EP0358902B1 - Extraction hood for emissions occurring when coke is discharged from a coke oven - Google Patents

Extraction hood for emissions occurring when coke is discharged from a coke oven Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0358902B1
EP0358902B1 EP89113771A EP89113771A EP0358902B1 EP 0358902 B1 EP0358902 B1 EP 0358902B1 EP 89113771 A EP89113771 A EP 89113771A EP 89113771 A EP89113771 A EP 89113771A EP 0358902 B1 EP0358902 B1 EP 0358902B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
coke
extraction
chimneys
section
emissions
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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EP89113771A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0358902A1 (en
Inventor
Horst Dipl.-Ing. Schröter
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Hartung Kuhn and Co Maschinenfabrik GmbH
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Hartung Kuhn and Co Maschinenfabrik GmbH
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10BDESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B33/00Discharging devices; Coke guides
    • C10B33/003Arrangements for pollution-free discharge

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a suction hood attached to the coke cake carriage for the emissions occurring when the coke is discharged from a coke oven chamber.
  • a hood construction is known in which the hood at least partially covers the receiving surface of the coke loading and unloading carriage for the glowing coke.
  • the hood is firmly connected to the coke loading and unloading car and can be moved with it to the extinguishing tower, which requires a complex and therefore expensive and uneconomical construction.
  • a suction hood in which the hood should at least partially cover the receiving surface for the glowing coke cake, is also described in DE-A 29 38 893.
  • the hood is movably arranged on the master aisle and connected to a vertical chimney via two differently dimensioned pipes is designed in its lower part as a dust collector and is equipped with a fabric filter.
  • a suction fan is also provided above the fabric filter to extract the emissions.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a suction hood construction which largely excludes on the one hand an unhindered escape of the emissions occurring when the coke is discharged from a coke oven chamber into the atmosphere and which on the other hand is characterized by the simplest and therefore most economical construction and operation.
  • a suction hood attached to the coke cake carriage which is characterized according to the invention in that it is composed of two or more chimneys and has an overall suction cross section which is larger than the base area of the coke loading and unloading car used, the individual chimneys have a different taper towards the associated chimneys, which depends on the amount of emissions occurring in the individual areas of the suction cross section in such a way that it is strongest in the area of the lowest emissions.
  • the application of the construction according to the invention ensures that the coke in the coke loading and unloading car is always below a suction cross section of a chimney during the entire pressing process, so that no dust-laden gases can get into the atmosphere even when the coke loading and unloading car is being moved.
  • the number of chimneys from which the suction hood according to the invention is composed depends, of course, on the practical circumstances, especially, of course, on the amount of dust-laden gases and the length of the route that the coke loading and unloading car has to drive through during the pressing process. In any case, it must be ensured that this distance from the start to the end point is covered by the suction cross-sections of the individual chimneys.
  • the thermal By utilizing the thermal, additional mechanical suction devices are omitted in the device according to the invention in the chimneys connected in series. Since the individual chimneys have a different taper towards the chimney, it is possible to adapt the suction effect of the thermal, which depends on the degree of taper, to the amount of dust-laden gases. According to the invention, the tapering of the chimneys becomes greater the greater the distance between the respective chimney and the pressed coke oven chamber. This ensures that the extraction is strongest in the area of the lowest emissions and that there is therefore a complete extraction of the dust-laden gases even when the emission becomes weaker.
  • suction according to the invention is particularly advantageous in the case of conventional long and flat coke loading and unloading vehicles with an inclined floor.
  • the suction hood shown in Fig. 1 is composed of the two chimneys 1 and 2, which are connected to one another via the intermediate piece 3.
  • the coke loading underneath chimneys 1 and 2 moves during the pressing process - Fire truck 4 along. This assumes position A with its front head end at the start of the printing process, while the front head end is in position B at the end of the printing process.
  • the coke oven chamber to be pressed bears the reference number 5.
  • position A the dust-laden gases are essentially extracted only through the first chimney 1.
  • the coke loading and unloading carriage 4 is then moved more and more towards B, so that the dust-laden gases are also increasingly extracted through the chimney 2, as indicated by the arrows in FIG. 1 becomes.
  • the position of the coke loading and unloading carriage 4 at the beginning of the pressing process is marked in the figure by the broken lines, while the position at the end of the pressing process is marked by the solid lines. It can be seen from this that the entire base area of the coke loading and unloading carriage 4, which is covered with glowing coke, is always below the suction cross section of the chimneys 1 and / or 2 during the entire pressing process. Escape of the dust-laden gases into the atmosphere is practically impossible.
  • FIG. 1 also shows that the chimneys 1 and 2 have a taper towards the associated chimneys 6.
  • This taper in the chimney 2 is larger than in the chimney 1. This takes into account the fact that with increasing distance from the coke oven chamber 5 the amount of dust-laden gases rising from the glowing coke decreases, which is why the suction effect in the chimney 2 must be greater than in the Chimney 1.
  • a spraying and separating device 7 is provided, through which the dusts rising with the hot gases are separated.
  • the chimneys 6 have a diffuser-like extension 8 at their upper end to improve the suction effect.
  • Fig. 2 shows a section along the line II - II 'through the suction hood shown in Fig. 1.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Coke Industry (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine am Kokskuchenführungswagen befestigte Absaughaube für die beim Ausbringen des Kokses aus einer Koksofenkammer auftretenden Emissionen.The invention relates to a suction hood attached to the coke cake carriage for the emissions occurring when the coke is discharged from a coke oven chamber.

