestehend aus beweglichen Anodenbalken, an denen einzelne Anodenblöcke über Anodenstangen elektrisch leitend befestigt sind.The invention relates to a method and a device for readjusting the pole spacing in electrolysis cells, in particular for aluminum melt flow electrolysis, consisting of movable anode bars, to which individual anode blocks are attached in an electrically conductive manner via anode rods.

Aus Winnacker/Küchler, Chemische Technologie, Band 4, 4. Auflage 1986, Seite 273, ist es bekannt, die Anodenbalken entsprechend dem Verbrauch der Kohlenstoffanode abzusenken. Wird die Tiefstellung der Anodenbalken erreicht, müssen alle Anodenstangen einzeln an einer Hilfstraverse, die auf die endseitigen Stützrahmen der Anodenkonstruktion aufgesetzt wird, befestigt werden. Nach Lösen der Schlösser für Anodenstangen wird der Anodenbalken unter schleifendem Kontakt in seine Hochstellung zurückgefahren.From Winnacker / Küchler, Chemische Technologie, Volume 4, 4th edition 1986, page 273, it is known to lower the anode bars according to the consumption of the carbon anode. If the anode bar is lowered, all anode rods must be attached individually to an auxiliary crossbar that is placed on the end support frame of the anode construction. After loosening the locks for the anode rods, the anode bar is moved back into its high position with sliding contact.

Bei diesem Verfahren weist der Anodenbalken große Positionsunterschiede in der oberen und unteren Stellung auf. Dadurch wird der Stromweg und der Leistungsverlust groß. Ferner ergeben sich erhebliche Schwankungen im Magnetfeld und andere verfahrenstechnische Nachteile. Das bei der Beseitigung des Anodeneffektes erforderliche Absenken der Anoden führt zu einem Anstieg des Badspiegels, wodurch es zum Überfluten der Anodenkohlen und ggf. sogar zum Auslaufen von Schmelze kommen kann.In this method, the anode bar has large differences in position in the upper and lower positions. This makes the current path and the power loss large. There are also considerable fluctuations in the magnetic field and other procedural disadvantages. The lowering of the anodes required to eliminate the anode effect leads to an increase in the bath level, which can result in the anode carbons being flooded and possibly even in the melt escaping.

Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es, die erwähnten Nachteile bei dem bekannten Verfahren zur Nachregulierung des Polabstandes und Beseitigung des Anodeneffektes zu vermeiden und eine genaue Anpassung der Einzelanoden an den jeweiligen Anodenabbrand zu ermöglichen.The object of the present invention is to avoid the disadvantages mentioned in the known method for readjusting the pole spacing and eliminating the anode effect and to enable the individual anodes to be precisely adapted to the respective anode erosion.

Erfindungsgemäß wird dies durch die in den Patentansprüchen angegebenen Merkmale erreicht. Es hat sich gezeigt, daß durch alternierendes Umklemmen der Anodenstangen an die gegenläufigsynchron bewegten Anodenbalken eine kontinuierliche Abwärtsbewegung zum Ausgleich des Anodenabbrandes möglich ist. Mit dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren ist es auch möglich eine Einzelregelung der Anodenkohlen durchzuführen, wenn die betreffende Anodenstange in geeigneter Weise von dem einen auf den anderen Anodenbalken umgeschaltet wird, der in vertikaler Richtung gegenläufig-synchron eine Hub- bzw. Senkbewegung ausführt.According to the invention, this is achieved by the features specified in the patent claims. It has been shown that by alternately clamping the anode rods to the anode bars moving in opposite synchronous motion, a continuous downward movement to compensate for the anode burn-off is possible. With the method according to the invention, it is also possible to carry out individual regulation of the anode carbons if the anode rod in question is switched in a suitable manner from one to the other anode bar, which carries out a lifting or lowering movement in synchronism in the opposite direction in the vertical direction.

Durch das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren kann der Anstieg des Badspiegels bei der Beseitigung des Anodeneffektes vermieden werden. Dies geschieht durch gleichzeitiges Absenken und Abheben jeweils eines Teils der Anoden in der Weise, daß das zusätzlich verdrängte Volumen der Badschmelze durch das Volumen der herausgezogenen Anodenkohlen kompensiert wird.With the method according to the invention, the rise in the bath level when eliminating the anode effect can be avoided. This is done by simultaneously lowering and lifting off a part of the anodes in such a way that the additionally displaced volume of the bath melt is compensated for by the volume of the anode carbons drawn out.

