Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D17/00—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
  • C11D17/0004—Non aqueous liquid compositions comprising insoluble particles
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/02—Inorganic compounds ; Elemental compounds
  • C11D3/04—Water-soluble compounds
  • C11D3/06—Phosphates, including polyphosphates
  • C11D3/062—Special methods concerning phosphates

Definitions

• the present invention is concerned with liquid cleaning compositions of the kind comprising a dispersion of sodium tripolyphosphate particles in a liquid solvent phase.
• Non-aqueous cleaning compositions which contain sodium tripolyphosphate are known from EP 28849 (Unilever), where the tripolyphosphate is included as a detergency builder.
• Such non-aqueous products can give poor dispensing performance, for example when poured from a bottle or dispensed into a wash liquor by way of a drawer dispenser of a washing machine. In particular, they can leave undesirable residues.
• a non-aqueous liquid cleaning composition comprising a dispersion of sodium tripolyphosphate particles in a liquid phase, characterised in that the average Phase II content of the sodium tripolyphosphate is at least 50% by weight.
• STP sodium tripolyphosphate
• Phase I and Phase II crystal forms of sodium tripolyphosphate
• a given sample of STP will normally contain both Phase I and Phase II.
• the relative amounts which may be determined by x-ray diffraction, depend on the method of manufacture and in particular, on the temperature used in the calcining stage of the process where a high temperature (>500°C) favours Phase I formation.
• the average Phase II content of the total sodium tripolyphosphate present is at least 60% by weight. It is especially preferred that substantially all of the sodium tripolyphosphate is of the Phase II form.
• the total level of STP in the compositions of the invention is typically from 15% to 50% by weight.
• the total level of Phase II STP in the compositions of the invention is preferably at least 15%, most preferably at least 18.6% by weight of the compositions.
• the level of Phase I STP in the composition should ideally not be more than 15% by weight.
• Form II is said to be less metastable in water than Form I and instead remains high in dissolved phosphate and only gradually increases in solubility over a period of time, which may be hours. For these reasons it is preferred to utilize a material containing an excess of Form II, so that the tripolyphosphate is not precipitated from the aqueous compositions in time, thereby ensuring the purpose of the Sung invention that the compositions should be substantially devoid of any builder salt particles.
• the present invention on the other hand is concerned with non-aqueous compositions and the need to improve the dispensing performance thereof.
• the tripolyphosphate is in an undissolved state.
• it is in the form of tripolyphosphate salt particles, the very form which the invention of Sung was intended to avoid. Sung therefore gives no clue as to how improved dispensing of non-aqueous liquids might be achieved.
• the STP contains at least some seed crystals. These comprise particles of substantially anhydrous crystals of STP coated with small crystals of STP.6H2O.
• the water in the latter hydrated crystals may derive from atmospheric moisture or be added deliberately.
• the total amount of water incorporated in the STP in the liquid composition will be from 0.1% to 2% by weight of the STP.
• compositions of the present invention have a liquid phase which comprises nonionic surfactant.
• the nonionic surfactant should comprise two such surfactants, one comprising a C12 ⁇ 18 fatty alcohol alkoxylated with from 5 to 20 moles of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide and the other comprising a C5 ⁇ 11 alcohol alkoxylated with from 1 to 8 moles of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide.
• the liquid phase can be a liquid surfactant, an organic non-aqueous non-surfactant liquid, or a mixture of such materials.
• a surfactant as a dispersed or dissolved solid, or more often, as all or part of said liquid phase.
• These surfactant compositions are liquid detergent products, e.g. for fabrics washing or hard surface cleaning.
• the wider term 'liquid cleaning product' also includes non-surfactant liquids which are still useful in cleaning, for example non-aqueous bleach products or those in which the liquid phase consists of one or more light, non-surfactant solvents for greasy stain pre-treatment of fabrics prior to washing.
• Such pre-treatment products can contain solid bleaches, dispersed enzymes and the like.
• the STP, and any other particles can be maintained in dispersion in the liquid phase (i.e. resist settling, even if not perfectly) by a number of means.
• settling may be inhibited purely by virtue of the relative small size of the particles and the relatively high viscosity of the liquid phase.