Beim Ausbringen (Drücken) des Kokses aus den Koksofenkammern in den Koksverlade- und -löschwagen entstehen beim Zusammenbrechen des glühenden Kokskuchens Gemische aus Staub, Luft und Gas, die als aufsteigende dunkle Wolke die Atmosphäre verunreinigen und die Umgebung belästigen. Die hierbei gebildeten Gase, die durch Verbrennung von Oberflächenkoks mit der Umgebungsluft entstehen, sind aggressiv und wirken insbesondere in Verbindung mit Wasser korrosiv auf in der Umgebung befindliche Maschinen- und Anlagenteile.When the coke is discharged (pressed) from the coke oven chambers into the coke loading and unloading car, when the glowing coke cake collapses, mixtures of dust, air and gas are formed which, as a rising dark cloud, contaminate the atmosphere and pollute the environment. The gases formed in this process, which are generated by the combustion of surface coke with the ambient air, are aggressive and, particularly in connection with water, have a corrosive effect on machine and system parts in the vicinity.

Um ein ungehindertes Austreten dieser Emissionen in die Atmosphäre zu verhindern, ist es deshalb bereits bekannt, den Kokskuchenführungswagen, durch den das Drücken des Kokses aus der Koksofenkammer bewerkstelligt wird, mit einer Absaughaube zu versehen, durch die die auftretenden staubbeladenen Gase abgesaugt und in der die Stäube niedergeschlagen werden sollen. Hierfür sind bereits verschiedene konstruktive Ausführungsformen bekannt.In order to prevent these emissions from escaping unhindered into the atmosphere, it is therefore already known to provide the coke cake carriage, which is used to push the coke out of the coke oven chamber, with a suction hood, through which the dust-laden gases that occur are extracted and in which the Dusts should be deposited. Various design embodiments are already known for this.