Durch die geringe Hub- bzw. Senkbewegung der Anodenbalken wird es erstmalig möglich, eine weitgehend starre Steigleitung zum Nachbarofen beim Anschluß Anode/Kathode zu verwenden und auf eine Hilfstraverse zu verzichten, die bisher zu erheblichem Arbeitsaufwand bei der Bedienung der einzelnen Elektrolysezellen führte. Ferner kann die Anodenstange im Vergleich zur bisherigen Technik sehr viel kürzer gehalten werden, was zu erheblicher Material- und Gewichtsersparnis führt.Due to the slight lifting or lowering movement of the anode bars, it is possible for the first time to use a largely rigid riser to the neighboring furnace when connecting the anode / cathode and to dispense with an auxiliary cross beam, which previously led to considerable work in the operation of the individual electrolysis cells. Furthermore, the anode rod can be kept much shorter compared to the previous technology, which leads to considerable material and weight savings.

Im folgenden wird die Erfindung anhand eines Ausführungsbeispieles näher beschrieben. Die Figuren 1 und 2 zeigen eine schematische Darstellung der Elektrolysezelle im Querschnitt.The invention is described in more detail below using an exemplary embodiment. Figures 1 and 2 show a schematic representation of the electrolytic cell in cross section.

Die Anodenbalken 1, 2 sind über die Anodenstangen 3 mit den Anodenkohlen 4 verbunden. Das ganze wird in einer Tragkonstruktion 5 gehalten, an der auch ein Spindelgetriebe 6 zum Antrieb der Spindel 7 angeordnet ist. Die Spindel 7 weist in der oberen und unteren Hälfte je eine gegenläufige Steigung auf.The anode bars 1, 2 are connected to the anode carbons 4 via the anode rods 3. The whole is held in a supporting structure 5, on which a spindle gear 6 for driving the spindle 7 is also arranged. The spindle 7 has an opposite slope in the upper and lower half.

Im unteren Bereich der Fig. 1 u. 2 ist eine Elektrolysezelle im Teilquerschnitt dargestellt. Man erkennt die Ofenwanne 8, die feuerfeste Bodenisolierung 9 und den Kohlenstoffboden (Kathode)10. Im seitlichen Bereich ist die Randzustellung (Kohlenstoff) 11 sowie die kathodische Stahlschiene 12 zu erkennen. Das flüssige Metall ist mit 13 und das Elektrolysebad mit 14 bezeichnet.In the lower area of Fig. 1 u. 2 shows an electrolytic cell in partial cross section. The furnace pan 8, the refractory base insulation 9 and the carbon base (cathode) 10 can be seen. The edge infeed (carbon) 11 and the cathodic steel rail 12 can be seen in the lateral area. The liquid metal is designated 13 and the electrolysis bath 14.

Man unterscheidet folgende Betriebsweisen:A distinction is made between the following modes of operation:

1. Nachregulierung zum Ausgleich des Anodenabbrandes1. Readjustment to compensate for anode erosion

In Fig. 1 ist die Position des Anodenbalkens 1 kurz vor Erreichen der unteren Endstellung dargestellt. Um eine weitere Absenkung der abgebrannten Anodenkohle 4 zu ermöglichen, muß jetzt eine Umschaltung der Anodenstange 3 von dem unteren Anodenbalken 1 auf den oberen Anodenbalken 2 erfolgen.In Fig. 1, the position of the anode bar 1 is shown shortly before reaching the lower end position. In order to allow a further lowering of the spent anode carbon 4, the anode rod 3 must now be switched from the lower anode bar 1 to the upper anode bar 2.

Hierzu wird zunächst das Spindelgetriebe 6 stillgesetzt. Dann wird die Anodenstange 3 über das Schloß 15 mit dem oberen Anodenbalken 2 verbunden. Dann wird das Schloß 16 am unteren Anodenbalken 1 gelöst.For this purpose, the spindle gear 6 is first stopped. Then the anode rod 3 is connected to the upper anode bar 2 via the lock 15. Then the lock 16 on the lower anode bar 1 is released.

Nun erfolgt die Abwärtsbewegung der Anodenkohlen über den oberen Anodenbalken 2 bis dieser seine untere Endstellung erreicht hat (s. Fig. 2). Dann wird das Spindelgetriebe 6 wiederum stillgesetzt und der untere Anodenbalken 1 mit der Anodenstange 3 über das Schloß 17 verbunden. Nach dem Lösen des oberen Anodenbalkens 2 von der Anodenstange 3 mittels Schloß 18 kann die Absenkbewegung der Anodenkohle 4 fortgesetzt werden.Now the anode carbons move downwards over the upper anode bar 2 until it has reached its lower end position (see FIG. 2). Then the spindle gear 6 is stopped again and the lower anode bar 1 is connected to the anode rod 3 via the lock 17. After the upper anode bar 2 has been released from the anode rod 3 by means of a lock 18, the lowering movement of the anode carbon 4 can be continued.