• the particles settle very slowly at a rate predicted by Stokes' law or due to the formation of a loosely aggregated network of particle flocs. This effect is utilised in the compositions described in patent specifications EP-A-30 096 (ICI) and GB 2 158 838A (Colgate-Palmolive).
• ICI ICI
• GB 2 158 838A Coldgate-Palmolive
• One such suitable stabilisation involves use of nonionic surfactant as the liquid phase and to add an inorganic carrier material as the dispersant, in particular highly voluminous silica. This acts by forming a solid-suspending network. This silica is highly voluminous by virtue of having an extremely small particle size, hence high surface area. This is described in GB patent specifications 1,205,711 (Unilever) and 1,270,040 (Unilever). However, there can be a problem with these compositions of setting upon prolonged storage.
• a similar suitable structuring can be effected using fine particulate chain structure-type clay, as described in specification EP-A-34,387 (Procter).
• compositions according to the present invention are liquid cleaning products. They may be formulated in a very wide range of specific forms, according to the intended use. They may be formulated as cleaners for hard surfaces (with or without abrasive) or as agents for warewashing (cleaning of dishes, cutlery etc) either by hand or mechanical means, as well as in the form of specialised cleaning products, such as for surgical apparatus or artificial dentures. They may also be formulated as agents for washing and/or conditioning of fabrics.
• compositions may be formulated as main cleaning agents, or pre-treatment products to be sprayed or wiped on prior to removal, e.g. by wiping off or as part of a main cleaning operation.
• compositions may also be the main cleaning agent or a pre-treatment product, e.g applied by spray or used for soaking utensils in an aqueous solution and/or suspension thereof.
• compositions which are formulated for the cleaning and/or conditioning of fabrics constitute an especially preferred form of the present invention.
• These compositions may for example, be of the kind used for pre-treatment of fabrics (e.g. for spot stain removal) with the composition neat or diluted, before they are rinsed and/or subjected to a main wash.
• the compositions may also be formulated as main wash products, being dissolved and/or dispersed in the water with which the fabrics are contacted. In that case, the composition may be the sole cleaning agent or an adjunct to another wash product.
• the term 'cleaning product′ also embraces compositions of the kind used as fabric conditioners (including fabric softeners) which are only added in the rinse water (sometimes referred to as 'rinse conditioners').
• compositions will contain at least one agent which promotes the cleaning and/or conditioning of the article(s) in question, selected according to the intended application.
• this agent will be selected from surfactants, enzymes, bleaches, microbiocides, (for fabrics) fabric softening agents and (in the case of hard surface cleaning) abrasives.
• surfactants for fabrics
• bleaches for fabrics
• microbiocides for fabrics
• fabric softening agents for fabrics
• abrasives in the case of hard surface cleaning
• compositions will be substantially free from agents which are detrimental to the article(s) to be treated.
• they will be substantially free from pigments or dyes, although of course they may contain small amounts of those dyes (colourants) of the kind often used to impart a pleasing colour to liquid cleaning products, as well as fluorescers, bluing agents and the like.
• ingredients before incorporation will either be liquid, in which case, in the composition they will constitute all or part of the liquid phase, or they will be solids, in which case,; in the composition they will either be dispersed as deflocculated particles in the liquid phase or they will be dissolved in the liquid phase.
• solids is to be construed as referring to materials in the solid phase which are added to the composition and are dispersed therein in solid form, those solids which dissolve in the liquid phase and those in the liquid phase which solidify (undergo a phase change) in the composition, wherein they are then dispersed.
• liquids are alone, unlikely to be suitable to perform the function of liquid phase for any combination of solids and dispersant/deflocculant. However, they will be able to be incorporated if used with another liquid which does have the required properties, the only requirement being that where the liquid phase comprises two or more liquid ingredients, they are miscible when in the total composition or one can be dispersible in the other, in the form of fine droplets.
• surfactants are solids, they will usually be dissolved or dispersed in the liquid phase. Where they are liquids, they will usually constitute all or part of the liquid phase. Also, some surfactants are eminently suitable as deflocculants.