So werden zum Beispiel in der DE-AS 17 71 506 und der DE-PS 30 38 519 Absaughaubenkonstruktionen beschrieben, bei denen die Absaugung der staubbeladenen Gase nur durch den thermischen Auftrieb bewerkstelligt wird, der durch die hohe Temperaturdifferenz zwischen dem gedrückten glühenden Koks und der Umgebungsluft hervorgerufen wird. Derartige Absaughaubenkonstruktionen, die auch als Kamine bezeichnet werden, können dabei mit Flüssigkeitsbedüsungs- und -abscheideeinrichtungen versehen sein, durch die die benutzten Staubteilchen abgeschieden und abgeführt werden können. Derartige nur die Thermik nutzende Haubensysteme sind zwar weniger aufwendig und damit wirtschaftlicher als andere Systeme, die mit Ventilatoren oder Gebläsen arbeiten. Nachteilig bei den bisher bekannten Konstruktionen ist jedoch, daß sie während des Drückvorganges immer nur einen Teil der Grundfläche des Koksverlade- und -löschwagens überdecken. Daher liegt, wenn beim Drücken des Kokses der Koksverlade- und -löschwagen verfahren wird, immer ein Teil des glühenden Kokses außerhalb des Absaugquerschnittes des Haubensystems, so daß in diesem Bereich die staubbeladenen Gase ungehindert in die Atmosphäre entweichen könenn.For example, DE-AS 17 71 506 and DE-PS 30 38 519 suction hood constructions are described, where the extraction of the dust-laden gases is accomplished only by the thermal buoyancy caused by the high temperature difference between the pressed glowing coke and the ambient air. Such suction hood constructions, which are also referred to as chimneys, can be provided with liquid spraying and separating devices through which the dust particles used can be separated and removed. Such hood systems that only use thermals are less complex and therefore more economical than other systems that work with fans or blowers. A disadvantage of the previously known constructions, however, is that they always cover only part of the base area of the coke loading and unloading car during the pressing process. Therefore, if the coke loading and unloading car is moved when the coke is pressed, part of the glowing coke is always outside the hood cross-section so that the dust-laden gases can escape into the atmosphere unhindered.

Aus der DE-A 29 52 179 ist zwar eine Haubenkonstruktion bekannt, bei der die Haube zumindest teilweise die Aufnahmefläche des Koksverlade- und -löschwagens für den glühenden Koks überdeckt. Die Haube ist hierbei jedoch mit dem Koksverlade- und -löschwagen fest verbunden und mit ihm bis zum Löschturm verfahrbar, was eine aufwendige und damit teure und unwirtschaftliche Konstruktion bedingt.From DE-A 29 52 179 a hood construction is known in which the hood at least partially covers the receiving surface of the coke loading and unloading carriage for the glowing coke. However, the hood is firmly connected to the coke loading and unloading car and can be moved with it to the extinguishing tower, which requires a complex and therefore expensive and uneconomical construction.

Eine Absaughaube, bei der die Haube zumindest teilweise die Aufnahmefläche für den glühenden Kokskuchen überdecken soll, wird auch in der DE-A 29 38 893 beschrieben. In diesem Falle ist die Haube auf dem Meistergang verfahrbar angeordnet und über zwei unterschiedlich dimensionierte Rohrleitungen mit einem senkrechten Schlot verbunden, der in seinem unteren Teil als Staubsammelraum ausgebildet und mit einem Gewebefilter ausgerüstet ist. Für die Absaugung der Emissionen ist hierbei zusätzlich oberhalb des Gewebefilters ein Sauglüfter vorgesehen.A suction hood, in which the hood should at least partially cover the receiving surface for the glowing coke cake, is also described in DE-A 29 38 893. In this case, the hood is movably arranged on the master aisle and connected to a vertical chimney via two differently dimensioned pipes is designed in its lower part as a dust collector and is equipped with a fabric filter. A suction fan is also provided above the fabric filter to extract the emissions.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine Absaughaubenkonstruktion zu schaffen, die einerseits ein ungehindertes Entweichen der beim Ausbringen des Kokses aus einer Koksofenkammer auftretenden Emissionen in die Atmosphäre weitestgehend ausschließt und die sich andererseits durch eine möglichst einfache und damit wirtschaftliche Bau- und Betriebsweise auszeichnet.The invention has for its object to provide a suction hood construction which largely excludes on the one hand an unhindered escape of the emissions occurring when the coke is discharged from a coke oven chamber into the atmosphere and which on the other hand is characterized by the simplest and therefore most economical construction and operation.