2. Einzelregulierung der Anodenkohlen2. Individual regulation of the anode carbons

Im folgenden soll eine Vergrößerung des Polabstandes anhand von Fig. 2 näher beschrieben werden, eine Verkleinerung erfolgt in entsprechender Weise in umgekehrter Reihenfolge.In the following, an enlargement of the pole spacing is to be described in more detail with reference to FIG. 2, a reduction takes place in a corresponding manner in reverse order.

Die zu hebende Anodenkohle 4 wird beim Stillstand des Spindelgetriebes 6 am oberen Anodenbalken 2 über Schloß 18 angeklemmt. Während alle übrigen Anodenkohlen am unteren Anodenbalken 1 befestigt bleiben.The anode carbon 4 to be lifted is clamped to the upper anode bar 2 via lock 18 when the spindle gear 6 is at a standstill. While all other anode carbons remain attached to the lower anode bar 1.

Nach Einschalten des Spindelgetriebes 6 vergrößert sich der Polabstand der einzustellenden Anodenkohle, da sich oberer und unterer Anodenbalken 1, 2 gegenläufig bewegen. Sobald die gewünschte Polabstandsänderung erreicht ist, wird der obere Anodenbalken über das Schloß 18 wieder von der Anodenstange 3 getrennt, die dann über Schloß 17 mit dem unteren Anodenbalken 1 verbunden wird.After switching on the spindle gear 6, the pole spacing of the anode carbon to be set increases, since the upper and lower anode bars 1, 2 move in opposite directions. As soon as the desired change in pole spacing is achieved, the upper anode bar is separated again from the anode rod 3 via the lock 18, which is then connected to the lower anode bar 1 via lock 17.

Da der Anodenabbrand ca. 1,5 bis 2 cm pro Tag beträgt reicht ein Hub der Anodenbalken von weniger/gleich 5 cm aus um alle denkbaren Hub-Senkbewegungen auszuführen. Die Anodenstangen können deshalb sehr kurz ausgeführt werden und ebenso kann der Abstand des Gerüstes von dem Elektrolysebad sehr klein gehalten werden, was zu einer Verringerung der gesamten Bauhöhe der Elektrolysezelle führt.Since the anode burnup is approx. 1.5 to 2 cm per day, a stroke of the anode bar of less than / equal to 5 cm is sufficient to carry out all conceivable lifting and lowering movements. The anode rods can therefore be made very short and the distance of the scaffold from the electrolysis bath can also be kept very small, which leads to a reduction in the overall height of the electrolysis cell.

In den beschriebenen Ausführungsbeispiel wird die Hub-Senkbewegung der Anodenbalken 1, 2 über eine Spindel 7 mit gegenläufiger Steigung eingeleitet. Dazu müssen in den Anodenbalken 1, 2 entsprechend ausgebildete Spindelmuttern angeordnet sein.In the exemplary embodiment described, the lifting-lowering movement of the anode bars 1, 2 is initiated via a spindle 7 with an opposite slope. For this purpose, appropriately designed spindle nuts must be arranged in the anode bars 1, 2.

Es ist aber auch möglich, die Hub-Senkbewegung durch andere mechanische, pneumatische, hydraulische oder elektromechanische Antriebsmittel auszuführen. Beispielsweise kann jeder Anodenbalken 1, 2 mit einem getrennten Antrieb über einen Elektromotor oder einen Hydraulikzylinder angesteuert werden.But it is also possible to carry out the lifting-lowering movement by other mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic or electromechanical drive means. For example, each anode bar 1, 2 can be controlled with a separate drive via an electric motor or a hydraulic cylinder.

Claims (10)