• surfactants may be chosen from any of the classes, sub-classes and specific materials described in 'Surface Active Agents' Vol. I, by Schwartz & Perry, Interscience 1949 and 'Surface Active Agents' Vol. II by Schwartz, Perry & Berch (Interscience 1958), in the current edition of "McCutcheon's Emulsifiers & Detergents” published by the McCutcheon division of Manufacturing Confectioners Company or in 'Tensid-Taschenbuch', H. Stache, 2nd Edn., Carl Hanser Verlag, München & Wien, 1981.
• Liquid surfactants are an especially preferred class of material to use in the liquid phase, especially polyalkoxylated types and in particular polyalkoxylated nonionic surfactants.
• liquids to choose are those organic materials having polar molecules.
• those comprising a relatively lipophilic part and a relatively hydrophilic part, especially a hydrophilic part rich in electron lone pairs, tend to be well suited.
• liquid surfactants especially polyalkoxylated nonionics, are one preferred class of solvent.
• Nonionic detergent surfactants are well-known in the art. They normally consist of a water-solubilizing polyalkoxylene or a mono- or di-alkanolamide group in chemical combination with an organic hydrophobic group derived, for example, from alkylphenols in which the alkyl group contains from about 6 to about 12 carbon atoms, dialkylphenols in which each alkyl group contains from 6 to 12 carbon atoms, primary, secondary or tertiary aliphatic alcohols (or alkyl-capped derivatives thereof), preferably having from 8 to 20 carbon atoms, monocarboxylic acids having from 10 to about 24 carbon atoms in the alkyl group and polyoxypropylenes.
• alkylphenols in which the alkyl group contains from about 6 to about 12 carbon atoms
• dialkylphenols in which each alkyl group contains from 6 to 12 carbon atoms
• primary, secondary or tertiary aliphatic alcohols or alkyl-capped derivatives thereof
• fatty acid mono- and dialkanolamides in which the alkyl group of the fatty acid radical contains from 10 to about 20 carbon atoms and the alkyloyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
• the alkyl group of the fatty acid radical contains from 10 to about 20 carbon atoms and the alkyloyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
• the polyalkoxylene moiety preferably consists of from 2 to 20 groups of ethylene oxide or of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide groups.
• particularly preferred are those described in the applicants' published European specification EP-A-225,654, especially for use as all or part of the solvent.
• ethoxylated nonionics which are the condensation products of fatty alcohols with from 9 to 15 carbon atoms condensed with from 3 to 11 moles of ethylene oxide.
• condensation products of C11 ⁇ 13 alcohols with (say) 3 or 7 moles of ethylene oxide may be used as the sole nonionic surfactants or in combination with those of the described in the last-mentioned European specification, especially as all or part of the solvent.
• Suitable nonionics comprise the alkyl polysaccharides (polyglycosides/oligosaccharides) such as described in any of specifications US 3,640,998; US 3,346,558; US 4,223,129; EP-A-92,355; EP-A-99,183; EP-A-70,074, '75, '76, '77; EP-A-75,994, '95, '96.
• Nonionic detergent surfactants normally have molecular weights of from about 300 to about 11,000. Mixtures of different nonionic detergent surfactants may also be used, provided the mixture is liquid at room temperature. Mixtures of nonionic detergent surfactants with other detergent surfactants such as anionic, cationic or ampholytic detergent surfactants and soaps may also be used. If such mixtures are used, the mixture must be liquid at room temperature.
• Suitable anionic detergent surfactants are alkali metal, ammonium or alkylolamaine salts of alkylbenzene sulphonates having from 10 to 18 carbon atoms in the alkyl group, alkyl and alkylether sulphates having from 10 to 24 carbon atoms in the alkyl group, the alkylether sulphates having from 1 to 5 ethylene oxide groups, olefin sulphonates prepared by sulphonation of C10-C24 alpha-olefins and subsequent neutralization and hydrolysis of the sulphonation reaction product.
• surfactants which may be used include alkali metal soaps of a fatty acid, preferably one containing 12 to 18 carbon atoms.
• Typical such acids are oleic acid, ricinoleic acid and fatty acids derived from caster oil, rapeseed oil, groundnut oil, coconut oil, palmkernal oil or mixtures thereof.