Diese Aufgabe wird gelöst durch eine am Kokskuchenführungwagen befestigte Absaughaube, die erfindungsgemäß dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, daß dieselbe aus zwei oder mehreren Kaminen zusammengesetzt ist und insgesamt einen Absaugquerschnitt aufweist, der größer ist als die Grundfläche des verwendeten Koksverlade- und -löschwagens, wobei die einzelnen Kamine zu den dazugehörigen Schloten hin eine unterschiedliche Verjüngung aufweisen, die von der Menge der in den einzelnen Bereichen des Absaugquerschnittes auftretenden Emissionen in der Weise abhängig ist, daß sie im Bereich der geringsten Emissionen am stärksten ist.This object is achieved by a suction hood attached to the coke cake carriage, which is characterized according to the invention in that it is composed of two or more chimneys and has an overall suction cross section which is larger than the base area of the coke loading and unloading car used, the individual chimneys have a different taper towards the associated chimneys, which depends on the amount of emissions occurring in the individual areas of the suction cross section in such a way that it is strongest in the area of the lowest emissions.

Durch die Anwendung der erfindungsgemäßen Konstruktion wird sichergestellt, daß sich während des gesamten Drückvorganges der im Koksverlade- und -löschwagen befindliche Koks immer unterhalb eines Absaugquerschnittes eines Kamins befindet, so daß auch beim Verfahren des Koksverladeund -löschwagens keine staubbeladenen Gase in die Atmosphäre gelangen können. Die Zahl der Kamine, aus denen die erfindungsgemäße Absaughaube zusammengesetzt ist, richtet sich selbstverständlich nach den praktischen Gegebenheiten, insbesondere natürlich nach der Menge der anfallenden staubbeladenen Gase und der Länge der Strecke, die vom Koksverlade- und -löschwagen während des Drückvorganges durchfahren werden muß. Es muß hierbei in jedem Falle sichergestellt werden, daß diese Strecke vom Anfangs- bis zum Endpunkt von den Absaugquerschnitten der einzelnen Kamine überdeckt ist. Durch die Ausnutzung der Thermik entfallen bei der erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung in den hintereinander geschalteten Kaminen zusätzliche mechanische Saugvorrichtungen. Da die einzelnen Kamine zum Schlot hin eine unterschiedliche Verjüngung aufweisen, ist es möglich, die Sogwirkung der Thermik, die ja abhängig ist vom Grad der Verjüngung, dem Anfall der staubbeladenen Gase anzupassen. Hierbei wird erfindungsgemäß die Verjüngung der Kamine umso größer, je größer der Abstand des jeweiligen Kamins von der gedrückten Koksofenkammer ist. Dadurch wird sichergestellt, daß im Bereich der geringsten Emissionen die Absaugung am stärksten ist und somit auch bei schwächer werdender Emission eine vollständige Absaugung der staubbeladenen Gase gegeben ist.The application of the construction according to the invention ensures that the coke in the coke loading and unloading car is always below a suction cross section of a chimney during the entire pressing process, so that no dust-laden gases can get into the atmosphere even when the coke loading and unloading car is being moved. The number of chimneys from which the suction hood according to the invention is composed, depends, of course, on the practical circumstances, especially, of course, on the amount of dust-laden gases and the length of the route that the coke loading and unloading car has to drive through during the pressing process. In any case, it must be ensured that this distance from the start to the end point is covered by the suction cross-sections of the individual chimneys. By utilizing the thermal, additional mechanical suction devices are omitted in the device according to the invention in the chimneys connected in series. Since the individual chimneys have a different taper towards the chimney, it is possible to adapt the suction effect of the thermal, which depends on the degree of taper, to the amount of dust-laden gases. According to the invention, the tapering of the chimneys becomes greater the greater the distance between the respective chimney and the pressed coke oven chamber. This ensures that the extraction is strongest in the area of the lowest emissions and that there is therefore a complete extraction of the dust-laden gases even when the emission becomes weaker.

Die Anwendung der erfindungsgemäßen Absaugung ist besonders vorteilhaft bei herkömmlichen langen und flachen Koksverlade- und -löschwagen mit schrägem Boden.The use of the suction according to the invention is particularly advantageous in the case of conventional long and flat coke loading and unloading vehicles with an inclined floor.