  1. Device for displacing anodes in order to adjust the pole spacing in electrolysis cells, in particular for aluminium molten-salt electrolysis, comprising movable anode beams to which individual anode blocks are attached in an electrically conducting manner by means of anode rods, characterized in that at least one further anode beam (2) is movably mounted parallel to, and at a variable spacing from, the first anode beams (1), the anode rods (3) being attached either to the first or the second anode beam and the anode beams (1, 2) being connected in each case to a drive running in the opposite direction.
  2. Device according to Claim 1, characterized in that the anode rods (3) are attached mechanically, hydraulically or pneumatically and in an electrically conducting manner to the anode beams (1, 2) and can be switched over from the first to the second anode beam (1, 2) by means of a control unit.
  3. Method of adjusting the pole spacing, in particular in order to compensate for the anode consumption in electrolysis cells, preferably for aluminium molten-salt electrolysis, in which method the anode rods are released from the anode beam after a limit position has been reached and temporarily held in this position, the anode beam is raised and then the anode rod (3) is again attached to the anode beam, characterized in that the anode rods (3) are attached to anode beams (1, 2) which are mounted one below the other in the vertical direction and which perform continuous lifting and lowering movements in opposite directions, and the anode rods are alternately clamped either to the one or other anode beam (1, 2).
  4. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the anode rods (3) are switched over in the upper or lower position of the anode beams (1, 2).
  5. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, after one of the anode beams (1, 2) has reached its lower limit position, the anode rod (3) is switched over to the other anode beam (1, 2) when the latter has reached its upper limit position.
  6. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the movement of the anode beams (1, 2) mounted one above the other is in opposite directions and synchronous.
  7. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, to increase or reduce the pole spacing of individual anode carbons (4), the associated anode rod (3) is switched over to the anode beam which is moved in the opposite direction.
  8. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, to eliminate anode effects, some of the anode carbons are raised simultaneously with the lowering movement of other anode carbons, the anode carbons to be raised being connected, together with their associated rods, to the anode beams which are moved in the opposite direction to the lowering movement.
  9. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, on switching over the anode rods (3) from one anode beam to the other anode beam, the drive for the lifting and lowering movement is stopped for a short time.
  10. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the lifting distances of the anode beams are limited to less than/equal to 5 cm.
EP90104391A 1989-03-13 1990-03-08 Process and apparatus for regulating the interpolar distance to compensate the anode burning up in electrolysis cells Expired - Lifetime EP0387687B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3908087 1989-03-13
DE3908087A DE3908087A1 (en) 1989-03-13 1989-03-13 METHOD AND DEVICE FOR RE-REGULATING THE POLE DISTANCE TO COMPENSATE THE ANODE BURN UP IN ELECTROLYSIS CELLS

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EP0387687A1 EP0387687A1 (en) 1990-09-19
EP0387687B1 true EP0387687B1 (en) 1994-06-01

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US (1) US5288383A (en)
EP (1) EP0387687B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE106459T1 (en)
AU (1) AU628484B2 (en)
BR (1) BR9000249A (en)
CA (1) CA2011769A1 (en)
CZ (1) CZ280657B6 (en)
DD (1) DD291585A5 (en)
DE (2) DE3908087A1 (en)
ES (1) ES2057223T3 (en)
NO (1) NO178934C (en)
RU (1) RU2010891C1 (en)
UA (1) UA8347A1 (en)

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CN101155947B (en) * 2005-03-24 2010-09-08 Bhp比利顿创新公司 Anode support apparatus
CN103374731A (en) * 2012-04-28 2013-10-30 沈阳铝镁设计研究院有限公司 Anode guide rod and transverse beam steel claw structure
CN103510116A (en) * 2012-06-29 2014-01-15 沈阳铝镁设计研究院有限公司 Anode guide rod and steel claw structure

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101155947B (en) * 2005-03-24 2010-09-08 Bhp比利顿创新公司 Anode support apparatus
CN103374731A (en) * 2012-04-28 2013-10-30 沈阳铝镁设计研究院有限公司 Anode guide rod and transverse beam steel claw structure
CN103374731B (en) * 2012-04-28 2016-04-13 沈阳铝镁设计研究院有限公司 Anode rod and beam steel claw structure
CN103510116A (en) * 2012-06-29 2014-01-15 沈阳铝镁设计研究院有限公司 Anode guide rod and steel claw structure
CN103510116B (en) * 2012-06-29 2016-02-10 沈阳铝镁设计研究院有限公司 Anode rod and steel pawl structure

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NO900225L (en) 1990-09-11
CZ280657B6 (en) 1996-03-13
NO178934B (en) 1996-03-25
BR9000249A (en) 1990-11-20
DE59005860D1 (en) 1994-07-07
DE3908087A1 (en) 1990-09-20
EP0387687A1 (en) 1990-09-19
RU2010891C1 (en) 1994-04-15
US5288383A (en) 1994-02-22
CA2011769A1 (en) 1990-09-10
ATE106459T1 (en) 1994-06-15
NO178934C (en) 1996-07-03
UA8347A1 (en) 1996-03-29
AU628484B2 (en) 1992-09-17
NO900225D0 (en) 1990-01-16
AU5075490A (en) 1990-09-13
DD291585A5 (en) 1991-07-04
CS8907592A2 (en) 1991-07-16
ES2057223T3 (en) 1994-10-16

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