• the sodium or potassium soaps of these acids can be used.
• soaps can act as detergency builders or fabric conditioners, other examples of which will be described in more detail hereinbelow. It can also be remarked that the oils mentioned in this paragraph may themselves constitute all or part of the liquid phase, whilst the corresponding low molecular weight fatty acids (triglycerides) can be dispersed as solids or function as structurants.
• cationic detergent surfactants are aliphatic or aromatic alkyl-di(alkyl) ammonium halides and examples of soaps are the alkali metal salts of C12-C24 fatty acids.
• Ampholytic detergent surfactants are e.g. the sulphobetaines. Combinations of surfactants from within the same, or from different classes may be employed to advantage for optimising structuring and/or cleaning performance.
• Non-surfactants which are suitable as solvents include those having the preferred molecular forms referred to above although other kinds may be used, especially if combined with those of the former, more preferred types.
• the non-surfactant solvents can be used alone or with in combination with liquid surfactants.
• Non-surfactant solvents which have molecular structures which fall into the former, more preferred category include ethers, polyethers, alkylamines and fatty amines, (especially di- and tri-alkyl- and/or fatty- N -­substituted amines), alkyl (or fatty) amides and mono- and di- N -alkyl substituted derivatives thereof, alkyl (or fatty) carboxylic acid lower alkyl esters, ketones, aldehydes, and glycerides.
• di-alkyl ethers examples include respectively, di-alkyl ethers, polyethylene glycols, alkyl ketones (such as acetone) and glyceryl trialkylcarboxylates (such as glyceryl tri-acetate), glycerol, propylene glycol, and sorbitol.
• alkyl ketones such as acetone
• glyceryl trialkylcarboxylates such as glyceryl tri-acetate
• glycerol propylene glycol
• sorbitol examples include respectively, di-alkyl ethers, polyethylene glycols, alkyl ketones (such as acetone) and glyceryl trialkylcarboxylates (such as glyceryl tri-acetate), glycerol, propylene glycol, and sorbitol.
• the compositions of the invention contain the liquid phase (whether or not comprising liquid surfactant) in an amount of at least 10% by weight of the total composition.
• the amount of the liquid phase present in the composition may be as high as about 90%, but in most cases the practical amount will lie between 20 and 70% and preferably between 20 and 50% by weight of the composition.
• compositions of the present invention contain a deflocculant (as hereinbefore defined) which may be any of those referred to in the published prior art, most preferably any described in EP-A-266 199.
• the level of any deflocculant material in the composition can be optimised by the means hereinbefore described but in very many cases is at least 0.01%, usually 0.1% and preferably at least 1% by weight, and may be as high as 15% by weight. For most practical purposes, the amount ranges from 2-12%, preferably from 4-10% by weight, based on the final composition.
• compositions according to the present invention preferably also contain one or more other functional ingredients, for example selected from other detergency builders, bleaches or bleach systems, and (for hard surface cleaners) abrasives.
• Detergency builders are those materials which counteract the effects of calcium, or other ion, water hardness, either by precipitation or by an ion sequestering effect. They comprise both inorganic and organic builders. They may also be sub-divided into the phosphorus-containing and non-phosphorus types.
• optional additional inorganic builders comprise the various phosphate-, carbonate-, silicate-, borate- and aliminosilicate-type materals, particularly the alkali-metal salt forms. Mixtures of these may also be used.
• optional additional phosphorus-containing inorganic builders include the water-soluble salts, especially alkali metal pyrophosphates, orthophosphates, polyphosphates and phosphonates.
• specific examples of inorganic phosphate builders include sodium and potassium phosphates and hexametaphosphates, as well as potassium tripolyphosphate.
• optional additional non-phosphorus-containing inorganic builders when present, include water-soluble alkali metal carbonates, bicarbonates, borates, silicates, metasilicates, and crystalline and amorphous alumino silicates. Specific examples include sodium carbonate (with or without calcite seeds), potassium carbonate, sodium and potassium bicarbonates, silicates and zeolites.