Weitere Einzelheiten der Erfindung ergeben sich aus den vorliegenden Unteransprüchen und sollen nachfolgend an Hand der Abbildungen erläutert werden, die ein Ausführungsbeispiel betreffen. Hierbei zeigen:

  • Fig. 1 eine vereinfachte schematische Darstellung einer erfindungsgemäßen Absaughaube und
  • Fig. 2 einen Schnitt entlang der Linie II - II′ in Fig. 1.
Further details of the invention emerge from the present subclaims and are to be explained below with reference to the figures which relate to an exemplary embodiment. Here show:
  • Fig. 1 is a simplified schematic representation of an exhaust hood according to the invention and
  • Fig. 2 shows a section along the line II - II 'in Fig. 1st

Die in Fig. 1 dargestellte Absaughaube ist aus den zwei Kaminen 1 und 2 zusammengesetzt, die über das Zwischenstück 3 miteinander verbunden sind. Unter den Kaminen 1 und 2 fährt während des Drückvorganges der Koksverladeund -löschwagen 4 entlang. Dieser nimmt beim Beginn des Drückvorganges mit seinem vorderen Kopfende die Stellung A ein, während sich bei Beendigung des Druckvorganges das vordere Kopfende in Stellung B befindet. Die zu drückende Koksofenkammer trägt hierbei das Bezugszeichen 5. Bei Beginn des Drückvorganges (Stellung A) werden die staubbeladenen Gase im wesentlichen nur durch den ersten Kamin 1 abgesaugt. Im weiteren Verlauf des Druckvorganges wird dann der Koksverlade- und -löschwagen 4 immer mehr in Richtung auf B hin verfahren, so daß die Absaugung der staubbeladenen Gase in zunehmendem Maße auch durch den Kamin 2 erfolgt, wie dies durch die Pfeile in Fig. 1 angedeutet wird. Die Stellung des Koksverlade- und -löschwagens 4 bei Beginn des Drückvorganges ist in der Abbildung durch die unterbrochen gezeichneten Linien markiert, während die Stellung bei Beendigung des Drückvorganges durch die ausgezogenen Linien markiert ist. Man erkennt hieraus, daß sich während des gesamten Drückvorganges die gesamte mit glühendem Koks bedeckte Grundfläche des Koksverlade- und -löschwagens 4 immer unterhalb der Absaugquerschnitt der Kamine 1 und/oder 2 befindet. Ein Entweichen der staubbeladenen Gase in die Atmosphäre ist deshalb praktisch ausgeschlossen.The suction hood shown in Fig. 1 is composed of the two chimneys 1 and 2, which are connected to one another via the intermediate piece 3. The coke loading underneath chimneys 1 and 2 moves during the pressing process - Fire truck 4 along. This assumes position A with its front head end at the start of the printing process, while the front head end is in position B at the end of the printing process. The coke oven chamber to be pressed bears the reference number 5. At the beginning of the pressing process (position A), the dust-laden gases are essentially extracted only through the first chimney 1. In the further course of the printing process, the coke loading and unloading carriage 4 is then moved more and more towards B, so that the dust-laden gases are also increasingly extracted through the chimney 2, as indicated by the arrows in FIG. 1 becomes. The position of the coke loading and unloading carriage 4 at the beginning of the pressing process is marked in the figure by the broken lines, while the position at the end of the pressing process is marked by the solid lines. It can be seen from this that the entire base area of the coke loading and unloading carriage 4, which is covered with glowing coke, is always below the suction cross section of the chimneys 1 and / or 2 during the entire pressing process. Escape of the dust-laden gases into the atmosphere is practically impossible.