• optional additional organic builders include the alkali metal, ammonium and substituted, citrates, succinates, malonates, fatty acid sulphonates, carboxymethoxy succinates, ammonium polyacetates, carboxylates, polycarboxylates, aminopolycarboxylates, polyacetyl carboxylates and polyhydroxsulphonates.
• Specific examples include sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium and substituted ammonium salts of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid, oxydisuccinic acid, melitic acid, benzene polycarboxylic acids and citric acid.
• organic phosphonate type sequestering agents such as those sold by Monsanto under the tradename of the Dequest range and alkanehydroxy phosphonates.
• suitable additional organic builders include the higher molecular weight polymers and co-polymers known to have builder properties, for example appropriate polyacrylic acid, polymaleic acid and polyacrylic/polymaleic acid co-polymers and their salts, such as those sold by BASF under the Sokalan Trade Mark.
• the aluminosilicates are an especially preferred class of optional additional non-phosphorus inorganic builders.
• These for example are crystalline or amorphous materials having the general formula: Na Z (AlO2) Z (SiO2) Y x H2O wherein Z and Y are integers of at least 6, the molar ratio of Z to Y is in the range from 1.0 to 0.5, and x is an integer from 6 to 189 such that the moisture content is from about 4% to about 20% by weight (termed herein, 'partially hydrated').
• This water content provides the best rheological properties in the liquid. Above this level (e.g. from about 19% to about 28% by weight water content), the water level can lead to network formation. Below this level (e.g.
• aluminosilicate preferably has a particle size of from 0.1 to 100 microns, ideally betweeen 0.1 and 10 microns and a calcium ion exchange capacity of at least 200 mg calcium carbonate/g.
• Suitable bleaches include the halogen, particularly chlorine bleaches such as are provided in the form of alkalimetal hypohalites, e.g. hypochlorites.
• the oxygen bleaches are preferred, for example in the form of an inorganic persalt, preferably with an precursor, or as a peroxy acid compound.
• the precursor makes the bleaching more effective at lower temperatures, i.e. in the range from ambient temperature to about 60°C, so that such bleach systems are commonly known as low-temperature bleach systems and are well known in the art.
• the inorganic persalt such as sodium perborate, both the monohydrate and the tetrahydrate, acts to release active oxygen in solution, and the precursor is usually an organic compound having one or more reactive acyl residues, which cause the formation of peracids, the latter providing for a more effective bleaching action at lower temperatures than the peroxybleach compound alone.
• the ratio by weight of the peroxy bleach compound to the precursor is from about 15:1 to about 2:1, preferably from about 10:1 to about 3.5:1.
• the amount of the bleach system i.e. peroxy bleach compound and precursor
• the amount of the bleach system may be varied between about 5% and about 35% by weight of the total liquid, it is preferred to use from about 6% to about 30% of the ingredients forming the bleach system.
• the preferred level of the peroxy bleach compound in the composition is between about 5.5% and about 27% by weight, while the preferred level of the precursor is between about 0.5% and about 40%, most preferably between about 1% and about 5% by weight.
• Suitable peroxybleach compounds are alkalimetal peroborates, both tetrahydrates and monohydrates, alkali metal percarbonates, persilicates and perphosphates, of which sodium perborate is preferred.
• They are generally compounds which contain N-acyl or O-acyl residues in the molecule and which exert their activating action on the peroxy compounds on contact with these in the washing liquor.
• Typical examples of precursors within these groups are polyacylated alkylene diamines, such as N,N,N1,N1-tetraacetylethylene diamine (TAED) and N,N,N1,N1-tetraacetylmethylene diamine (TAMD); acylated glycolurils, such as tetraacetylgylcoluril (TAGU); triacetylcyanurate and sodium sulphophenyl ethyl carbonic acid ester.
• polyacylated alkylene diamines such as N,N,N1,N1-tetraacetylethylene diamine (TAED) and N,N,N1,N1-tetraacetylmethylene diamine (TAMD)
• acylated glycolurils such as tetraacetylgylcoluril (TAGU)
• TAGU tetraacetylgylcoluril
• a particularly preferred precursor is N,N ,N1, N1-tetra- acetylethylene diamine (TAED).