Die Darstellung in Fig. 1 läßt ferner erkennen, daß die Kamine 1 und 2 zu den dazugehörigen Schloten 6 hin eine Verjüngung aufweisen. Hierbei ist diese Verjüngung beim Kamin 2 größer als beim Kamin 1. Dadurch wird der Tatsache Rechnung getragen, daß mit zunehmendem Abstand von der Koksofenkammer 5 die Menge der aus dem glühenden Koks aufsteigenden staubbeladenen Gase abnimmt, weshalb die Sogwirkung im Kamin 2 größer sein muß als im Kamin 1. In den Schloten 6 ist jeweils eine Sprüh- und Abscheideeinrichtung 7 vorgesehen, durch die die mit den heißen Gasen aufsteigenden Stäube abgeschieden werden. Außerdem weisen die Schlote 6 zur Verbesserung der Sogwirkung an ihrem oberen Ende eine diffusorartige Erweiterung 8 auf.The illustration in FIG. 1 also shows that the chimneys 1 and 2 have a taper towards the associated chimneys 6. This taper in the chimney 2 is larger than in the chimney 1. This takes into account the fact that with increasing distance from the coke oven chamber 5 the amount of dust-laden gases rising from the glowing coke decreases, which is why the suction effect in the chimney 2 must be greater than in the Chimney 1. In the chimneys 6, a spraying and separating device 7 is provided, through which the dusts rising with the hot gases are separated. In addition, the chimneys 6 have a diffuser-like extension 8 at their upper end to improve the suction effect.

Fig. 2 zeigt einen Schnitt entlang der Linie II - II′ durch die in Fig. 1 dargestellte Absaughaube.Fig. 2 shows a section along the line II - II 'through the suction hood shown in Fig. 1.

Claims (4)

1. Extraction hood, fastened to the coke-cake guide car, for emissions occurring when coke is discharged from a coke oven chamber, characterised in that the same is composed of two or more flues (1; 2) and has an overall extraction cross-section which is greater than the base surface of the coke loading and quenching car (4) used, the individual flues (1; 2) having a different taper towards the associated chimneys (6), which taper is dependent upon the quantity of emissions occurring in the individual areas of the extraction cross-section in such a way that it is greatest in the area of fewest emissions.
2. Extraction hood according to Claim 2 [sic], characterised in that the length of the extraction cross-section is dimensioned overall in such a way that the entire stretch of the extraction cross-section through which the coke loading and quenching car (4) travels during the pushing operation is covered.
3. Extraction hood according to Claims 1 and 2, characterised in that a spraying and separating device (7) is fitted into the chimneys (6).
4. Extraction hood according to Claims 1 to 3, characterised in that the chimneys (6) have a diffuser-like widened portion (8) at their top end.
EP89113771A 1988-08-24 1989-07-26 Extraction hood for emissions occurring when coke is discharged from a coke oven Expired - Lifetime EP0358902B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3828654A DE3828654A1 (en) 1988-08-24 1988-08-24 EXTRACTION COVER FOR THE EMISSIONS WHEN EMITTING THE COOK FROM A COOKING CHAMBER
DE3828654 1988-08-24

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0358902A1 EP0358902A1 (en) 1990-03-21
EP0358902B1 true EP0358902B1 (en) 1992-04-08

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EP89113771A Expired - Lifetime EP0358902B1 (en) 1988-08-24 1989-07-26 Extraction hood for emissions occurring when coke is discharged from a coke oven

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EP (1) EP0358902B1 (en)
DE (2) DE3828654A1 (en)
ES (1) ES2031318T3 (en)

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ES2288075B1 (en) * 2005-06-24 2008-10-16 Jose Luis Antuña Suarez DEVICE FOR CONFIGURING A PLATFORM OR ANDAMIO IN AN EXISTING WALL.

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2938893C2 (en) * 1979-09-26 1985-10-10 WSW Planungsgesellschaft mbH, 4355 Waltrop Extraction hood trolley for coking plants
DE3038519C2 (en) * 1980-10-11 1983-08-18 Hartung, Kuhn & Co Maschinenfabrik GmbH, 4000 Düsseldorf Process for reducing solid emissions during the extraction of a coke charge from horizontal chamber furnaces and chimney for carrying out the process

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EP0358902A1 (en) 1990-03-21
DE58901115D1 (en) 1992-05-14
ES2031318T3 (en) 1992-12-01
DE3828654A1 (en) 1990-03-01

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