• the organic peroxyacid compound bleaches are preferably those which are solid at room temperature and most preferably should have a melting point of at least 50°C. Most commonly, they are the organic peroxyacids and water-soluble salts thereof having the general formula HO-O- -R-Y wherein R is an alkylene or substituted alkylene group containing 1 to 20 carbon atoms or an arylene group containing from 6 to 8 carbon atoms, and Y is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, aryl or any group which provides an anionic moiety in aqueous solution.
• composition contains abrasives for hard surface cleaning (i.e. is a liquid abrasive cleaner), these will inevitably be incorporated as particulate solids.
• abrasives for hard surface cleaning i.e. is a liquid abrasive cleaner
• these will inevitably be incorporated as particulate solids.
• They may be those of the kind which are water insoluble, for example calcite. Suitable materials of this kind are disclosed in the applicants' patent specifications EP-A-50,887; EP-A-80,221; EP-A-140,452; EP-A-214,540 and EP 9,942, which relate to such abrasives when suspended in aqueous media. Water soluble abrasives may also be used.
• compositions of the invention optionally may also contain one or more minor ingredients such as fabric conditioning agents, enzymes, perfumes (including deoperfumes), micro-biocides, colouring agents, fluorescers, soil-suspending agents (anti-redeposition agents), corrosion inhibitors, enzyme stabilizing agents, and lather depressants.
• minor ingredients such as fabric conditioning agents, enzymes, perfumes (including deoperfumes), micro-biocides, colouring agents, fluorescers, soil-suspending agents (anti-redeposition agents), corrosion inhibitors, enzyme stabilizing agents, and lather depressants.
• the solids content of the product may be within a very wide range, for example from 1-90%, usually from 10-80% and preferably from 15-70%, especially 15-50% by weight of the final composition.
• the solid phase, comprising the STP should be in particulate form and have an average particle size of less than 300 microns, preferably less than 200 microns, more preferably less than 100 microns, especially less than 10 microns.
• the particle size may even be of sub-micron size.
• the proper particle size can be obtained by using materials of the appropriate size or by milling the total product in a suitable milling apparatus.
• compositions are substantially non-aqueous, i.e. they little or no free water, preferably no more than 5%, preferably less than 3%, especially less than 1% by weight of the total composition. It has been found by the applicants that the higher the water content, the more likely it is for the viscosity to be too high, or even for setting to occur. However, this may at least in part be overcome by use of deflocculants, especially in relatively high amounts.
• non-aqueous liquid Since the objective of a non-aqueous liquid will generally be to enable the formulator to avoid the negative influence of water on the components, e.g. causing incompatibility of functional ingredients, it is clearly necessary to avoid the accidental or deliberate addition of water to the product at any stage in its life. For this reason, special precautions are necessary in manufacturing procedures and pack designs for use by the consumer.
• all raw materials should be dry and (in the case of hydratable salts) in a low hydration state, e.g. anhydrous phosphate builder, sodium perborate monohydrate and dry calcite abrasive, where these are employed in the composition.
• a low hydration state e.g. anhydrous phosphate builder, sodium perborate monohydrate and dry calcite abrasive, where these are employed in the composition.
• the dry, substantially anhydrous solids are blended with the liquid phase in a dry vessel. In order to minimise the rate of sedimentation of the solids, this blend is passed through a grinding mill or a combination of mills, e.g.
• a colloid mill to achieve a particle size of 0.1 to 100 microns, preferably 0.5 to 50 microns, ideally 1 to 10 microns.
• a preferred combination of such mills is a colloid mill followed by a horizontal ball mill since these can be operated under the conditions required to provide a narrow size distribution in the final product.
• particulate material already having the desired particle size need not be subjected to this procedure and if desired, can be incorporated during a later stage of processing.
• compositions were prepared according to the composition listed below. However, the STP morphology was varied.

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• 1989
  • 1989-04-27 AU AU33748/89A patent/AU3374889A/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1989-04-27 EP EP19890304208 patent/EP0339999A3/fr not_active Withdrawn
  • 1989-04-28 BR BR8902012A patent/BR8902012A/pt unknown

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